Jannah

No Islam , Jannah ( árabe : ‫ﺟﻨﺔ‬Jannah ;

plural: Jannat turco : Cennet ), lit.
"paraíso, jardim", é a morada final dos
justos [1] e dos crentes islâmicos , mas
também o Jardim do Éden , onde Adam e
Hawa habitavam se chama Jannah .
Firdaus (árabe: ‫ ) ﻓﺮدوس‬é o termo literal
que significa paraíso, que foi emprestado
do persa ‫ﭘﺮدﯾﺲ‬, mas o Alcorão
geralmente usa o termo
[Link] se referindo ao
paraíso. No entanto, "Firdaus" também
designa a camada mais alta do céu. [2]

Em contraste com Jannah, as palavras

Jahannam e Nār são usadas para se
referir ao conceito de inferno . Existem
muitas palavras na língua árabe para o
Céu e o Inferno e essas palavras também
aparecem no Alcorão e no hadith . A
maioria deles se tornou parte das
tradições islâmicas. [3]

Céu e Jannah
Enquanto Jannah no Alcorão é
frequentemente traduzida como "Céu" no
sentido de uma morada onde os crentes
são recompensados na vida após a
morte, ‫ﺳﻤﺎء‬samāʾ (geralmente pl.
Samāwāt ) é a palavra para o céu no
sentido de firmamento ou esfera
celestial, [4] como " sete céus " [4] (2:29,
78:12). [5] [6]

Algumas fontes conectam os dois de

alguma maneira. De acordo com a
cosmologia sufi , o Paraíso é
freqüentemente descrito como estando
acima dos sete céus [7] ou entre o sexto
e o sétimo céu. Em algumas
interpretações modernas, baseadas na
Surata 21:30 e 67: 5, o céu mais baixo
também é interpretado como o universo
observável, com os outros seis além,
uma vez que eram uma bagunça juntos
com a Terra e depois expandidos. [8] [7]

Imagens e descrições

Uma miniatura persa representando o paraíso da

História de Mohammed , Bibliothèque nationale de
France , Paris.
O Paraíso é descrito como cercado por
oito portões principais, cada nível
geralmente sendo dividido em cem graus
guardados por anjos (em algumas
tradições Ridwan ). O nível mais alto é
conhecido como firdaws (às vezes
chamado Eden) ou Illiyin . Os
participantes serão recebidos por anjos
com saudações de paz ou As-Salamu
Alaykum . [9] Além disso, o paraíso é
considerado "tão vasto quanto os céus e
a terra". [10]
Diagrama da "Planície de Assembléia" ( Ard al-
Hashr) no Dia do Julgamento, do manuscrito
autógrafo de Futuhat al-Makkiyya pelo místico sufi
Ibn Arabi , ca. 1238. São mostrados o 'Arsh ( Trono
de Deus ), púlpitos para os justos (al-Aminun), sete
fileiras de anjos , Gabriel (al-Ruh), A'raf (a Barreira), a
Lagoa da Abundância , Maqam al-Mahmud (a
Estação Louvável; onde o profeta Muhammad
intercederá pelos fiéis), Mizan (a Escala), As-Sirāt (a
Ponte), Jahannam (Inferno) e Marj al- Jannat (Prado
do Paraíso) . [11]
Na interpretação clássica do Alcorão, "o
Jardim" é descrito com delícias
materiais, como belas donzelas para
homens e jovens para mulheres, pedras
preciosas, comidas deliciosas e água
corrente constante - esta última
especialmente atraente para os árabes
que habitam o deserto. , que passam a
maior parte de sua vida em terras áridas.
Os textos islâmicos descrevem a vida de
seus habitantes imortais como: aquela
que é feliz - sem mágoa, tristeza, medo
ou vergonha - onde todos os desejos são
realizados. As tradições relatam que os
habitantes terão a mesma idade (33
anos) e a mesma posição. Sua vida é de
bem-aventurança, incluindo o uso de
suntuosas vestes, pulseiras e perfumes,
enquanto participam de requintados
banquetes servidos em vasos de valor
inestimável por jovens imortais ( Houri),
reclinadas em sofás incrustados de ouro
ou pedras preciosas.

Segundo a crença muçulmana, tudo o

que se deseja neste mundo estará lá no
Paraíso. [12] Os habitantes se alegrarão na
companhia de seus pais, cônjuges e
filhos (desde que tenham sido admitidos
no paraíso) - conversando e lembrando o
passado. [13]

Um dia no paraíso é
considerado igual a mil anos
na terra. Palácios são feitos de
tijolos de ouro, prata, pérolas,
entre outras coisas. As
tradições também notam a
presença de cavalos e camelos
de "brancura deslumbrante",
junto com outras criaturas.
Grandes árvores cujas
sombras estão sempre se
aprofundando, montanhas
feitas de almíscar , entre as
quais os rios correm em vales
de pérolas e rubis . [9]
The names of four rivers are Saihan (Syr
Darya), Jaihan (Amu Darya), Furat
(Euphrates) and Nil (Nile).[14] Salsabil is
the name of a spring that is the source of
the rivers of Rahma (mercy) and Al-
Kawthar (abundance).[15] Sidrat al-
Muntaha is a Lote tree that marks the
end of the seventh heaven, the boundary
where no angel or human can pass.[16]

In spite of the goodly dwellings given to

the inhabitants of paradise, the approval
of God and nearness to Him is
considered greater. According to the
Quran, God will bring the elect near to his
throne (‘arsh), a day on which "some
faces shall be shining in contemplating
their Lord." The vision of God is regarded
as the greatest of all rewards, surpassing
all other joys.[9] The true beauty of
paradise is also understood as the joy of
beholding God, the Creator.[17][18]

Besides the material notion of the

paradise, those descriptions are also
interpreted as allegories, explaining the
state of joy people will get. For some
theologians, seeing God is not a question
of sight, but of awareness of God's
presence.[19] Although early Sufis, such
as Hallaj, took the descriptions of
Paradise literal, later Sufi traditions
usually stressed out the allegorical
meaning.[20] The Sunni Persian
theologian Al-Ghazali said:

This life belongs to the world of

earth and the world of
visibility; the hereafter belongs
to the world of transcendental
and the world of beings. By this
life I understand your state
before death, by hereafter I
understand your state after
death ... However, it is
impossible to explain the world
of beings in this life by any
other means than allegories.
Houris, who live in paradise, are
described as women who will
accompany faithful Muslims in
Paradise.[21] Muslim scholars differ as to
whether they refer to the believing
women of this world or a separate
creation, with the majority opting for the
latter.[22]

Inhabitants

Muçulmanos …

According to the Quran, the basic

criterion for salvation in the afterlife is
the belief in the oneness of God (tawḥīd),
angels of God, revealed books of God, all
messengers of God, as well as
repentance to God, and doing good
deeds. Though one must do good deeds
and believe in God, salvation can only be
attained through God's judgment.[23]

Regarding salvation from hell, according

to hadith literature, Muhammad said,
“Surely a time will come over hell when
its gates shall be blown by wind, there
shall be none in it, and this shall be after
they have remained therein for many
years.”[24] Still in the Hadith literature,
Muhammad is reported to have said,
"Allah will bring out people from the Fire
and admit them into Paradise."[25]
Otherwise some hadiths indicate, that
the majority of mankind will not access
heaven.[26] According to Islam, a Muslim,
even if condemned to hell, will eventually
enter Heaven.[27]

As in life there are many trials which one

must face. This is also a condition
individuals must encounter in order to
enter Jannah.

Or do ye think that ye shall

enter the Garden (of bliss)
without such (trials) as came
to those who passed away
before you? They encountered
suffering and adversity, and
were so shaken in spirit that
even the Messenger and those
of faith who were with him
cried: "When (will come) the
help of Allah?" Ah! Verily, the
help of Allah is (always) near!

— Qur'an, sura 2 (al-

Baqarah), ayah 214[28]

Did ye think that ye would

enter Heaven without Allah
testing those of you who fought
hard (In His Cause) and
remained steadfast?
 — Qur'an, sura 3 (Al-i-
Imran), ayah 142[29]

Numbers of people …

Several precise numbers are mentioned

in the hadith literature regarding the
extremely high standards required to
qualify for Jannah. Initially, a select elite
group of 70,000 people from the
followers of Muhammad will enter
Jannah without any accountability of
their sins.[26]

After the above group, only 1 out of 1000

people from the rest of humanity
(Muslim) would qualify for Jannah. It is
understood that despite this small
percentage, the actual number of people
who would make it to Jannah would be
higher, as Allah would forgive the sins of
many people, allowing them to enter
Jannah as well.[30] Furthermore, it is
understood that the 1 out of 1000 who
will enter Jannah would be from among
the Muslims, and the remaining 999
would be from Non Muslim -
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Shahid …

A shahid (witness or martyr) is

considered one whose place in Jannah is
promised. Sunni sources such as Ibn
Kathir, as well as Shia sources cite Quran
At-Tawbah 9:111[31] in support of this
view.[32][33]

Non-Muslims …

There are different opinions among

scholars in regard whether non-Muslims
could enter Jannah. Some Muslims and
Islamic scholars argued Surah 2:62
indicates Jannah is not exclusively for
Muslims.

Indeed, those who believed and

those who were Jews or
Christians or Sabeans—those
who believed in Allah and the
 Last Day and did righteousness
—will have their reward with
their Lord, and no fear will
there be concerning them, nor
will they grieve.2:62

On the other hand, other scholars hold

this verse is abrogated by Surah 3:85 and
just applied until the arrival of
Muhammad.[34][35] For example, before
Jesus was born, Jewish people will enter
Jannah and so will Christians who lived
before Muhammad, but every religious
group must accept the newest
prophet.[36]
 And whoever desires other
than Islam as religion—never
will it be accepted from him,
and he, in the Hereafter, will be
among the losers.3:85

Scholars like Ibn Arabi did not hold the

first to be abrogated by the latter, since
"Islam" in this context, does not apply to
Islam as a religious tradition, but to
"submission".[37][38] Modernist scholars
Muhammad Abduh and Rashid Rida are
also rejecting the notion that the People
of the Book are excluded from Jannah,
with reference to Quran 4:123-124.[39] In
Iran, People of the Book who fell for the
Iranian side during the Iran–Iraq War are
even regarded as martyrs, which is why
the Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei
regularly visits the families of fallen
Christian soldiers at Christmas.[40]
Ghazali distinguished between the
"saved" and "those who will attain
success". Therefore, righteous non-
Muslims will neither enter hell nor
Jannah, but will stay in Araf.[41] The Fate
of the unlearned is also a matter of
dispute within Islamic theology.

Further those who regard Jannah as

exclusively for Muslims argue, that Islam
is the "completed" and "perfected"
religion and it is necessary to believe in
the whole teaching of God, the prophets
and the angels that just can be done by a
Muslim.[42]

Islam theologian Süleyman Ateş argues,

Muslims had made the same mistake
Jews and Christians made before by
claiming Jannah is exclusive to Muslims
only. Further he states, that those who
believes in God without associating any
partners with Him, believes in the
hereafter without any doubt and do good
and useful deeds can enter paradise,
conditions several religions offer. He also
refers to the Quran 5:66 that there are
good and bad people among any religion,
and even not all Muslims may enter
paradise.[43]

Finally, most scholars agree that non-

Muslims who did not hear the message
of Islam and non-Muslims who died in
childhood are eligible for Jannah as well,
based on the following verse:[44]

… And We never punish until

We have sent a Messenger (to
give warning).17:15

Supernatural creatures …

Islamic scholars debated whether or not,

the jinn can enter Jannah. It is clear from
the Quran, that the jinn might be thrown
into Jahannam (hell), but does not
mention explicitly the presence of jinn in
Jannah. Houris are explicitly described
as "untouched by human and jinn"
indicates, that jinn could enter Jannah,
too. Others however, deny the possibility
for jinn to enter Jannah, they could
merely try to avoid hell. Accordingly, in
the afterlife the fires of hell will be
brought forth to the jinn. While the infidel
jinn will suffer in the flames, the pious
jinn will turn to dust before they touch the
flames. Other traditions explain, in more
detail, the nature of jinn in paradise, such
as inverting the invisibility of jinn, thus
the jinn will turn into fixed forms, while
they can not see humans anymore.[45]

According to Abu Hanifa, founder of the

Hanafi schools jurisprudence of
Sunnism, the jinn might enter jannah, but,
just like angels, they will receive no
reward. Impossibility to enter jannah only
applies to the demons (shayatin) and
unbelieving angels.[46]

Quranic names

Layers of Jannah …

Firdaws – The Highest Gardens of

Paradise (al-Kahf,[47] Al-Mu’minoon[48])
Dār al-maqāmah – The Home (Fāṭir[49])
Jannatul Aliyah (suras Haqqah,
Ghashiyah)
Dār al-salām – Home of Peace
(Yūnus,[50] Al-An'am[51])
Dār al-Ākhirah – The Home in the
Hereafter (al-‘Ankabūt[52])
al-Jannah – This is the most
commonly used term in the Quran and
Hadith. (al-Baqarah,[53] Āl
‘Imran,}},[54][55])
Jannat al-ʿadn – Gardens of Everlasting
Bliss (al-Tawbah:[56] 72, al-Ra‘d[57])
Jannat al-Khuld – The Eternal Gardens
(al-Furqān[58])
Jannat al-Ma’wā – Garden of Abode (al-
Najm[59])
 Jannat al-Na‘īm – The Gardens of
Delight (al-Mā’idah,[60] Yūnus,[61] al-
Ḥajj[62])
Maq‘ad al-Ṣidq – Assembly of Truth (al-
Qamar[63])
al-Maqām al-Amīn – The House of
Security (al-Dukhān[64])

Doors of Jannah …

According to hadith, there are eight doors

of Jannah. Their names are as following:

1. Bāb al-Ṣalāh: For those who were

punctual in prayer
2. Bāb al-Jihād: For those who took
part in jihad
 3. Bāb al-Ṣadaqah: For those who gave
charity more often
4. Bāb al-Rayyān: For those who fasted
(siyam)
5. Bāb al-Ḥajj: For those participated in
the annual pilgrimage
. Bāb al-Kāẓimīn al-Ghayẓ wa-al-‘Āfīn
‘an al-Nās: For those who withheld
their anger and forgave others
7. Bāb al-Aymān: For those who by
virtue of their faith are saved from
reckoning and chastisement
. Bāb al-Dhikr: For those who showed
zeal in remembering Allah

See also
 Elysium
Garden of Eden
Islamic eschatology
Isra and Mi'raj
Riyāḍ al-Jannah (Garden of Heaven) is
a part of Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Mosque
of the Prophet)
Shia eschatology

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