Resumo de Matemtica Bsica
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Resumo de Matemtica Bsica
PROF. WILSON C. CANESIN DA SILVA
SUMRIO
1 Operaes com fraes
2 Diviso de fraes
3 Operaes com nmeros relativos
4 Resoluo de equaes do 1 grau (1 tipo)
5 Resoluo de equaes do 1 grau (2 tipo)
6 Resoluo de equaes do 1 grau (3 tipo)
7 Equao do 2 grau incompleta (1 tipo)
8 Equao do 2 grau incompleta (2 tipo)
9 Equao do 2 grau completa
10 Radicais
11 Operaes com radicais
12 Exponenciais
13 Propriedade distributiva
14 Produtos notveis
15 Diferena de quadrados
16 Trinmio ao quadrado
17 Binmio ao quadrado
18 Fatorao
19 Racionalizao de expresses numricas
20 Racionalizao de expresses algbricas
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21 Soluo de equaes irracionais
22 Resoluo de sistemas de 2 equaes a 2 incgnitas
1 Operaes com fraes
O mtodo mais direto de resolver fraes o do mximo divisor comum:
Ex. 1)
Ex. 2)
Para 3 ou mais fraes o procedimento o mesmo.
Ex. 3)
Resolver:
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a)
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b)
d)
c)
e)
f)
2 Diviso de fraes
s inverter a 2 frao e multiplicar
=
Ex. 1)
Ex. 2)
Ex. 3)
Resolver:
a)
d)
b)
c)
e)
3 Operaes com nmeros relativos
Ex. 1) -2 + (-3) -2 3 = - 5
Ex. 2) +5 (-8) 5 + 8 = 11
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Ex. 3) (-2) (-3) = 6
Ex. 4) (-3) 5 = -15
2
Ex. 5) (-2) = (-2) (-2) = 4
3
Ex. 6) (-3) = (-3) (-3) = 9 (-3) = - 27
Resolver:
a) -9 + 12 (-14) =
b) 13 + (-9) 3 =
c) 7 (-8) =
d) -14 (-12) 24 =
e) (-3) (-8) + 25 =
f) 9 (-2) (-3) =
g) (-5)
h) (-2)
4 Resoluo de equaes do 1 grau
Ex. 1) ax = b ,
divide os 2 membros por
ax/a = b/a x = b/a
Resolver:
a) 3x = -7
b) 15x = 3
5 Equaes do 1 grau (continuao)
Ex. 1) 6x + 8 = 26 (subtrai 8 nos dois membros p/ isolar x)
6x + 8 8 = 26 8 6x = 18 x = 18/6 x = 3
Ex. 2) 3x 12 = -13 (soma 12 nos dois membros p/ isolar x)
3x 12 + 12 = 12 13 3x = -1 x = -1/3
Resolver:
a) 4x + 12 = 6
b) 7x + 13 = 9
c) -5x 9 = 6
d) 3x + 15 = 0
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6 Equaes do 1 grau (continuao)
Ex. 1) 5x 13 = 2x + 7 (subtrai 2x nos dois membros)
5x 2x 13 = -2x + 2x + 7
3x 13 = 7
(soma 13 nos dois membros)
3x 13 + 13 = 7 + 13 3x = 20 x = 20/3
Resolver:
a) 3x + 9 = 5x + 3
b) -2x + 3 = 12 + 3x
c) 7x 13 = -3x + 7
d) 9x 2 = 6x + 4
e) (2 x) (7 3x) = 5 + 6x
7 Equao do 2 grau incompleta (1 tipo)
2
Ex. 1) x = 4
(extrai a raiz de ambos os membros)
X = 2 (Eq. do 2 grau sempre tem 2 respostas)
2
Prova: (x) = (+2)
= 4
As 2 razes satisfazem
(x) = (-2)
= 4
Resolver:
2
a) 3x = 12
b) x = 7
8 Equao do 2 grau incompleta (2 tipo)
2
Ex. 1) x 2x = 0
(pe x em evidncia)
x2=0 x=2
Resulta (x 2)x = 0
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x=0
x=0
Resolver:
2
b) x + 3x = 0
d) x 5x = 0
a) 4x 8x = 0
c) 3x + 7x = 0
9 Equao do 2 grau completa
2
Forma: ax + bx + c = 0
2
Soluo: D = b 4ac , D > 0 (soluo real, 2 razes diferentes)
D = 0 (sol. real, 2 razes iguais)
Frmula: x =
ou x = (-b +
) / 2a
x = (-b -
)/2a
Ex. 1) 2x + 5x + 2 = 0
D=
=3
Solues: x = (-5 + 3) / 4 = -2/4 = -1/2
x = (-5 3) / 4 = -8/4 = -2
Resolver:
2
a) x 5x + 6 = 0
b) x 6x + 8 = 0
c) 3x + 11x + 8 = 0
10 Radicais
A = radicando; n = ndice da raiz e m = expoente do radicando
m/n
(frmula geral)
=2
=A
Ex. 1)
2/2
=2 =2
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Ex. 2)
= 3
10/5
Ex. 3)
Ex. 4)
= 2
= 2
=
= 4
=x
11 Operaes com radicais
Ex. 1)
Ex. 2)
= x
= x
=
=
Ex. 3)
2/2
=2
Ex. 4)
Ex. 5)
Ex. 6)
=
=
=x
= 2
Resolver:
a)
b)
d)
e)
c)
f)
12 Exponenciais
x
A - A a base, x o expoente
x
x+y
x-y
P1) A A = A
P2) A / A = A
xy
P3) (A ) = A
x.y
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x x
P4) (A . B) = A B
P5)
7
Ex. 1) 2
3+4
= 2
23
Ex. 2) (2 )
-x
= 2 . 2 = 8 16 = 128
3+3
= 2
3
= A .B
= 2
= 2 . 2 = 8 8 = 64
2
Ex. 3) (2 3) = 2 3 = 2 2 3 3 = 4 2 9 3 = 216
Ex. 4)
23-20
= 5
= 5
= 5 5 = 25 5 = 125
Resolver:
a) 2
10
b)
c)
d) 16 2
-3
13 - Propriedade distributiva
1) A (B + C) = A B + A C
2) (A B)(C + D) = (A B)(C + D) = A(C + D) B(C + D)
Ex. 1) 2(4 + x) = 8 + 2x
Ex. 2) (3 x)(x 2) = 3(x 2) x(x 2)
2
= 3x 6 x + 2x = -x + 5x 6
Resolver:
a) (x -
)(x +
b) (a + b)(a + b)
c) (2 +
)(2 -
d) (2 +
)(3 + 2
14 Produtos notveis (A + B)
Pode ser resolvido usando a propriedade distributiva ou a regra a seguir:
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Resumo de Matemtica Bsica
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= (A + B)(A + B) = A + 2AB + B
= (A B)(A B) = A 2AB + B
(A + B)
(A B)
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Ex. 1) (x 2)
= x 4x + 4
Resolver:
2
b) (a + 2)
a) (x 3)
c) (x + y)
15 Diferena de quadrados
2
x a
= (x a)(x + a)
2
Ex. 1) x 4 = (x 2)(x + 2)
2
Ex. 2) x 3 = (x -
)(x +
Ex. 3) x A = (x -
)(x +
Resolver:
a) (
- 2)(
+ 2) =
b) x 16 =
c) x 7 =
d) (2 +
)(2 -
) =
16 Trinmio ao quadrado
2
(a + b + c)
= [(a + b) + c)]
2
= (a + b) + 2(a + b)c + c
2
= a + 2ab + b + 2ac + 2bc + c
2
= a +b +c
+ 2ab + 2ac + 2bc
b) (x y +2)
Resolver:
a) (x + y + 1)
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17 Binmio ao cubo
3
(a + b)
= (a + b) (a + b)
18 Fatorao (tirar fator comum para fora do parnteses)
2
Ex. 1) 2x + 4x = 2x(x + 2)
Ex. 2) x
+x
= x(
+ x)
=
Ex. 3)
Resolver:
a)
c)
b)
d)
19 Racionalizao de expresses numricas
Consiste em tirar uma raiz do denominador.
Ex. 1)
Ex. 2)
Ex. 3)
Resolver:
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a)
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b)
c)
d)
20 - Racionalizao de Expresses Algbricas
Multiplica numerador e denominador pelo denominador com o sinal do meio
trocado, para resultar numa diferena de quadrados.
Ex.1)
Ex. 2)
Resolver :
a)
d)
b)
c)
e)
f)
21 - Soluo de Equaes Irracionais
Ex.1)
isola a raiz
eleva ao quadrado ambos os membros
Resolver:
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a)
b)
d)
c)
e)
22 - Resoluo de Sistemas de Equaes a 2 Incgnitas
Resolver o sistema de equaes: existem 2 mtodos; substituio e eliminao.
a) Por substituio : da equao 2) obtm-se x = 5 - y que substitudo na 1).
Ento 3(5 - y) + 2y =12 y = 3 e volta para x, ou seja x = 5 - y = = 5 - 3 = 2.
b) Por eliminao: multiplica-se a 2) por -3 e soma-se com a 1)
Ento
3x + 2y = 12
-3x - 3y = -15
-y=-3
y = 3 voltando na 2) , tem-se x = 2.
Resolver:
a)
c)
2x + y = 12
x + 7y = 19
b)
2x + 3y = 8
3x + 4y = 11
d)
3x + 2y = 4
x-y = 2
x - y =3
2x + y = 9
Respostas das Questes
1) a) 25/63 ;
b) 8/35 ;
c) -4/55 ;
d) 227/252 ;
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e) 343/792 ;
f) 147/135
2) a) 55/46
b) 3/2 ;
c) 24/7 ;
d) 104/357 ;
e) 256/371
3) a)17 ;
b) 1 ;
c) 15 ;
d) 26 ;
e) 49 ;
f) 54 ;
g) 25 ;
h) 32
4) a) x= -7/3 ;
b) x=1/5
5) a) 3/2 ;
b) -4/7 ;
6) a) x=3 ;
b) x=-9/5 ; c) x=2 ;
7) a) x= 2 ;
b) x =
c) x= -3 ;
8) a) x=0 e x= 2 ;
d) x= - 5
d) x=2 ;
b) x=0 e x= -3 ;
e) x= -5/2
c) x=0 e x= -7/3 ;
d) x=0 e x= 5
9) a) x=2 e x=3 ;
b) x=4 e x= 2 ;
c) x= -1 e x = -8/3
11) a) 9 ;
b) 4 ;
c) 49 ;
12) a) 1024 ;
b) 49 ;
c) 81/16 ;
13) a) x 7 ;
b) x - 2 ;
19) a)
b)
20) a)
;
-1;
b) (1 +
d) (7/2).(3 21) a) x=0 e x=1 ;
d) x=4 e x= 1 ;
) ;
/5 ;
) ;
d) 1
b) x + y + 4 - 2xy + 4x - 4y
c) a + b ;
d) x+ 2
c) 2
d)
b) x=5 ;
e) x= ( 1
)(x +
/3 ;
) / (1 - x) ;
e) (
+6
c) x +2xy + y
c) ( x -
16) a) x + y +1 + 2xy + 2x + 2y ;
18) a) 4x ;
d) 2x + 7
2
b) a + 4a + 4 ;
b) (x-4)(x+4) ;
e) x + 2 ; f) 3
d) 2
c) 1 ;
14) a) x 6x +9 ;
15) a) 1 ;
b) a + 2ab +b
d) 3 ;
/9
c) 2 (
2
)/ (a b ) ;
-1 ) / (x -1)
f)
c) x =
)/2
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