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SAYAN LODH

Presidency University, Kolkata, History, Graduate Student

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Sayan Lodh is currently pursuing a PhD in History from Presidency University, Kolkata, India. His thesis will be on the Judaizing Movements in India i.e., the emergence of new Jews among the primarily Christian population of Northeastern and Southern India. His primary area of interest lies in Indo-Judaic Studies (Jewish Studies in a wider context), besides Antisemitism and Mass violence studies with a focus on South Asia. His master's dissertation was on the Baghdadi Jewish community of Kolkata. A few of his articles have been published in the English edition of 'Haaretz' (Israel’s oldest newspaper).

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Sohul Ahmed Munna

আরিফ রহমান

University of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Fulda University of Applied Science

Jahangirnagar University

MD SAIFUL ALAM CHOWDHURY

University of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Muhammad Noor Hossain

University of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Jounal of ELT and Education (JEE)

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Papers by SAYAN LODH

Bollywood Goes to Auschwitz

Haaretz, 2024

The article briefly explores the Holocaust Minimization, and the popularity of Adolf Hitler in India

NL November For mail

Caught in the Violence: The Bene Menashe Jews of Manipur

Cafe Dissensus Everyday, 2023

This short article published in Cafe Dissensus Everyday throws light upon the plight of the Ethni... more

Why members of centuries old Baghdadi Jewish community in Kolkata are facing each other in court?

Cafe Dissensus Everyday, 2023

The brief paper provides a glimpse into the intra-community disputes that plagues the small (yet ... more

Portrayal of ‘Hunting’ in Environmental History of India

Altralang journal, Dec 31, 2020

The paper begins with a general discussion on hunting. It is divided into four main parts, discus... more The paper begins with a general discussion on hunting. It is divided into four main parts, discussing about the effect of hunting on environment and ecology in Ancient, Medieval, Colonial and Independent India. Across all the ages, hunting wild animals has been an important activity for the royals and nobles. In ancient India, only Ashoka took some initiatives at protecting the animals and environment. The portion on Medieval India mainly focusses on the Mughals and their hunting styles. In the colonial period, mastery over nature was thought of as a part of mastery over India. Both British officials and Indian princes unabatedly shot many animals, which ultimately led to the extinction of cheetah in India. In the part on Independent India, the efforts by Indira Gandhi like the 'Wildlife Protection Act' in 1972, Project Tiger and its effects have been given. In conclusion, the need to conserve our wildlife is briefly cited with reference to a few high-profile cases of hunting in India even after it was outlawed.

Article Haaretz Why are Hindus and Muslims in India worshipping Jewish Tombs

Haaretz, 2023

The brief article explores the phenomenon of worship of three Jewish tombs by non-Jews (Hindus, M... more

Bhopal Gas Tragedy: A Brief Introspection

Kashmiri Papier Mâché

Papier Mâché in French means 'chewed paper.' Within India, the art form is unique to Kashmir. The... more Papier Mâché in French means 'chewed paper.' Within India, the art form is unique to Kashmir. The technique is used for making items in various shapes and sizes such as pen-cases, birds, animals, photo frames, toys, etc. featuring intricate designs of Kashmir's flora and fauna. The exchange of designs among the craft forms is one of the key features of Kashmiri handicrafts. Patterns from woodcarving, shawls, and carpets are often replicated in papier mâché. Classical styles include Arabesque, Yarkhand. Some of the contemporary popular designs include: Gulander Gul (flower inside flower), Gul-i Vilayat (foreign flowers), Gonder (bunch), Bagalder Chinar (Chinar leaf motif), Gul-i Hazara (thousand flowers), Kashan and Kaleen (carpets), Jamavar (a type of shawl worn by Kashmiris), among others. Sadaf Nazir Wani opines, 'The hand of the papier mache maker is in constant communication with Sociopolitical history of their context, and the craft is a manifestation of their understanding of history and culture.' The process of making papier mâché products involves two stages. The first called Sakhtasazi involves making the actual product from a mixture of mashed paper pulp, rice straw and copper sulphate. The second Naqashi involves finishing and decorating the item through application of several coats of organic paint and lacquer. Although nowadays synthetic dies and varnishes are used due to commercialisation, the entire timeconsuming process is manually done by expert craftsmen, and requires lot of patience and practice. The products are generally made in summertime due to longer daylight hours, crucial for the work's intricateness.

Welcome to the very first issue of the semi-annual magazine of Voyages Into The Past. To say that... more Welcome to the very first issue of the semi-annual magazine of Voyages Into The Past. To say that I am excited for the first issue of L'histoire, would be an understatement of great proportions. We are delighted to acclaim that we are ready with all new hopes and hues to bring out the first issue of L'histoire. L'histoire is to be a launch pad for the students whose passion for history takes them to unusual places. The enthusiastic write-ups and artworks of our writers are, we believe, indubitably sufficient to hold the interest and admiration of the readers. This issue features young minds who are passionate about history. Apart from writeups, written in both Bengali and English, this magazine also features photographs of both known as well as unknown places which have remained historically significant. Lecture briefs of the lectures organized, both in online as well as offline mode, over the past few months have also been included. I thank all the contributors since their contribution is the reason that, I believe, will make this magazine endearing to our readers. A big thanks to all the members of Voyages Into The Past, especially the Design team and the Editorial team, without whom the making of L'histoire would have been impossible. I heartily wish all the readers my best wishes and hope this souvenir will enjoy your critical acclaim and prove itself to play a vital role in looking at history through different prisms. Let's go back in time and re-visit our past. Join us in this beautiful Voyage.

Why Are There Millions of 'Jews' on Indian Matchmaking Websites

Haaretz, 2022

Jews represent less than 0.0004 percent of India's population. So how can its dating sites claim ... more Jews represent less than 0.0004 percent of India's population. So how can its dating sites claim to have millions of Jewish profiles? What does it mean to call yourself 'Jewish' in India todayor to call yourself 'Hitler'? Matchmaker, matchmaker, make me a match: Why "Jews" are so popular on India's dating and marriage websites Sayan Lodh May. 15, 2022 2:57 PM Judaism was the oldest Abrahamic religion, and one of the earliest religions originating abroad, to arrive in India. However few Indians are even aware of its presence, due to the miniscule numbers of Jews living there. According to the 2011 census, there were about 5000 Indian Jews out of a total Indian population of 1.2 billion. They are not even counted as a separate religion, but conflated alongside other micro-minorities in the 'Others' column. In today's India, Jews are mostly concentrated in and around Mumbai (former Bombay), Manipur, Mizoram, the Guntur district in Andhra Pradesh, and the Erode district in Tamil Nadu. The Indian Jewish population in Israel is estimated to be in the range of 80-90,000.

Why Are There Millions of 'Jews' on Indian Matchmaking Websites

Haaretz, 2022

Jews represent less than 0.0004 percent of India's population. So how can its dating sites claim ... more

Aurangzeb and The Decline of the Mughals

Altralang Journal, 2019

ABSTRACT: Aurangzeb has been held responsible by many historians for hastening the decline of the... more ABSTRACT: Aurangzeb has been held responsible by many historians for hastening the decline of the Mughal Empire. The paper titled 'Aurangzeb and the Decline of the Mughals' is aimed at examining the role of Aurangzeb in the downfall of the Empire. The passage of Aurangzeb from being a prince to becoming Emperor Alamgir has been discussed. The character of Aurangzeb has been discussed with a mention of his letters. The alternate explanation about Aurangzeb being a just, impartial ruler has also been provided. It concludes with a little bit of discussion about the other causes and the aftermath of the decline

Portrayal of ‘Hunting’ in Environmental History of India

The paper begins with a general discussion on hunting. It is divided into four main parts, discus... more The paper begins with a general discussion on hunting. It is divided into four main parts, discussing about the effect of hunting on environment and ecology in Ancient, Medieval, Colonial and Independent India. Across all the ages, hunting wild animals has been an important activity for the royals and nobles. In ancient India, only Ashoka took some initiatives at protecting the animals and environment. The portion on Medieval India mainly focusses on the Mughals and their hunting styles. In the colonial period, mastery over nature was thought of as a part of mastery over India. Both British officials and Indian princes unabatedly shot many animals, which ultimately led to the extinction of cheetah in India. In the part on Independent India, the efforts by Indira Gandhi like the ‘Wildlife Protection Act’ in 1972, Project Tiger and its effects have been given. In conclusion, the need to conserve our wildlife is briefly cited with reference to a few high-profile cases of hunting in Ind...

A Chronicle of Calcutta Jewry

vol 5 issue 15

Studies conducted into minorities like the Jews serves the purpose of sensitizing one about the e... more Studies conducted into minorities like the Jews serves the purpose of sensitizing one about the existence of communities other than one’s own one, thereby promoting harmony and better understanding of other cultures. The Paper is titled ‘A Chronicle of Calcutta Jewry’. It lays stress on the beginning of the Jewish community in Calcutta with reference to the prominent Jewish families from the city. Most of the Jews in Calcutta were from the middle-east and came to be called as Baghdadi Jews. Initially they were influenced by Arabic culture, language and customs, but later they became Anglicized with English replacing Judeo-Arabic (Arabic written in Hebrew script) as their language. A few social evils residing among the Jews briefly discussed. Although, the Jews of our city never experienced direct consequences of the Holocaust, they contributed wholeheartedly to the Jewish Relief Fund that was set up by the Jewish Relief Association (JRA) to help the victims of the Shoah. The experie...

THE RED TAJ -Sayan Lodh

This small article talks about an unknown tomb of an European soldier, built in Mughal style, loc... more

NAME -SAYAN LODH TOPIC -THE CRADLE OF ASHOKA'S DHAMMA : CONTRASTING OPINIONS

Ashokan dhamma has been a topic of discussion in academic space for a long time ba... more Ashokan dhamma has been a topic of discussion in academic space for a long time back. The topic is ‘The Cradle of Ashoka’s Dhamma: Contrasting Opinions.’ Ashoka was one of the earliest rulers of the world who adopted the policy of peace for the welfare of his subjects. Due to his patronage, Buddhism spread beyond India. This assignment aims at portraying the transformation of Emperor Ashoka from a cruel, ruthless ruler to the harbinger of peace, harmony and love , after the Kalinga war. The research also focuses on the main doctrines of Ashokan dhamma according to his inscriptions; Ashoka’s benevolent activities and way of propagating Dhamma. An alternative reason has also been provided for the adoption of Dhamma by Ashoka. The research concludes with the relevance of Ashoka’s Dhamma in the present scenario. The book ‘Ashoka and the Decline of the Mauryas’ by Romila Thapar and ‘Inscriptions of Ashoka’ by D. C. Sircar have been used as sources for this assignment . The Paper includes both the primary and secondary sources and is open to different interpretations for the readers.

TOPIC -THE CRADLE OF ASHOKA'S DHAMMA : CONTRASTING OPINIONS

FORT OF AGRA AND ITS MONUMENTS Sayan Lodh

This work was done as a part of my assignment for college. It briefly speaks about the architectu... more

Red Taj (AutoRecovered)

Drafts by SAYAN LODH

India and Israel The Need for a Nuanced Understanding » ISGAP

ISGAP Flashpoint, 2024

It briefly explores India-Israel relations, and the rising subtle Antisemitism in India in the af... more

Bollywood Goes to Auschwitz

Haaretz, 2024

The article briefly explores the Holocaust Minimization, and the popularity of Adolf Hitler in India

NL November For mail

Caught in the Violence: The Bene Menashe Jews of Manipur

Cafe Dissensus Everyday, 2023

This short article published in Cafe Dissensus Everyday throws light upon the plight of the Ethni... more

Why members of centuries old Baghdadi Jewish community in Kolkata are facing each other in court?

Cafe Dissensus Everyday, 2023

The brief paper provides a glimpse into the intra-community disputes that plagues the small (yet ... more

Portrayal of ‘Hunting’ in Environmental History of India

Altralang journal, Dec 31, 2020

The paper begins with a general discussion on hunting. It is divided into four main parts, discus... more The paper begins with a general discussion on hunting. It is divided into four main parts, discussing about the effect of hunting on environment and ecology in Ancient, Medieval, Colonial and Independent India. Across all the ages, hunting wild animals has been an important activity for the royals and nobles. In ancient India, only Ashoka took some initiatives at protecting the animals and environment. The portion on Medieval India mainly focusses on the Mughals and their hunting styles. In the colonial period, mastery over nature was thought of as a part of mastery over India. Both British officials and Indian princes unabatedly shot many animals, which ultimately led to the extinction of cheetah in India. In the part on Independent India, the efforts by Indira Gandhi like the 'Wildlife Protection Act' in 1972, Project Tiger and its effects have been given. In conclusion, the need to conserve our wildlife is briefly cited with reference to a few high-profile cases of hunting in India even after it was outlawed.

Article Haaretz Why are Hindus and Muslims in India worshipping Jewish Tombs

Haaretz, 2023

The brief article explores the phenomenon of worship of three Jewish tombs by non-Jews (Hindus, M... more

Bhopal Gas Tragedy: A Brief Introspection

Kashmiri Papier Mâché

Papier Mâché in French means 'chewed paper.' Within India, the art form is unique to Kashmir. The... more Papier Mâché in French means 'chewed paper.' Within India, the art form is unique to Kashmir. The technique is used for making items in various shapes and sizes such as pen-cases, birds, animals, photo frames, toys, etc. featuring intricate designs of Kashmir's flora and fauna. The exchange of designs among the craft forms is one of the key features of Kashmiri handicrafts. Patterns from woodcarving, shawls, and carpets are often replicated in papier mâché. Classical styles include Arabesque, Yarkhand. Some of the contemporary popular designs include: Gulander Gul (flower inside flower), Gul-i Vilayat (foreign flowers), Gonder (bunch), Bagalder Chinar (Chinar leaf motif), Gul-i Hazara (thousand flowers), Kashan and Kaleen (carpets), Jamavar (a type of shawl worn by Kashmiris), among others. Sadaf Nazir Wani opines, 'The hand of the papier mache maker is in constant communication with Sociopolitical history of their context, and the craft is a manifestation of their understanding of history and culture.' The process of making papier mâché products involves two stages. The first called Sakhtasazi involves making the actual product from a mixture of mashed paper pulp, rice straw and copper sulphate. The second Naqashi involves finishing and decorating the item through application of several coats of organic paint and lacquer. Although nowadays synthetic dies and varnishes are used due to commercialisation, the entire timeconsuming process is manually done by expert craftsmen, and requires lot of patience and practice. The products are generally made in summertime due to longer daylight hours, crucial for the work's intricateness.

Welcome to the very first issue of the semi-annual magazine of Voyages Into The Past. To say that... more Welcome to the very first issue of the semi-annual magazine of Voyages Into The Past. To say that I am excited for the first issue of L'histoire, would be an understatement of great proportions. We are delighted to acclaim that we are ready with all new hopes and hues to bring out the first issue of L'histoire. L'histoire is to be a launch pad for the students whose passion for history takes them to unusual places. The enthusiastic write-ups and artworks of our writers are, we believe, indubitably sufficient to hold the interest and admiration of the readers. This issue features young minds who are passionate about history. Apart from writeups, written in both Bengali and English, this magazine also features photographs of both known as well as unknown places which have remained historically significant. Lecture briefs of the lectures organized, both in online as well as offline mode, over the past few months have also been included. I thank all the contributors since their contribution is the reason that, I believe, will make this magazine endearing to our readers. A big thanks to all the members of Voyages Into The Past, especially the Design team and the Editorial team, without whom the making of L'histoire would have been impossible. I heartily wish all the readers my best wishes and hope this souvenir will enjoy your critical acclaim and prove itself to play a vital role in looking at history through different prisms. Let's go back in time and re-visit our past. Join us in this beautiful Voyage.

Why Are There Millions of 'Jews' on Indian Matchmaking Websites

Haaretz, 2022

Jews represent less than 0.0004 percent of India's population. So how can its dating sites claim ... more Jews represent less than 0.0004 percent of India's population. So how can its dating sites claim to have millions of Jewish profiles? What does it mean to call yourself 'Jewish' in India todayor to call yourself 'Hitler'? Matchmaker, matchmaker, make me a match: Why "Jews" are so popular on India's dating and marriage websites Sayan Lodh May. 15, 2022 2:57 PM Judaism was the oldest Abrahamic religion, and one of the earliest religions originating abroad, to arrive in India. However few Indians are even aware of its presence, due to the miniscule numbers of Jews living there. According to the 2011 census, there were about 5000 Indian Jews out of a total Indian population of 1.2 billion. They are not even counted as a separate religion, but conflated alongside other micro-minorities in the 'Others' column. In today's India, Jews are mostly concentrated in and around Mumbai (former Bombay), Manipur, Mizoram, the Guntur district in Andhra Pradesh, and the Erode district in Tamil Nadu. The Indian Jewish population in Israel is estimated to be in the range of 80-90,000.

Why Are There Millions of 'Jews' on Indian Matchmaking Websites

Haaretz, 2022

Jews represent less than 0.0004 percent of India's population. So how can its dating sites claim ... more

Aurangzeb and The Decline of the Mughals

Altralang Journal, 2019

ABSTRACT: Aurangzeb has been held responsible by many historians for hastening the decline of the... more ABSTRACT: Aurangzeb has been held responsible by many historians for hastening the decline of the Mughal Empire. The paper titled 'Aurangzeb and the Decline of the Mughals' is aimed at examining the role of Aurangzeb in the downfall of the Empire. The passage of Aurangzeb from being a prince to becoming Emperor Alamgir has been discussed. The character of Aurangzeb has been discussed with a mention of his letters. The alternate explanation about Aurangzeb being a just, impartial ruler has also been provided. It concludes with a little bit of discussion about the other causes and the aftermath of the decline

Portrayal of ‘Hunting’ in Environmental History of India

The paper begins with a general discussion on hunting. It is divided into four main parts, discus... more The paper begins with a general discussion on hunting. It is divided into four main parts, discussing about the effect of hunting on environment and ecology in Ancient, Medieval, Colonial and Independent India. Across all the ages, hunting wild animals has been an important activity for the royals and nobles. In ancient India, only Ashoka took some initiatives at protecting the animals and environment. The portion on Medieval India mainly focusses on the Mughals and their hunting styles. In the colonial period, mastery over nature was thought of as a part of mastery over India. Both British officials and Indian princes unabatedly shot many animals, which ultimately led to the extinction of cheetah in India. In the part on Independent India, the efforts by Indira Gandhi like the ‘Wildlife Protection Act’ in 1972, Project Tiger and its effects have been given. In conclusion, the need to conserve our wildlife is briefly cited with reference to a few high-profile cases of hunting in Ind...

A Chronicle of Calcutta Jewry

vol 5 issue 15

Studies conducted into minorities like the Jews serves the purpose of sensitizing one about the e... more Studies conducted into minorities like the Jews serves the purpose of sensitizing one about the existence of communities other than one’s own one, thereby promoting harmony and better understanding of other cultures. The Paper is titled ‘A Chronicle of Calcutta Jewry’. It lays stress on the beginning of the Jewish community in Calcutta with reference to the prominent Jewish families from the city. Most of the Jews in Calcutta were from the middle-east and came to be called as Baghdadi Jews. Initially they were influenced by Arabic culture, language and customs, but later they became Anglicized with English replacing Judeo-Arabic (Arabic written in Hebrew script) as their language. A few social evils residing among the Jews briefly discussed. Although, the Jews of our city never experienced direct consequences of the Holocaust, they contributed wholeheartedly to the Jewish Relief Fund that was set up by the Jewish Relief Association (JRA) to help the victims of the Shoah. The experie...

THE RED TAJ -Sayan Lodh

This small article talks about an unknown tomb of an European soldier, built in Mughal style, loc... more

NAME -SAYAN LODH TOPIC -THE CRADLE OF ASHOKA'S DHAMMA : CONTRASTING OPINIONS

Ashokan dhamma has been a topic of discussion in academic space for a long time ba... more Ashokan dhamma has been a topic of discussion in academic space for a long time back. The topic is ‘The Cradle of Ashoka’s Dhamma: Contrasting Opinions.’ Ashoka was one of the earliest rulers of the world who adopted the policy of peace for the welfare of his subjects. Due to his patronage, Buddhism spread beyond India. This assignment aims at portraying the transformation of Emperor Ashoka from a cruel, ruthless ruler to the harbinger of peace, harmony and love , after the Kalinga war. The research also focuses on the main doctrines of Ashokan dhamma according to his inscriptions; Ashoka’s benevolent activities and way of propagating Dhamma. An alternative reason has also been provided for the adoption of Dhamma by Ashoka. The research concludes with the relevance of Ashoka’s Dhamma in the present scenario. The book ‘Ashoka and the Decline of the Mauryas’ by Romila Thapar and ‘Inscriptions of Ashoka’ by D. C. Sircar have been used as sources for this assignment . The Paper includes both the primary and secondary sources and is open to different interpretations for the readers.

TOPIC -THE CRADLE OF ASHOKA'S DHAMMA : CONTRASTING OPINIONS

FORT OF AGRA AND ITS MONUMENTS Sayan Lodh

This work was done as a part of my assignment for college. It briefly speaks about the architectu... more

Red Taj (AutoRecovered)

India and Israel The Need for a Nuanced Understanding » ISGAP

ISGAP Flashpoint, 2024

It briefly explores India-Israel relations, and the rising subtle Antisemitism in India in the af... more

Non-Binary Representation and Biblical Influences in Aloy's World

The paper tries to shed light upon the non-binary characters and the biblical influences in the v... more

History of Technology in Everyday Life in Colonial India

The paper titled 'History of Technology in Everyday Life in Colonial India' deals with the simple... more The paper titled 'History of Technology in Everyday Life in Colonial India' deals with the simple technology which left their mark in the day-today life in colonial India. Four of the 'everyday technologies'-sewing machine, bicycle, typewriter, mechanised mill are discussed in detail, whereas one-electric fan is mentioned briefly. The impact of the machines in the social life of Indians are discussed with reference to its effect upon gender and the caste system. M.K. Gandhi's views with regard to 'everyday technologies' are glanced upon. The paper concludes with a brief rendition about the emergence of the swadeshi or indigenous industries in post-independence period.

RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR OF 1904-1905 AND IT'S CONSEQUENCES (UG IA)

The paper explores the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, alongside its consequences. It also prese... more

REFORMATION (UG IA)

The research is aimed at explaining the meaning of Reformation and also at explaining the differe... more The research is aimed at explaining the meaning of Reformation and also at explaining the difference between the terms Counter-Reformation and Catholic Reformation. A brief background that led to the rise of Catholic and Protestant Reformation has been given. Reformation has been explained with reference to the Protestantism and its proponents like Martin Luther. The establishment of the Anglican Church in England has also been briefly talked about. The prime difference between Catholic Reformation and Counter- Reformation has been mentioned. Catholic Reformation has been discussed with reference the Orders like the Jesuits and Carmelites, set up to spread Christianity and education among the common people in different parts of the world. Counter-Reformation has been explained with reference to the Council of Trent and the Inquisition. The assignment concludes with a discourse on the similarities and differences between the Protestant and Catholic reform movements.

Medieval Indian Medicine (UG IA)

The assignment titled ‘Medieval Indian Medical Traditions’ begins with a brief background to the ... more The assignment titled ‘Medieval Indian Medical Traditions’ begins with a brief background to the medieval Indian medical traditions, with reference to ancient Indian medicine. The two primary medieval Indian medical traditions – Ayurveda and Unani have been discussed in detail. The similarities and differences between the two traditions have been displayed. The similarities between Ayurveda and Chinese medical tradition has been mentioned. Another medical tradition of medieval times, the Siddha tradition have been talked about. The different forms of surgeries practised in medieval India have been mentioned. The method of practice of medical science in medieval India has been discussed. Finally, a description of the medieval Indian medical system from the perspective of a French physician has been given. The research concludes with the loss in popularity of traditional medicine systems with the colonisation of India and introduction of modern medicine.

Mughal Coinage: An Insight into an Era

Pondering the Past: A Collection of Essays on Polity, Economy and Institutions, 2019

The Mughals attached a great importance to coinage. The paper is titled ‘Mughal Coin... more The Mughals attached a great importance to coinage. The paper is titled ‘Mughal Coinage : An Insight into an Era’. The various types of coins circulating in the Mughal Empire has been discussed in great detail. The structure of the Mughal mints have also been described along with a brief discussion about the money lenders cum bankers sarrafs. A comparison have also been done along with the coinage of contemporary ‘Islamic Gunpowder’ empires – the Ottomans and Safavids. The assignment concludes with a brief discussion about the decline and finally disintegration of the Mughal Empire from the monetary point of view.

Ashtom Antorjatik Sammelan ebong Nobom Winter School: Ekjon Angshogrohonkarir Abhiggota (in Bengali)

In this article (written in Bengali), I dwell upon my experiences of attending the International ... more