This dissertation examines the 2nd Millennium BC pottery from Çadır Höyük, a multi-period archaeo... more This dissertation examines the 2nd Millennium BC pottery from Çadır Höyük, a multi-period archaeological site in Yozgat, Turkey. The research shows that a painted ceramic tradition existed contemporaneously with the expected North Central Anatolian ceramic tradition (Hittite Ware). Through my ceramic analysis, I argue that the presence of this painted tradition is indicative of a significant and new understanding of Hittite rural communities. Specifically, it indicates a continuation of a pre-Hittite painted ceramic tradition (generally referred to as Alişar III Ware) with multiple centers of production, likely located in the rural countryside surrounding Çadır Höyük. I argue that the presence of the painted tradition at Çadır Höyük, brought in from these extra-mural locations, is related to festival and feasting activities, providing a glimpse into rural engagement with the Hittite state. To develop this further, I introduce a landscape analysis expanding our understanding of Çadır...
Part 3 offers a thorough description of Late Middle Japanese that reflects the Kamakura (1185-133... more Part 3 offers a thorough description of Late Middle Japanese that reflects the Kamakura (1185-1333) and Muromachi (1333-1573) Periods. Ch. 10 provides a short summary of works written in these periods, including grammars and dictionaries. Ch. 11 presents, thanks to Christian sources, an established picture of the phonological system. In this period, the phoneme /p/ changed to /f/ and long vowels began to emerge. Ch. 12 deals with grammatical changes in both morphology and syntax. Kakari-musubi began to decline during these periods, and as a result, the exclamatory form that co-occurred with it ceased to be used. Honorific language, both exaltation and politeness, is discussed briefly in this chapter. Part 4 moves on to examine Modern Japanese from the Edo Period (1603-1868) to the present. Ch. 13 provides a short summary of the language of the Edo and Meiji Periods (1868-1912). The former was characterized by the diversity of often mutually unintelligible dialects, while the latter strived to unify this diversity. Ch. 14 describes phonological changes, such as the merger of /d/ and /z/, as well as the delabialization of /f/ that gave rise to /h/. Ch. 15 illustrates two aspects of the development of Modern Japanese: (i) how it underwent grammatical simplification, and (ii) how new grammatical forms emerged. Ch. 16 highlights some influences of eastern dialects on Edo Japanese. Ch. 17 provides a bird's-eye view of loan words from European languages. Overall, this part is devoted to the period before World War II. This monograph provides a rich and detailed description of the changes that the Japanese language has undergone since its earliest forms in the Nara Period. It is a monumental work that will be of value to scholars and students who are particularly interested in the phonology and grammar of the Japanese language.
ABSTRACT At the end of the Late Bronze Age, around 1200 b.c., the Hittite Empire of Anatolia coll... more ABSTRACT At the end of the Late Bronze Age, around 1200 b.c., the Hittite Empire of Anatolia collapsed. While that collapse has been well studied, the effects on Hittite-held lands are less so, with many archaeologists positing an abandonment in Hittite territories for a period of time early in the Iron Age. Recent excavations at Çadır Höyük, 70 kilometers from the Hittite capital, have revealed both typical Hittite material culture belonging to the Late Bronze Age, including mass-produced ceramics and massive fortifications, as well as evidence suggesting that the site’s residents faced challenges, and adapted accordingly, in the wake of Hittite withdrawal and collapse, during the Early Iron Age. The architecture, ceramics, and zooarchaeological evidence from this rural settlement suggest ways in which residential continuity, cultural resilience, and technological and economic adjustments allowed inhabitants to survive and rebound in the face of political instability.
This Bachelors of Philosophy Thesis builds upon the present body of literature and research conce... more This Bachelors of Philosophy Thesis builds upon the present body of literature and research concerned with the relationship between craft production and the emergence of complex societies. This is done by examining the evidence for textile production at the Early Bronze Age site Karataş, in the Elmalı plain of SW Turkey. This research uses the tools of textile production to draw conclusions about the settlement"s complex social organization. Karataş consists of a central mound, approximately 100 m in diameter with a 1.9 ha settlement surrounding it. Excavation at this site began in 1963 and continued to 1975, conducted by Bryn Mawr College under the directorship of Dr. Matcheld Mellink (Warner 1994: Preface, 5). This research demonstrates that Karataş went through varying degrees of economic centralization leading ultimately to the site"s abandonment. By conducting a GIS analysis of the distribution of artifacts associated with textile production, this research reveals a concentration of textile production in the fourth period of the site"s habitation (EBA II). This concentration is presented as possibly the result of an increase in political authority, emanating from the central mound, which was not previously present within this ancient community. It is followed by a gradual decentralization of textile production in the fifth and sixth periods (EBA II-III) and then abandonment. The final decentralization reflects a loss of political control across the settlement, and may be tied directly to the abandonment.
High-resolution satellite imagery has proved to be a powerful tool for calculating the extent of ... more High-resolution satellite imagery has proved to be a powerful tool for calculating the extent of looting at heritage sites in conflict zones around the world. Monitoring damage over time, however, has been largely dependent upon laborious and error-prone manual comparisons of satellite imagery taken at different dates. The semi-automated detection process presented here offers a more expedient and accurate method for monitoring looting activities over time, as evidenced at the site of Ai Khanoum in Afghanistan. It is hoped that this method, which relies upon multispectral imagery and principal component analysis, may be adapted to great effect for use in other areas where heritage loss is of significant concern.
High-resolution satellite imagery has proved to be a powerful tool for calculating the extent of ... more High-resolution satellite imagery has proved to be a powerful tool for calculating the extent of looting at heritage sites in conflict zones around the world. Monitoring damage over time, however, has been largely dependent upon laborious and error-prone manual comparisons of satellite imagery taken at different dates. The semi-automated detection process presented here offers a more expedient and accurate method for monitoring looting activities over time, as evidenced at the site of Ai Khanoum in Afghanistan. It is hoped that this method, which relies upon multispectral imagery and principal component analysis, may be adapted to great effect for use in other areas where heritage loss is of significant concern.
High-resolution commercially available satellite imagery has become an integral part of remote cu... more High-resolution commercially available satellite imagery has become an integral part of remote cultural heritage site management. Due to its high quality and availability, current assessments of looting and changes in site preservation can be obtained for sites inaccessible to archaeologists. Quantitative analyses of damage remain very labor intensive, however, and require a painstaking detection of individual pits. In this paper we present the preliminary results of an attempt to automate this process using multi-spectral imagery. Our current focus is on archaeological sites in Afghanistan, where we have tested early versions of our methodology on the archaeological sites of Ai Khanoum (a 4th-2nd century BCE urban site on the Oxus), Qarawal Tepe (a 4th century CE through Medieval period mound), and Qal’a-i Zal (a 1st century CE through Medieval period fortified city) . Our method uses Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of multispectral imagery to isolate patterns of looting. This analysis allows us to estimate the number of individual pits, the area of the site affected by looting, and changes in these through time. Our goal is to both refine and automate this process so that new assessments can be made on the fly as new imagery becomes available. (Authored by Anthony Lauricella, Joshua Cannon, Scott Branting, and Emily Hammer)
This dissertation examines the 2nd Millennium BC pottery from Çadır Höyük, a multi-period archaeo... more This dissertation examines the 2nd Millennium BC pottery from Çadır Höyük, a multi-period archaeological site in Yozgat, Turkey. The research shows that a painted ceramic tradition existed contemporaneously with the expected North Central Anatolian ceramic tradition (Hittite Ware). Through my ceramic analysis, I argue that the presence of this painted tradition is indicative of a significant and new understanding of Hittite rural communities. Specifically, it indicates a continuation of a pre-Hittite painted ceramic tradition (generally referred to as Alişar III Ware) with multiple centers of production, likely located in the rural countryside surrounding Çadır Höyük. I argue that the presence of the painted tradition at Çadır Höyük, brought in from these extra-mural locations, is related to festival and feasting activities, providing a glimpse into rural engagement with the Hittite state. To develop this further, I introduce a landscape analysis expanding our understanding of Çadır...
Part 3 offers a thorough description of Late Middle Japanese that reflects the Kamakura (1185-133... more Part 3 offers a thorough description of Late Middle Japanese that reflects the Kamakura (1185-1333) and Muromachi (1333-1573) Periods. Ch. 10 provides a short summary of works written in these periods, including grammars and dictionaries. Ch. 11 presents, thanks to Christian sources, an established picture of the phonological system. In this period, the phoneme /p/ changed to /f/ and long vowels began to emerge. Ch. 12 deals with grammatical changes in both morphology and syntax. Kakari-musubi began to decline during these periods, and as a result, the exclamatory form that co-occurred with it ceased to be used. Honorific language, both exaltation and politeness, is discussed briefly in this chapter. Part 4 moves on to examine Modern Japanese from the Edo Period (1603-1868) to the present. Ch. 13 provides a short summary of the language of the Edo and Meiji Periods (1868-1912). The former was characterized by the diversity of often mutually unintelligible dialects, while the latter strived to unify this diversity. Ch. 14 describes phonological changes, such as the merger of /d/ and /z/, as well as the delabialization of /f/ that gave rise to /h/. Ch. 15 illustrates two aspects of the development of Modern Japanese: (i) how it underwent grammatical simplification, and (ii) how new grammatical forms emerged. Ch. 16 highlights some influences of eastern dialects on Edo Japanese. Ch. 17 provides a bird's-eye view of loan words from European languages. Overall, this part is devoted to the period before World War II. This monograph provides a rich and detailed description of the changes that the Japanese language has undergone since its earliest forms in the Nara Period. It is a monumental work that will be of value to scholars and students who are particularly interested in the phonology and grammar of the Japanese language.
ABSTRACT At the end of the Late Bronze Age, around 1200 b.c., the Hittite Empire of Anatolia coll... more ABSTRACT At the end of the Late Bronze Age, around 1200 b.c., the Hittite Empire of Anatolia collapsed. While that collapse has been well studied, the effects on Hittite-held lands are less so, with many archaeologists positing an abandonment in Hittite territories for a period of time early in the Iron Age. Recent excavations at Çadır Höyük, 70 kilometers from the Hittite capital, have revealed both typical Hittite material culture belonging to the Late Bronze Age, including mass-produced ceramics and massive fortifications, as well as evidence suggesting that the site’s residents faced challenges, and adapted accordingly, in the wake of Hittite withdrawal and collapse, during the Early Iron Age. The architecture, ceramics, and zooarchaeological evidence from this rural settlement suggest ways in which residential continuity, cultural resilience, and technological and economic adjustments allowed inhabitants to survive and rebound in the face of political instability.
This Bachelors of Philosophy Thesis builds upon the present body of literature and research conce... more This Bachelors of Philosophy Thesis builds upon the present body of literature and research concerned with the relationship between craft production and the emergence of complex societies. This is done by examining the evidence for textile production at the Early Bronze Age site Karataş, in the Elmalı plain of SW Turkey. This research uses the tools of textile production to draw conclusions about the settlement"s complex social organization. Karataş consists of a central mound, approximately 100 m in diameter with a 1.9 ha settlement surrounding it. Excavation at this site began in 1963 and continued to 1975, conducted by Bryn Mawr College under the directorship of Dr. Matcheld Mellink (Warner 1994: Preface, 5). This research demonstrates that Karataş went through varying degrees of economic centralization leading ultimately to the site"s abandonment. By conducting a GIS analysis of the distribution of artifacts associated with textile production, this research reveals a concentration of textile production in the fourth period of the site"s habitation (EBA II). This concentration is presented as possibly the result of an increase in political authority, emanating from the central mound, which was not previously present within this ancient community. It is followed by a gradual decentralization of textile production in the fifth and sixth periods (EBA II-III) and then abandonment. The final decentralization reflects a loss of political control across the settlement, and may be tied directly to the abandonment.
High-resolution satellite imagery has proved to be a powerful tool for calculating the extent of ... more High-resolution satellite imagery has proved to be a powerful tool for calculating the extent of looting at heritage sites in conflict zones around the world. Monitoring damage over time, however, has been largely dependent upon laborious and error-prone manual comparisons of satellite imagery taken at different dates. The semi-automated detection process presented here offers a more expedient and accurate method for monitoring looting activities over time, as evidenced at the site of Ai Khanoum in Afghanistan. It is hoped that this method, which relies upon multispectral imagery and principal component analysis, may be adapted to great effect for use in other areas where heritage loss is of significant concern.
High-resolution satellite imagery has proved to be a powerful tool for calculating the extent of ... more High-resolution satellite imagery has proved to be a powerful tool for calculating the extent of looting at heritage sites in conflict zones around the world. Monitoring damage over time, however, has been largely dependent upon laborious and error-prone manual comparisons of satellite imagery taken at different dates. The semi-automated detection process presented here offers a more expedient and accurate method for monitoring looting activities over time, as evidenced at the site of Ai Khanoum in Afghanistan. It is hoped that this method, which relies upon multispectral imagery and principal component analysis, may be adapted to great effect for use in other areas where heritage loss is of significant concern.
High-resolution commercially available satellite imagery has become an integral part of remote cu... more High-resolution commercially available satellite imagery has become an integral part of remote cultural heritage site management. Due to its high quality and availability, current assessments of looting and changes in site preservation can be obtained for sites inaccessible to archaeologists. Quantitative analyses of damage remain very labor intensive, however, and require a painstaking detection of individual pits. In this paper we present the preliminary results of an attempt to automate this process using multi-spectral imagery. Our current focus is on archaeological sites in Afghanistan, where we have tested early versions of our methodology on the archaeological sites of Ai Khanoum (a 4th-2nd century BCE urban site on the Oxus), Qarawal Tepe (a 4th century CE through Medieval period mound), and Qal’a-i Zal (a 1st century CE through Medieval period fortified city) . Our method uses Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of multispectral imagery to isolate patterns of looting. This analysis allows us to estimate the number of individual pits, the area of the site affected by looting, and changes in these through time. Our goal is to both refine and automate this process so that new assessments can be made on the fly as new imagery becomes available. (Authored by Anthony Lauricella, Joshua Cannon, Scott Branting, and Emily Hammer)
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