This paper presents an overview Of current research on causal-attributions for success and failur... more This paper presents an overview Of current research on causal-attributions for success and failure with a focus oin theoretical_developments since the Weiner et al'41971) paper and applications which have teen made using this theoreticai-jodel.. Theoretical advances include more sophisticated measurement of causal attributions, applications of the cognitive judgment literature to attributional judgments and work on, the consequences of various attributions. Othet work has been done on,how a success or failure is defined. Applications to co-ed sports classes, consumer reactions to produce failOre, employee performance judgments and alcohc/ism are' referenced. (Author)
The history of research on intimate partner violence is reviewed, with a special focus on how my ... more The history of research on intimate partner violence is reviewed, with a special focus on how my own work in this area has evolved. The role of researcher values in the research process is highlighted. Some of the issues emerging from this review are the need for better measures of intimate partner violence, reasons why women's violence has been ignored by many researchers, and a discussion of the conditions under which women display violence. Policy implications of this research are discussed. In this article, I discuss some of the ways in which values affect the research process, using my own research as well as that of other feminists interested in partner violence against women to demonstrate these effects on the types of research questions asked as well as in the interpretations of research findings. This issue of values in the research process is of special interest to SPSSI. Members of SPSSI often join because they care about a wide variety of social issues. The application of research to help in solving social problems is essential to the mission of SPSSI. Our strong values lead us to research questions that will have a direct impact on people's lives. As we work on such questions, we are aware that science can never be truly value free. As point out in Crosby's 2005 Lewin Address article, "while we strive for objectivity, we do not consider that we can be neutral about the place of our research in society or about the very shape of society itself" (p. 429). Crosby and Bearman go on to discuss not only how the underlying values of the researcher affect the selection of the research topic, but also the samples and methodologies used to investigate this topic. Whether the values are explicit or implicit, they are always present.
This is Volume XIII in the series of annual reviews published by the Society for the Scientific S... more This is Volume XIII in the series of annual reviews published by the Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality. Each of these volumes includes a number of review articles on topics selected to represent current issues in the field of sexuality research. One focus of this volume appears to be biological factors in sexuality, with three of the nine papers focused on this exclusively. This choice of topics corresponds to the increasing interest in the role of biology among sex researchers. Each of the papers in this volume provides important information for the sexuality researcher. The collection may be even more relevant for those teaching courses in sexuality and for graduate students wanting to gain a broader perspective. The first paper by Giami is on sexual health. As Giami notes, several European countries, as well as the United States and the World Health Organization, have developed statements in the late twentieth century that outline the definition of sexual health, as defined by recognized experts. Rather than focusing on reproduction, as was the case a century ago, these statements assume that sexuality and sexual pleasure are part of the wellbeing of the individual and are basic rights of the person. But, there are differences among the different countries, as Giami clearly points out. Through analyzing these crosscultural similarities and differences, one gains a much greater appreciation of the biases of one's own culture. The second paper by Rosen and McKenna discusses the physiological mechanisms involved with the new drugs, such as Viagra, for treatment of male erectile dysfunction. These drugs have become quite successful and are widely used around the world, in spite of their high cost. The fact that these drugs are now available and widely advertised has created an unanticipated effect of there now being more open discussion of male erection
One of the important goals of education is for students to learn to be responsible civic particip... more One of the important goals of education is for students to learn to be responsible civic participants. Thus, the time students spend in college is invaluable. It is important that students learn to participate and be responsible citizens of their community during their time in college (Giles and Eyler in Mich J Community Serv Learn 1: [77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85] 1994). In this study, a program to help achieve this important educational goal is presented and evaluated. This involved the examination of the impact of actual participation in a community service activity on students' changes in attitudes and future intentions. A path model based on predictions drawn from place attachment theory was developed and tested to examine how participating in a community service activity affected students' place attachment and interests in community service. Two-hundred-and-nine university students participated in the study. Results confirmed the hypothesized model. Implications for enhancing student involvement in their communities and encouraging their development into responsible citizens were discussed.
Sexual violence is a global problem. The lifetime risk of attempted or completed rape is up to 20... more Sexual violence is a global problem. The lifetime risk of attempted or completed rape is up to 20% for women, but men and children are also often sexually violated. 1 Sequelae include unwanted pregnancies; sexually transmitted infections, including HIV; depression; and posttraumatic stress disorder. Most of the literature on rape and sexual assault is retrospective, but we aim to provide an evidence based review of their management.
Educators are becoming .increasingly concerned with social .psychological variables affecting cla... more Educators are becoming .increasingly concerned with social .psychological variables affecting classroom behavior.. This study attempts to determine if the achidvement attribution model is supported in an actual classroom setting with college students actually taking an important exam. Participants were 35 volunteers from an introductory social psychology course. Three short questionnaires were completed: one pre-test, one post,-test but before the student knew the test score, and tb/.third after the individual test scores and class distribution of scores were returned. The students did slightly worse than they expected or warted to do. The majority attributed the cause of their exam outcome tc Effort. The results gave only limited support for the attribution model of expectancy changes being mediated by the stability cf the causal attribution. Affett and self-reward were positively correlated with effort and ability ratings.. Contrary to prediction, e highest correlations were not for the intentional effort at ribution but rather for ability. Affect_ and self-reward ,were mor related to subjective appraisals of success than objective per ormarce. The results showed that the theoretical attribution mod I was generally supported, but suggested a far more complex model of attributions'in the classroom than originally expected. (Author/JL)
Examined were causal attritutiors fcr woven and men and sports'participation. In accord with prev... more Examined were causal attritutiors fcr woven and men and sports'participation. In accord with previous academic research, athletes of= both sexes were expected to attribute successes more to their abilities and efforts and failures to lack of effort, as compared)to a group of non-athletes. Also examined was the differential use of team-and individual attributions ky sales and females. Male college athletes`( N=50) and female college athletes (N=33) were administered an attribution gde-sticnnaire. Hale 0=37) and female (N=17) psychology students served as the control. Results analyted with a t-test and analysis of variance indicated that the majority of attributions were team 'attributions; .athlete attributions were 'unstable with great use of effort and mood attributions; female athletes tended to attribute their outcomes differently from male athletet;'college athletes tended to be more loyal to their teams than non-athletei; and sex differences in attritutional patterns tended to override the factor of being an athlete. Results suggested that college athletes do not have,strcng,differences from other college stude,pts in the way they view sports; rather, the major differences 'Mx* between men and women. (KA)
This paper presents an overview Of current research on causal-attributions for success and failur... more This paper presents an overview Of current research on causal-attributions for success and failure with a focus oin theoretical_developments since the Weiner et al'41971) paper and applications which have teen made using this theoreticai-jodel.. Theoretical advances include more sophisticated measurement of causal attributions, applications of the cognitive judgment literature to attributional judgments and work on, the consequences of various attributions. Othet work has been done on,how a success or failure is defined. Applications to co-ed sports classes, consumer reactions to produce failOre, employee performance judgments and alcohc/ism are' referenced. (Author)
The history of research on intimate partner violence is reviewed, with a special focus on how my ... more The history of research on intimate partner violence is reviewed, with a special focus on how my own work in this area has evolved. The role of researcher values in the research process is highlighted. Some of the issues emerging from this review are the need for better measures of intimate partner violence, reasons why women's violence has been ignored by many researchers, and a discussion of the conditions under which women display violence. Policy implications of this research are discussed. In this article, I discuss some of the ways in which values affect the research process, using my own research as well as that of other feminists interested in partner violence against women to demonstrate these effects on the types of research questions asked as well as in the interpretations of research findings. This issue of values in the research process is of special interest to SPSSI. Members of SPSSI often join because they care about a wide variety of social issues. The application of research to help in solving social problems is essential to the mission of SPSSI. Our strong values lead us to research questions that will have a direct impact on people's lives. As we work on such questions, we are aware that science can never be truly value free. As point out in Crosby's 2005 Lewin Address article, "while we strive for objectivity, we do not consider that we can be neutral about the place of our research in society or about the very shape of society itself" (p. 429). Crosby and Bearman go on to discuss not only how the underlying values of the researcher affect the selection of the research topic, but also the samples and methodologies used to investigate this topic. Whether the values are explicit or implicit, they are always present.
This is Volume XIII in the series of annual reviews published by the Society for the Scientific S... more This is Volume XIII in the series of annual reviews published by the Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality. Each of these volumes includes a number of review articles on topics selected to represent current issues in the field of sexuality research. One focus of this volume appears to be biological factors in sexuality, with three of the nine papers focused on this exclusively. This choice of topics corresponds to the increasing interest in the role of biology among sex researchers. Each of the papers in this volume provides important information for the sexuality researcher. The collection may be even more relevant for those teaching courses in sexuality and for graduate students wanting to gain a broader perspective. The first paper by Giami is on sexual health. As Giami notes, several European countries, as well as the United States and the World Health Organization, have developed statements in the late twentieth century that outline the definition of sexual health, as defined by recognized experts. Rather than focusing on reproduction, as was the case a century ago, these statements assume that sexuality and sexual pleasure are part of the wellbeing of the individual and are basic rights of the person. But, there are differences among the different countries, as Giami clearly points out. Through analyzing these crosscultural similarities and differences, one gains a much greater appreciation of the biases of one's own culture. The second paper by Rosen and McKenna discusses the physiological mechanisms involved with the new drugs, such as Viagra, for treatment of male erectile dysfunction. These drugs have become quite successful and are widely used around the world, in spite of their high cost. The fact that these drugs are now available and widely advertised has created an unanticipated effect of there now being more open discussion of male erection
One of the important goals of education is for students to learn to be responsible civic particip... more One of the important goals of education is for students to learn to be responsible civic participants. Thus, the time students spend in college is invaluable. It is important that students learn to participate and be responsible citizens of their community during their time in college (Giles and Eyler in Mich J Community Serv Learn 1: [77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85] 1994). In this study, a program to help achieve this important educational goal is presented and evaluated. This involved the examination of the impact of actual participation in a community service activity on students' changes in attitudes and future intentions. A path model based on predictions drawn from place attachment theory was developed and tested to examine how participating in a community service activity affected students' place attachment and interests in community service. Two-hundred-and-nine university students participated in the study. Results confirmed the hypothesized model. Implications for enhancing student involvement in their communities and encouraging their development into responsible citizens were discussed.
Sexual violence is a global problem. The lifetime risk of attempted or completed rape is up to 20... more Sexual violence is a global problem. The lifetime risk of attempted or completed rape is up to 20% for women, but men and children are also often sexually violated. 1 Sequelae include unwanted pregnancies; sexually transmitted infections, including HIV; depression; and posttraumatic stress disorder. Most of the literature on rape and sexual assault is retrospective, but we aim to provide an evidence based review of their management.
Educators are becoming .increasingly concerned with social .psychological variables affecting cla... more Educators are becoming .increasingly concerned with social .psychological variables affecting classroom behavior.. This study attempts to determine if the achidvement attribution model is supported in an actual classroom setting with college students actually taking an important exam. Participants were 35 volunteers from an introductory social psychology course. Three short questionnaires were completed: one pre-test, one post,-test but before the student knew the test score, and tb/.third after the individual test scores and class distribution of scores were returned. The students did slightly worse than they expected or warted to do. The majority attributed the cause of their exam outcome tc Effort. The results gave only limited support for the attribution model of expectancy changes being mediated by the stability cf the causal attribution. Affett and self-reward were positively correlated with effort and ability ratings.. Contrary to prediction, e highest correlations were not for the intentional effort at ribution but rather for ability. Affect_ and self-reward ,were mor related to subjective appraisals of success than objective per ormarce. The results showed that the theoretical attribution mod I was generally supported, but suggested a far more complex model of attributions'in the classroom than originally expected. (Author/JL)
Examined were causal attritutiors fcr woven and men and sports'participation. In accord with prev... more Examined were causal attritutiors fcr woven and men and sports'participation. In accord with previous academic research, athletes of= both sexes were expected to attribute successes more to their abilities and efforts and failures to lack of effort, as compared)to a group of non-athletes. Also examined was the differential use of team-and individual attributions ky sales and females. Male college athletes`( N=50) and female college athletes (N=33) were administered an attribution gde-sticnnaire. Hale 0=37) and female (N=17) psychology students served as the control. Results analyted with a t-test and analysis of variance indicated that the majority of attributions were team 'attributions; .athlete attributions were 'unstable with great use of effort and mood attributions; female athletes tended to attribute their outcomes differently from male athletet;'college athletes tended to be more loyal to their teams than non-athletei; and sex differences in attritutional patterns tended to override the factor of being an athlete. Results suggested that college athletes do not have,strcng,differences from other college stude,pts in the way they view sports; rather, the major differences 'Mx* between men and women. (KA)
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Papers by Irene Frieze