History

Before the end of the war of American Independence the possibility of abolishing Britain's Atlantic slave trade had never been raised in parliament. No pressure group from without had urged its consideration. No member had moved its investigation. By the end of the French wars three decades later, parliament had shut down Britain's trade. Its government had begun a process of internationalizing abolition. For fully half a century after Waterloo every major initiative would be advertized to the world as the desire of both the government and the nation.

Às vésperas da era da abolição, até mesmo os intelectuais contrários à escravidão estavam muito mais impressionados com o poder e durabilidade do que com a debilidade da instituição. Adam Smith lembrou a seus alunos que apenas uma pequena porção do mundo estava utilizando o braço livre, e que era improvável que a escravidão viesse a ser totalmente abandonada. Do outro lado do canal *** , o abade Raynal podia entrever o fim da escravidão no Novo Mundo apenas através da conjuntura fortuita dos reis-filósofos na Europa ou pelo aparecimento de um heróico Spartacus nas Américas. Podia ser presumida a tendência a-histórica em direção à emancipação geral 1 . * Tradução: Jaime Rodrigues. Publicado originalmente na Hispanic American Historical Review, 68(3): 429-460, 1988, com o título "Brazilian Abolition in Comparative Perspective". Traduções dos trabalhos citados nestas notas, quando existentes, foram anotadas entre colchetes. Para a publicação, foram mantidas as normas originalmente utilizadas pelo autor (N. T.).

In one form or another, slavery has existed throughout the world for millennia. It helped to change the world, and the world transformed the institution. In the 1450s, when Europeans from the small corner of the globe least enmeshed in the institution first interacted with peoples of other continents, they created, in the Americas, the most dynamic, productive, and exploitative system of coerced labor in human history. Three centuries later, these same intercontinental actions produced a movement that successfully challenged the institution at the peak of its dynamism. Within another century, a new surge of European expansion constructed Old World empires under the banner of antislavery. However, twentieth-century Europe itself was inundated by a new system of slavery, larger and more deadly than its earlier system of New World slavery. This book examines these dramatic expansions and contractions of the institution of slavery and the impact of violence, economics, and civil society on the ebb and flow of slavery and antislavery during the last five centuries.

In her recent history of European Feminisms Karen Offen discovers a significant linkage between slave emancipation and women's activism. As her principal evidence she notes the outburst of demands for women's political rights in 1848, immediately following the French Revolutionary government's proclamation of "universal" suffrage and slave emancipation. The connection purportedly harked back to the debates of the first French Revolution. 1 Offen's wide-ranging survey of European developments, however, seems more reticent concerning the relationship between antislavery and women's mobilization in Britain. The most cursory glance at her opening chronological "Framework for the Study of European Feminisms," is particularly revealing. There is not a single entry denoting the history of British antislavery. The great series of campaigns from 1788 to 1838, and, of course, the role of British women does not warrant a single

The Eltis/Walvin volume suitably takes its place beside similar recent collections, The Uncommon Market (eds.: Gemery and Hogendorn), and Abolition, Religion and Reform (eds.: Bolton and Drescher). It affords a new perspective of the enormous recent extension of slavery and abolition historiography. As with most wide-ranging collections it is difficult to do justice to the fifteen individual essays. Some are finely honed attempts to answer specific quantitative questions: Hogendorn and Gemery on the impact of abolition on African-imported monies, Eltis's investigation of the impact of British abolition on the flow of the slave trade, Daget on French suppression, Johansen and Green-Pederson on Danish and Sheridan on British slave demography. Anstey and Walvin deal with religious and popular aspects of abolition in Britain, Reynolds with the rise of post-abolition commerce on the Gold Coast, Emmer with the suppression of the Dutch trade, and Knight with the impact of the slave trade on Afro-American culture. Three are imaginative syntheses, assaying the validity of various explanatory hypotheses: Temperley on the ideology of anti-slavery, Curtin on the impact of abolition in Senegambia, and Austen on abolition and Asian economic structures.

In this paper, we propose a convergence system with visible light communication (VLC) and powerline communication (PLC) for home network. Also, we analyze the performance of interference mitigation scheme for the proposed system model. The proposed system is able to offer multimedia services with high speed in indoor wireless environment. Interference scenario is suggested to demonstrate the proposed system. And the scenario analyzed by applying minimum mean square error (MMSE) and zero-forcing (ZF) schemes to reduce the interference. From simulation results, we confirm that interference has a significant effect on the proposed system performance and the applied detectors are highly effective for interference mitigation.

Wicker handicraft entrepreneurship is a unique world-famous small-scale forest-based cottage industry of indigenous people of Kashmir Himalaya which plays a prominent role in livelihood security, socioeconomic development, traditional handcraftsmanship and rural industrialization in the region. The study investigated the economic contribution, income inequality mitigation and determinant socioeconomic factors of wicker handicraft entrepreneurship in Pulwama district of J&K UT. Multistage random sampling technique was employed to select the sample of 100 wicker handicraft entrepreneurs. Data were collected through structured interviews and focus group discussions. Both descriptive and analytical statistics were used in data analysis. Results revealed that collection of withies from Parrotia jacquemontiana, Cotoneaster baciliaris, Indigofera pulchella and Salix spp. was 61.71 t/year for manufacture of 43514 wicker handicrafts/year which generated Original Research Article an income of 5953470/year. Wicker handicraft income contributes 66.97%, whereas farm and non-farm income accounts 23.46% and 9.58% of total household income, respectively. coefficient was 21.85 when wicker handicraft income was considered and 53.14 when it was ignored which indicated that the wicker handicraft income have stronger equalizing effect on local income distribution. Regression analysis showed that all expla 81.50% (R 2 =0.815) variation on wicker handicraft income. Among socioeconomic factors, education, family composition, housing status, subsequent occupation and gross annual income were key determinants influencing signific the socioeconomic development and livelihood diversification towards the rural industrialization through wicker handicraft entrepreneurship.