Papers by Marcin Strojecki
Science of The Total Environment
A comprehensive model of indoor particle deposition onto surfaces of historic interiors was devel... more A comprehensive model of indoor particle deposition onto surfaces of historic interiors was developed. The model takes into account the most important deposition processes observed in historic buildings: Brownian and turbulent diffusion, gravitational settling, turbophoresis, and thermophoresis. The developed model is expressed as a function of important parameters characterizing historic interiors: the friction velocity capturing the effect of the indoor airflow intensity, the difference between the temperature of the air and the surface, and surface roughness. In particular, a new form of the thermophoretic term was proposed to account for an important mechanism of surface soiling driven by frequent large temperature differences between indoor air and surfaces in historic buildings. The form adopted allowed the temperature gradients to be calculated down to low distances from the surfaces and showed insignificant dependence of the temperature gradient on the diameter of particles, which yielded a meaningful physical description of the process. The predictions of the developed model agreed with the outcome of the previous models, in turn correctly interpreting the experimental data. The model was used in simulating the total deposition velocity in a small-size church taken as an example of a historic building, heated in the cold period. The model adequately predicted the deposition processes and proved to be able to map magnitudes of deposition velocities for specific surface orientations. The crucial effect of the surface roughness on the deposition paths was documented.
12th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions, 2021
Warehouses are big architectonical structures mostly made of spruce wood and utilized as storage ... more Warehouses are big architectonical structures mostly made of spruce wood and utilized as storage buildings principally by food traders in Northern Countries. Trondheim's warehouses currently observable along the river Nidelva, date back between the 17 th and half of the 19 th century were mostly used to stock and process fish. Therefore, where the food goods were stored, residuals are expected to be still present and/or to be responsible for the formation of alteration products on the wooden surfaces as well as inside the wooden structure. Here we propose a characterization of residual and neo-formed compounds inside and on the surface of wooden logs by means of vacuum microbalance that allowed both to individuate the type of salts, as well as, to estimate the maximum water film thickness adsorbed on the wooden samples at 93% of RH. These data have been related to variations in the acoustic emission (AE) intensity detected at the log surface and to the wood moisture content measured with capacitive and resistance operating moisture meters. The application of three independent techniques have allowed obtaining interestingly information indicating their potentiality as decay assessment techniques in the field of historical materials and specifically in the study of salts weathering on wood. The methodology allowed identifying a clear relationship between the amount of water in logs as a function of their distance from the ground and variations in the amplitude of the acoustic emission signals.
Wood Science and Technology, 2019
Acoustic emission is a well-known noninvasive methodology for the study of defects in materials b... more Acoustic emission is a well-known noninvasive methodology for the study of defects in materials but still rarely applied in the field of cultural heritage diagnostic. How alteration products and degradation processes affect the acoustic emission signal still is an open issue. The proposed study concerns the utilization of such techniques to investigate the relations existing between the moisture content and the typology and amount of crystallized salts with the acoustic emission features. This work focuses on spruce wood logs belonging to an historical warehouse in Trondheim, Norway, since no strictly scientific studies exist on the conservation conditions of these big wooden structures. The methodology, also involving the moisture content measurement of structures and the samplings of portions analyzed through vacuum microbalance, allowed identifying a clear relationship between the amount of water in logs as a function of their distance from the ground and variations in the amplitude of the acoustic emission signals.
Molecular Physics, 2018
Schemes for internal ro-vibrational cooling in Yb 2 and Cd 2 , as well as 171 Yb Bohm's spin-1/2 ... more Schemes for internal ro-vibrational cooling in Yb 2 and Cd 2 , as well as 171 Yb Bohm's spin-1/2 particle version of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiment based on photo-dissociation of (171 Yb) 2 are presented. The schemes are based on exploration of the rotational and vibrational energy structures using both theoretical and experimental approaches.
The microclimate monitoring in the historic churches of Mogila Abbey (Krakow, Poland) was carried... more The microclimate monitoring in the historic churches of Mogila Abbey (Krakow, Poland) was carried out to study the impact of the environmental variables on the organic and hygroscopic artworks preserved inside. A new index was proposed to evaluate the quality of thermo- hygrometric time series, taking into account the European Standard: EN 15757:2010. Several statistical approaches were applied to understand the variations of thermo- hygrometric parameters and their relationship with CO 2 concentration. Moreover, the Analogue Method for the first time used in the applications of conservation sciences was proposed to analyse peculiar microclimatic cases.
Building Simulation, 2016
The particle concentrations outside and inside two historical churches were monitored for at leas... more The particle concentrations outside and inside two historical churches were monitored for at least ten months. The highest levels of outdoor concentrations were recorded in winter. This was caused by high levels of particle emissions from the burning of predominantly solid fuel for domestic heating in premises around the two churches monitored. These high levels of particle concentrations declined over the warmer periods of the year with the lowest concentrations occurring in the summer months. Owing to the marked winter–summer pattern for outdoor concentrations, the particles of outdoor origin accounted for 80%–90% of the overall indoor particle concentrations in the period of predominantly cold weather conditions (December to March) and for 50%–60% in the warm period (June to September). Reducing air exchange between the external space and the church interiors by keeping windows and doors closed had a limited effect on the reduction of average particle concentrations indoors (by less than 10%). A controlled air exchange system, which would increase the ventilation of a church when the particle concentration outdoors is lower than indoors and reduce ventilation when the outdoor air is polluted, would produce a further reduction of 10% in the indoor average particle concentration. The general conclusion is that the protection of the interiors of historical churches against soiling is primarily achieved by the improved particle filtering capacity of building envelopes and the gradual reduction of the overall outdoor particle concentration. Use of air cleaning systems with particle filtration may be a viable long-term option.
Holzforschung, 2015
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was subjected to relative humidity (RH) changes, and the dynamic... more Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was subjected to relative humidity (RH) changes, and the dynamic strain field on the surface and in the bulk wood was monitored by digital speckle pattern interferometry and X-ray computed microtomography assisted by digital volume correlation. If a freely shrinking specimen was subjected to an RH decrement, earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW) at the surface layer were deformed in the opposite directions at the beginning of drying due to moisture gradient across the specimen. As a result, the surface and core behaved as independent sub-components, with the surface restrained in its response by the dimensionally unchanged core. With time, both LW and EW shrank as moisture content (MC) became uniform across the specimen. When an entire wood specimen was restrained from movement and desiccated in ambient RH, EW was stretched to compensate for the considerable shrinkage of LW. Knowledge about surface deformation at the annual ring level as a function of varying RH may be helpful to assess the risks associated with the damage of paint layers caused by fluctuations of ambient RH.
Physics Reports, 2015
New ab initio and revisited experimental studies of the interatomic potentials of ungerade excite... more New ab initio and revisited experimental studies of the interatomic potentials of ungerade excited and ground electronic energy states of the heavy van der Waals (vdW) dimer Hg 2 were used as a ''test-bed'' for theory-to-experiment comparisons. Representations of the lowest excited-and ground-state Hg 2 interatomic potentials were proposed, by using a new analytical approach as well as by using an inverted perturbation approach (IPA). The comparison of the new ab-initio calculated potentials with the results of the analyses illustrates an improved theory-to-experiment agreement for demanding heavy systems such as Hg 2 .
Studies in Conservation, 2014
ABSTRACT The on-site monitoring of acoustic emission (AE) has allowed the direct tracing of clima... more ABSTRACT The on-site monitoring of acoustic emission (AE) has allowed the direct tracing of climate-induced crack propagation in an eighteenth-century wardrobe displayed in the Gallery of Decorative Art in the National Museum in Krakow, Poland. The anti-correlation measuring scheme and frequency filtering allowed very low levels of physical damage to the wardrobe to be detected in spite of the high background noise typical of the museum environment. The total AE energy recorded during two years of monitoring corresponded to a fractured area of 12 mm2 or a total crack propagation of 1.2 mm for two10-mm-thick panels. Although the total damage recorded was minute, correlation between the events of fracturing and falls in indoor relative humidity (RH) in winter due to insufficient humidification was evident. The risk of damage, expressed in terms of crack propagation, was quantified as a function of the magnitude of the RH falls of the duration compatible with the response time of the object. The data allow acceptable RH falls to be identified if a conservation professional or a curator selects a ‘tolerable’ yearly propagation of the fracture, in other words the progress of damage considered insignificant.
Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy, 2009
Laser-induced fluorescence excitation spectra of MeRg (Me = Zn, Cd; Rg = He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe) comp... more Laser-induced fluorescence excitation spectra of MeRg (Me = Zn, Cd; Rg = He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe) complexes were recorded using the D 1 R þ 0 X 1 R þ 0 free bound transition. The complexes were produced in their ground state in a free-jet expansion beam and excited with a dye-laser beam directly to the excited state. Analysis of free bound unstructured profiles provided a shape of the repulsive part of the D 1 R þ 0-state potentials. Valence ab initio calculations of the ZnRg and CdRg ground-and excited-state potentials and electronic transition dipole moments for the studied transition were performed, taking scalar relativistic and spin-orbit effects into account. Results of the calculations show regularities and correlations in the repulsive branches and bound wells of the X 1 R þ 0-and D 1 R þ 0-state potentials as well as provide information on the bonding character in both electronic energy states. The trends were compared with available experimental results for ZnRg and CdRg as well as for MgRg and HgRg.
European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 2013
Timber elements are major structural and architectural components in historic buildings and at th... more Timber elements are major structural and architectural components in historic buildings and at the same time belong to the category of materials vulnerable to degradation. The recovery of 150-year old timber beams from a roof of a historic building made possible the nondestructive investigation of their response to cyclic loading. The experimental study carried out using the acoustic emission technique provided evidence that historic wood shows the load memory known as the Kaiser effect. The effect was observed for different loading and unloading time windows. The observations open up a new perspective for the determination of defects in wooden objects and constructions, important for assessing their possible structural instability. Kaiser-Effekt in historischen Holzbalken Zusammenfassung Holz ist ein wichtiger tragender und architektonischer Baustoff in historischen Gebäuden, aber gehört gleichzeitig zur Kategorie zerstörungsanfälliger Materialien. An 150 Jahre alten Holzbalken aus dem Dach eines historischen Gebäudes konnte deren Verhalten bei zyklischer Belastung zerstörungsfrei untersucht werden. In Laboruntersuchungen konnte mittels Schallemissionsanalyse nachgewiesen werden, dass historisches Holz das als Kaiser-Effekt bekannte Erinnerungsvermögen an frühere Belastung aufweist. Dieser Effekt wurde bei unterschiedlichen Belastungs-und Entlastungszyklen beobachtet. Diese Ergebnisse eröffnen neue Perspektiven hinsichtlich der Bestimmung von Schäden in Holzbauteilen und-konstruktionen, was für die Beurteilung eventueller baulicher Instabilität wichtig ist.
This paper reports a cost analysis of various climatic control strategies in the galleries of the... more This paper reports a cost analysis of various climatic control strategies in the galleries of the National Museum in Krakow,Poland based on direct monitoring of the energy consumption and computer modelling using the WUFI Plus software. The effectiveness of the existing climate control is also evaluated by long-term acoustic emission monitoring of an eighteenth-century wardrobe exhibited in the museum’s gallery of decorative art. The technique allowed the progress of damage to be directly traced and the risk to be classified from various RH variations. The outcome of both investigations has supported a review of the museum’s policy and practice on climate control. The modified approach to climate control was first applied in 2010 during comprehensive rebuilding and renovation of the historic seat of the Princes Czartoryski Museum in Krakow.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020
One of the main issues of the international research project SyMBoL - Sustainable Management of H... more One of the main issues of the international research project SyMBoL - Sustainable Management of Heritage Buildings in a Long-term perspective, is the evaluation of wood mechanical properties. Particularly, pine wood is tested being the main building materials of medieval Norwegian stave churches. Experiments are aimed to assess variations in mechanical properties as a function of environmental conditions. Being wood highly sensitive to RH% changes, pine slices were maintained at 80% RH (4 weeks, 20°C) and successively treated with the materials here discussed on the two main surfaces; afterward, they were left at 30% RH for three weeks. Thus, the loss of water from the samples is supposed to occur only through the lateral surfaces since the chosen sealing materials were selected on the basis of their capability to avoid any penetration of water into the samples. This work represents, indeed, the study carried out to select materials to be applied on the wooden surfaces. Paraloid B72...
Procedia Structural Integrity, 2020
Surface treatments can modify the materials behavior toward water sorption phenomena and the GAB ... more Surface treatments can modify the materials behavior toward water sorption phenomena and the GAB equation is here proposed to study pine wood samples treated with difference sealing materials limiting in different ways the access and release of water moisture. Particularly, the modification of the kGAB, CGAB, Vads and SGAB parameters as a function of the applied coating is studied here in order to explore the usefulness of such variables as indicator of the presence of chemical treatments on wood at high RH values.
Studies in Conservation, 2018
HERIe is a web-based decision-supporting software tool to facilitate the management of collection... more HERIe is a web-based decision-supporting software tool to facilitate the management of collection environments by precise assessment of climate-induced risk of physical damage to vulnerable objects. The software translates the relative humidity and temperature data recorded in the environment of the analysed object into a strain history experienced by it, and estimates the risk of physical damage using selected failure criteria. As all information is pre-calculated for the user, no engagement in complex and time-consuming numerical simulations is required. HERIe is available for testing at herie.mnk.pl. Detailed information on the methodologies used by the software is available at the above website which also contains tutorial climates. The current work aims at refining HERIe by selecting the damage criteria not only from laboratory studies but also from direct monitoring damage accumulation in objects, especially using the acoustic emission method. The software has been expanded to include moisture-induced response of parchment to support managing environments in libraries and archives.
Studies in Conservation, 2018
Studies in Conservation, 2018
This experimental program, implemented by the Managing Collection Environment Initiative at the G... more This experimental program, implemented by the Managing Collection Environment Initiative at the Getty Conservation Institute, has provided data about the response of historic objects to changes in relative humidity (RH). Alongside other less sensitive documentation techniques (visual observation, physical measurements, photography, and 3D scanning), acoustic emission (AE) was monitored for six historic, museum-like wooden objects exposed to gradually increasing RH variations. Quantitative calibration of AE sensors and an anticorrelation measuring scheme to reduce environmental noise allowed the AE system to effectively trace micro-damage development caused by environmentally induced stress. Using an epidemiological approach, with respect to sample selection and experimental protocol, the obtained results can be used to explore the acceptable range of climate fluctuations for museum collections. The study's well-controlled environmental protocol also allowed for the examination of the concept of 'proofed fluctuation' by the analysis of object response to reoccurring conditions.
Insight - Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring, 2017
Acoustic emission (AE) is a method with great potential for monitoring the development of micro-d... more Acoustic emission (AE) is a method with great potential for monitoring the development of micro-damage in objects exposed to the potentially harmful conditions of temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH). It allows one to directly record damage growth while changes remain invisible to those caring for the collection, as opposed to monitoring and inferring damage indirectly due to undesired interactions with local climates or waiting for visible damage to develop. As a consequence, AE can be used to record environmentally-induced physical changes directly in historic materials and, hence, can support the assessment of strategies for the indoor climate management of museums. However, applying AE to museum collections requires specific measures to deal with issues such as the uniqueness and fragility of the monitored objects, the diversity of construction materials and the measurement of signals in an often noisy environment. Systematic tests of the propagation and attenuation of AE signals in wood were performed to better understand the monitoring results in terms of damage location and to assess the ability of various high-pass filters to reduce the background noise. This paper offers an insight into monitoring methodologies for wooden art objects to effectively manage the museum climate.
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Papers by Marcin Strojecki