Maternal characteristics mainly shape attachment security in early childhood and can impact toddl... more Maternal characteristics mainly shape attachment security in early childhood and can impact toddler's emotional and social development. Although early determinants of attachment have been widely explored in the West, the studies in non-Western cultures are limited, especially in high-risk groups such as low-SES samples. Therefore, we examined the role of maternal parenting stress, attachment dimensions of anxiety and avoidance in romantic relationships and emotional availability in toddlers' attachment security. The Turkish mothers (N = 63; M age = 30.17; SD = 4.87) filled out a pack of questionnaires including the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF; Abidin, 1995) and Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R; before video recorded home visits. The toddlers' (M age = 22.96 months, SD = 7.09) attachment security was coded for Attachment Q-Sort (AQS; Waters, 1995) based on 2.5-h home-visit and 10-min free-play sessions were coded for Emotional Availability Scales (EAS; . The results showed that the mother's attachment avoidance and parenting stress were negatively associated with the child's attachment security, while the maternal sensitivity and structuring were positively associated with the child's attachment security. The mothers' behaviours on EAS did not mediate the relationship between maternal attachment dimensions and toddlers' attachment security. We showed that maternal attachment avoidance, parenting stress, lack of sensitivity and structuring behaviours could contribute to insecure attachment in Turkish toddlers. These identified factors warrant attention in the design and implementation of early intervention programs, particularly for mothers from low socio-economic status (SES) backgrounds in Turkey and in non-Western cultures characterised by similar cultural characteristics.
The longitudinal research focusing on the effects of maternal mental health on parenting capacity... more The longitudinal research focusing on the effects of maternal mental health on parenting capacity and child behavior problems during COVID-19 is still limited. Therefore, we examined how maternal symptoms of anxiety, depression, stress, and COVID-19-related stress affect maternal emotional availability at a 2-month follow-up and behavior problems at a 4-month follow-up. The mothers (N = 443) with pre-schoolers (Age Range = 30-80 months) responded to questionnaires at three time points. Maternal depression and stress positively predicted maternal hostility and negatively predicted maternal mutual attunement. Maternal hostility and mutual attunement mediated the associations between maternal depression and child externalization, as well as maternal stress and child externalization. Only hostility mediated the associations between maternal depression and stress with child internalization. We highlighted the role of maternal depression and stress in both positive and negative aspects of emotional availability that could possibly shape child externalization. For internalization, maternal hostility adopted the mediator role.
Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry, Mar 31, 2021
The first aim of this review is to examine stress models and theories that can help prevention of... more The first aim of this review is to examine stress models and theories that can help prevention of stress in individuals and scociety due to Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The second aim is to pinpoint the importance of preventive interventions with relevant examples. Thus, innitially, General Adaption Syndrome model will be covered. Then, Transactional Stress Model that captures the role of individual differences in stress processing will be examined. In order to understand how stress can trigger psychological proplems and to understand the factors associated with positive change Diathesis Stress, and Shaefer and Moos'nin (1998) models will be presented. Furthermore, in this review the stress-related effects of similar pandemies, preventive interventions targetting various groups and related research will be covered. Finally, psychosocial support and psychological assistance examples from different countries and Turkey will be included. The review will provide guidance for researchers and professionals, who focus on the effects of COVID-19 and process aftermath of COVID-19.
Child Psychiatry & Human Development, Aug 27, 2020
We examined how maternal depression, anxiety, hostility, mentalization, negative intentionality (... more We examined how maternal depression, anxiety, hostility, mentalization, negative intentionality (NI), and unsupportive emotion socialization (UES) predict child internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors (CIEPB). Mothers (N = 537) of toddlers (M age = 23.26 months, Range 10-44 months) completed the Brief Symptom Inventory, the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire, the Infant Intentionality Questionnaire, the Coping with Children's Negative Emotions Scale, and the Child Behavior Checklist. All maternal symptoms negatively predicted mentalization and positively predicted NI, UES, and CIEPB. NI and UES mediated the relationship between maternal symptoms and CIEPB. Negative intentionality mediated the link between maternal hostility and internalizing behaviors, indicating a possible intervention area. Mentalization had an effect on externalizing behaviors only for high-SES, anxious mothers, underscoring the role of SES. Thus, the relationship between maternal symptoms, cognitive and behavioral parenting characteristics and CIEPB supports the multifinality principle for early childhood psychopathology development and shows the importance of screening for maternal symptoms and CIEPB.
Parental burnout (PB) is a pervasive phenomenon. Parenting is embedded in cultural values, and pr... more Parental burnout (PB) is a pervasive phenomenon. Parenting is embedded in cultural values, and previous research has shown the role of individualism in PB. In this paper, we reanalyze previously collected data to identify profiles based on the four dimensions of PB, and explore whether these profiles vary across countries’ levels of collectivistic-individualistic (COL-IND) values. Our sample comprised 16,885 individuals from 36 countries (73% women; 27% men), and we used a latent profile approach to uncover PB profiles. The findings showed five profiles: Fulfilled, Not in PB, Low risk of PB, High risk of PB and Burned out. The profiles pointed to climbing levels of PB in the total sample and in each of the three country groups (High COL/Low IND, Medium COL-IND, Low COL/High IND). Exploratory analyses revealed that distinct dimensions of PB had the most prominent roles in the climbing pattern, depending on the countries’ levels of COL/IND. In particular, we found contrast to be a hal...
What is it to be “an ideal parent”? Does the answer differ across countries and social classes? T... more What is it to be “an ideal parent”? Does the answer differ across countries and social classes? To answer these questions in a way that minimizes bias and ethnocentrism, we used open-ended questions to explore ideal-parent beliefs among 8,357 mothers and 3,517 fathers from 37 countries. Leximancer Semantic Network Analysis was utilized to first determine parenting culture zones (i.e., countries with shared ideal-parent beliefs) and then extract the predominant themes and concepts in each culture zone. The results yielded specific types of ideal-parent beliefs in five parenting culture zones: being “responsible and children/family-focused” for Asian parents, being “responsible and proper demeanor-focused” for African parents, and being “loving and responsible” for Hispanic-Italian parents. Although the most important themes and concepts were the same in the final two zones—being “loving and patient,” there were subtle differences: English-speaking, European Union, and Russian parents...
Turkish Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2022
ilişkin sınırlı sayıda araştırma yayınlanmış olsa da, öncül sonuçlar, pandemideki zorlukların ve ... more ilişkin sınırlı sayıda araştırma yayınlanmış olsa da, öncül sonuçlar, pandemideki zorlukların ve çevresel koşulların anne-babaların stres düzeyleriyle ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Ülkemizde de COVID-19'un ailelerdeki etkilerinin incelenmesi önemlidir. Bu doğrultuda, araştırmamız, karantina döneminde ebeveyn depresyon, kaygı ve stresini yordayan ailesel ve çevresel faktörleri incelemeyi amaçlamıştır. Araştırmaya 24-67 yaşında (Ort yaş =44,49 standart sapma=9,11) aynı evde en az 1 çocuğuyla yaşayan 247 anne-baba (N baba =69), çevrimiçi olarak sunulan demografik form, Ortak-ebeveyn İş Birliği Ölçeği, Depresyon-Kaygı-Stres Skalası-21'ini doldurarak katılmıştır. Araştırmada kesitsel ve erişilebilir örneklem kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Anne-babaların büyük bölümü evde kalmakta (n=157) ve çalışmaktadır (n=162). Hiyerarşik regresyonda, stresi ebeveyn ortak iş birliği (β=-0,19, p<0,05) yordamaktadır. Kaygı ise kadınlarda (β=-0,17, p<0,05) ve eğitim düzeyi (β=-0,16, p<0,05) daha düşük gruplarda görülmektedir. Yaş (β=-0,20, p<0,01), eşin evde bulunması (β=0,12, p=0,06) ve ortak-ebeveynlik (β=-0,22, p<0,01) depresyonu yordamaktadır. Ebeveyn ortak iş birliği ebeveynlerin stres ve depresif duygu durumlarını pozitif yönde etkileyebilirken, kaygı ile ilişkisizdir. Önceki araştırmalarda saptandığı gibi anne-babalar farklı psikolojik zorlukları birlikte deneyimlerken birbirlerine destek olmaları fayda sağlayabilmektedir. Karantina sürecinde ebeveynlerin semptomlarında eğitim ve yaş gibi demografik değişkenler de rol oynayabilir. Gelecekteki çalışmaların ebeveynlerdeki COVID-19 sürecindeki semptom değişimlerini dikkate alarak, boylamsal olarak incelemesi önem taşımaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, ebeveynlere yönelik psikolojik destek programları dizayn edilebilir.
Mothers adopt various emotion socialization strategies and sometimes exhibit contradictory respon... more Mothers adopt various emotion socialization strategies and sometimes exhibit contradictory responses. Thus, it is essential to understand how mothers differentiate in their use of emotion socialization strategies, and whether a set of emotion socialization responses is associated with individual differences in emotion regulation, mental health, and parental sense of competence during toddlerhood. Therefore, we used a person-centred approach to identify mothers’ emotion socialization responses and then compared mothers based on the aforementioned characteristics. The mothers (N = 680) with toddlers (M = 23.56 months) responded to the Coping with Toddlers’ Negative Emotions Scale, the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, the Brief Symptom Inventory, and the Parental Sense of Competence Scale. The 3-profile-solution revealed: Unspecified (moderate scores in all emotion socialization strategies), supportive (high scores in supportive emotion socialization strategies) and mixture profiles (...
Mothers&amp;#39; emotion regulation, mental health, and feeling of helplessness in caring for... more Mothers&amp;#39; emotion regulation, mental health, and feeling of helplessness in caring for their child may vary based on maternal attachment classifications. Particularly, insecure attachment and unresolved state of mind can act as risk factors. Therefore, we examined how emotion regulation strategies of suppression and cognitive reappraisal, maternal symptoms of depression and anxiety, and caregiving helplessness differ based on maternal attachment classifications in the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI). Fifty mothers of children in the early childhood (AgeRange = 12-56 months) completed a pack of questionnaires, including Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Brief Symptom Inventory, and Caregiving Helplessness Questionnaire. Then AAI interview protocol was administered and coded. Mothers did not vary in emotion regulation strategies, indicating emotion regulation balance. However, mothers with secure/autonomous AAIs reported less anxiety than mothers whose AAIs were judged to show unresolved loss or unresolved trauma. The mothers who provided AAIs judged to be secure/autonomous scored lower in depression and caregiving helplessness than mothers whose AAIs were judged to show unresolved loss or unresolved trauma. To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies conducting AAI in Turkish mothers. We revealed the critical role of secure attachment for mental health and caregiving helplessness that can facilitate interventions targeting maternal attachment mind state.
Mothers' emotion regulation, mental health, and feeling of helplessness in caring for their child... more Mothers' emotion regulation, mental health, and feeling of helplessness in caring for their child may vary based on maternal attachment classifications. Particularly, insecure attachment and unresolved state of mind can act as risk factors. Therefore, we examined how emotion regulation strategies of suppression and cognitive reappraisal, maternal symptoms of depression and anxiety, and caregiving helplessness differ based on maternal attachment classifications in the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI). Fifty mothers of children in the early childhood (AgeRange = 12-56 months) completed a pack of questionnaires, including Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Brief Symptom Inventory, and Caregiving Helplessness Questionnaire. Then AAI interview protocol was administered and coded. Mothers did not vary in emotion regulation strategies, indicating emotion regulation balance. However, mothers with secure/autonomous AAIs reported less anxiety than mothers whose AAIs were judged to show unresolved loss or unresolved trauma. The mothers who provided AAIs judged to be secure/autonomous scored lower in depression and caregiving helplessness than mothers whose AAIs were judged to show unresolved loss or unresolved trauma. To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies conducting AAI in Turkish mothers. We revealed the critical role of secure attachment for mental health and caregiving helplessness that can facilitate interventions targeting maternal attachment mind state.
Purpose The prevalence of parental burnout, a condition that has severe consequences for both par... more Purpose The prevalence of parental burnout, a condition that has severe consequences for both parents and children, varies dramatically across countries and is highest in Western countries characterized by high individualism. Method In this study, we examined the mediators of the relationship between individualism measured at the country level and parental burnout measured at the individual level in 36 countries (16,059 parents). Results The results revealed three mediating mechanisms, that is, self-discrepancies between socially prescribed and actual parental selves, high agency and self-directed socialization goals, and low parental task sharing, by which individualism leads to an increased risk of burnout among parents. Conclusion The results con rm that the three mediators under consideration are all involved, and that mediation was higher for self-discrepancies between socially prescribed and actual parental selves, then parental task sharing, and lastly self-directed socialization goals. The results provide some important indications of how to prevent parental burnout at the societal level in Western countries.
Objectives: Parental burnout is a prevalent condition that affects parents' functioning an... more Objectives: Parental burnout is a prevalent condition that affects parents' functioning and health. While various pro-tective factors have been examined, little is known about their interplay. In the current study, we examined the joint effect of two protective factors against parental burnout (one external—social support and one internal—cognitive reappraisal). We were specifically interested in whether the presence of one factor could compensate for the lack of the other.Methods: To address this question, 1835 participants were drawn from five countries: United States, Poland, Peru, Turkey and Belgium.Results: Results suggested that both social support and cognitive reappraisal were associated with lower parental burnout. An interaction was also found between the re-source factors, such that the presence of cognitive reap-praisal compensated for the absence of social support.Conclusions: These findings point to ways in which paren-tal burnout could be reduced, especially in situations where social support is not easily available.
. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all societies worldwide. The heightened levels of stress tha... more . The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all societies worldwide. The heightened levels of stress that accompanied the crisis were also expected to affect parenting in many families. Since it is known that high levels of stress in the parenting domain can lead to a condition that has severe consequences for health and well-being, we examined whether the prevalence of parental burnout in 26 countries (9,923 parents; 75% mothers; mean age 40) increased during COVID-19 compared to few years before the pandemic. In most (but not all) countries, analyses showed a significant increase in the prevalence of parental burnout during the pandemic. The results further revealed that next to governmental measures (e.g., number of days locked down, homeschooling) and factors at the individual and family level (e.g., gender, number of children), parents in less (vs. more) indulgent countries suffered more from parental burnout. The findings suggest that stricter norms regarding their parenting roles and duties in general and during the pandemic in particular might have increased their levels of parental burnout.
In Western countries, recent decades have witnessed a revolution toward gender equality. Inequali... more In Western countries, recent decades have witnessed a revolution toward gender equality. Inequalities have been greatly reduced in areas such as education or employment. Because inequalities lead to distress, this development has largely benefited women. One notable exception is the realm of parenting, which has remained rife with inequalities even in the most egalitarian countries. We hypothesized that experiencing inequality in parenting when one holds egalitarian values and raising a child in a country characterized by a high level of gender equality in other areas, increases mothers’ psychological distress in the specific area of parenting. Multilevel modeling analyses computed among 11,538 mothers from 40 countries confirmed this prediction: high egalitarian values at the individual level and high gender equality at the societal level are associated with higher burnout levels in mothers. The associations hold beyond differences in sociodemographic characteristics at the individ...
Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 2021
The first aim of this review is to examine stress models and theories that can help prevention of... more The first aim of this review is to examine stress models and theories that can help prevention of stress in individuals and scociety due to Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The second aim is to pinpoint the importance of preventive interventions with relevant examples. Thus, innitially, General Adaption Syndrome model will be covered. Then, Transactional Stress Model that captures the role of individual differences in stress processing will be examined. In order to understand how stress can trigger psychological proplems and to understand the factors associated with positive change Diathesis Stress, and Shaefer and Moos'nin (1998) models will be presented. Furthermore, in this review the stress-related effects of similar pandemies, preventive interventions targetting various groups and related research will be covered. Finally, psychosocial support and psychological assistance examples from different countries and Turkey will be included. The review will provide guidance for researchers and professionals, who focus on the effects of COVID-19 and process aftermath of COVID-19.
To support mothers’ positive parenting practices and designing effective early interventions in d... more To support mothers’ positive parenting practices and designing effective early interventions in developing countries like Turkey, understanding the factors associated with feelings of helplessness in caregiving can play an important role. Therefore, we explored how mothers’ depression and anxiety symptoms, and emotion regulation strategies of expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal can contribute to caregiving helplessness during toddlerhood. We also examined whether depression and anxiety can mediate the relationship between emotion regulation strategies and caregiving helplessness. A sample of 552 healthy Turkish mothers (MAge = 32.11) with 1–4 year old healthy children (MAge = 1.51) replied to advertisements we shared face-to-face and filled out a pack of questionnaires including a demographic form, Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Brief Symptom Inventory and Caregiving Helplessness Questionnaire. A series of path analysis were conducted to reveal the association betwee...
High levels of stress in the parenting domain can lead to parental burnout, a condition that has ... more High levels of stress in the parenting domain can lead to parental burnout, a condition that has severe consequences for both parents and children. It is not yet clear, however, whether parental burnout varies by culture, and if so, why it might do so. In this study, we examined the prevalence of parental burnout in 42 countries (17,409 parents; 71% mothers; M age = 39.20) and showed that the prevalence of parental burnout varies dramatically across countries. Analyses of cultural values revealed that individualistic cultures, in particular, displayed a noticeably higher prevalence and mean level of parental burnout. Indeed, individualism plays a larger role in parental burnout than either economic inequalities across countries, or any other individual and family characteristic examined so far, including the number and age of children and the number of hours spent with them. These results suggest that cultural values in Western countries may put parents under heightened levels of stress.
Maternal characteristics mainly shape attachment security in early childhood and can impact toddl... more Maternal characteristics mainly shape attachment security in early childhood and can impact toddler's emotional and social development. Although early determinants of attachment have been widely explored in the West, the studies in non-Western cultures are limited, especially in high-risk groups such as low-SES samples. Therefore, we examined the role of maternal parenting stress, attachment dimensions of anxiety and avoidance in romantic relationships and emotional availability in toddlers' attachment security. The Turkish mothers (N = 63; M age = 30.17; SD = 4.87) filled out a pack of questionnaires including the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF; Abidin, 1995) and Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R; before video recorded home visits. The toddlers' (M age = 22.96 months, SD = 7.09) attachment security was coded for Attachment Q-Sort (AQS; Waters, 1995) based on 2.5-h home-visit and 10-min free-play sessions were coded for Emotional Availability Scales (EAS; . The results showed that the mother's attachment avoidance and parenting stress were negatively associated with the child's attachment security, while the maternal sensitivity and structuring were positively associated with the child's attachment security. The mothers' behaviours on EAS did not mediate the relationship between maternal attachment dimensions and toddlers' attachment security. We showed that maternal attachment avoidance, parenting stress, lack of sensitivity and structuring behaviours could contribute to insecure attachment in Turkish toddlers. These identified factors warrant attention in the design and implementation of early intervention programs, particularly for mothers from low socio-economic status (SES) backgrounds in Turkey and in non-Western cultures characterised by similar cultural characteristics.
The longitudinal research focusing on the effects of maternal mental health on parenting capacity... more The longitudinal research focusing on the effects of maternal mental health on parenting capacity and child behavior problems during COVID-19 is still limited. Therefore, we examined how maternal symptoms of anxiety, depression, stress, and COVID-19-related stress affect maternal emotional availability at a 2-month follow-up and behavior problems at a 4-month follow-up. The mothers (N = 443) with pre-schoolers (Age Range = 30-80 months) responded to questionnaires at three time points. Maternal depression and stress positively predicted maternal hostility and negatively predicted maternal mutual attunement. Maternal hostility and mutual attunement mediated the associations between maternal depression and child externalization, as well as maternal stress and child externalization. Only hostility mediated the associations between maternal depression and stress with child internalization. We highlighted the role of maternal depression and stress in both positive and negative aspects of emotional availability that could possibly shape child externalization. For internalization, maternal hostility adopted the mediator role.
Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry, Mar 31, 2021
The first aim of this review is to examine stress models and theories that can help prevention of... more The first aim of this review is to examine stress models and theories that can help prevention of stress in individuals and scociety due to Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The second aim is to pinpoint the importance of preventive interventions with relevant examples. Thus, innitially, General Adaption Syndrome model will be covered. Then, Transactional Stress Model that captures the role of individual differences in stress processing will be examined. In order to understand how stress can trigger psychological proplems and to understand the factors associated with positive change Diathesis Stress, and Shaefer and Moos'nin (1998) models will be presented. Furthermore, in this review the stress-related effects of similar pandemies, preventive interventions targetting various groups and related research will be covered. Finally, psychosocial support and psychological assistance examples from different countries and Turkey will be included. The review will provide guidance for researchers and professionals, who focus on the effects of COVID-19 and process aftermath of COVID-19.
Child Psychiatry & Human Development, Aug 27, 2020
We examined how maternal depression, anxiety, hostility, mentalization, negative intentionality (... more We examined how maternal depression, anxiety, hostility, mentalization, negative intentionality (NI), and unsupportive emotion socialization (UES) predict child internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors (CIEPB). Mothers (N = 537) of toddlers (M age = 23.26 months, Range 10-44 months) completed the Brief Symptom Inventory, the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire, the Infant Intentionality Questionnaire, the Coping with Children's Negative Emotions Scale, and the Child Behavior Checklist. All maternal symptoms negatively predicted mentalization and positively predicted NI, UES, and CIEPB. NI and UES mediated the relationship between maternal symptoms and CIEPB. Negative intentionality mediated the link between maternal hostility and internalizing behaviors, indicating a possible intervention area. Mentalization had an effect on externalizing behaviors only for high-SES, anxious mothers, underscoring the role of SES. Thus, the relationship between maternal symptoms, cognitive and behavioral parenting characteristics and CIEPB supports the multifinality principle for early childhood psychopathology development and shows the importance of screening for maternal symptoms and CIEPB.
Parental burnout (PB) is a pervasive phenomenon. Parenting is embedded in cultural values, and pr... more Parental burnout (PB) is a pervasive phenomenon. Parenting is embedded in cultural values, and previous research has shown the role of individualism in PB. In this paper, we reanalyze previously collected data to identify profiles based on the four dimensions of PB, and explore whether these profiles vary across countries’ levels of collectivistic-individualistic (COL-IND) values. Our sample comprised 16,885 individuals from 36 countries (73% women; 27% men), and we used a latent profile approach to uncover PB profiles. The findings showed five profiles: Fulfilled, Not in PB, Low risk of PB, High risk of PB and Burned out. The profiles pointed to climbing levels of PB in the total sample and in each of the three country groups (High COL/Low IND, Medium COL-IND, Low COL/High IND). Exploratory analyses revealed that distinct dimensions of PB had the most prominent roles in the climbing pattern, depending on the countries’ levels of COL/IND. In particular, we found contrast to be a hal...
What is it to be “an ideal parent”? Does the answer differ across countries and social classes? T... more What is it to be “an ideal parent”? Does the answer differ across countries and social classes? To answer these questions in a way that minimizes bias and ethnocentrism, we used open-ended questions to explore ideal-parent beliefs among 8,357 mothers and 3,517 fathers from 37 countries. Leximancer Semantic Network Analysis was utilized to first determine parenting culture zones (i.e., countries with shared ideal-parent beliefs) and then extract the predominant themes and concepts in each culture zone. The results yielded specific types of ideal-parent beliefs in five parenting culture zones: being “responsible and children/family-focused” for Asian parents, being “responsible and proper demeanor-focused” for African parents, and being “loving and responsible” for Hispanic-Italian parents. Although the most important themes and concepts were the same in the final two zones—being “loving and patient,” there were subtle differences: English-speaking, European Union, and Russian parents...
Turkish Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2022
ilişkin sınırlı sayıda araştırma yayınlanmış olsa da, öncül sonuçlar, pandemideki zorlukların ve ... more ilişkin sınırlı sayıda araştırma yayınlanmış olsa da, öncül sonuçlar, pandemideki zorlukların ve çevresel koşulların anne-babaların stres düzeyleriyle ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Ülkemizde de COVID-19'un ailelerdeki etkilerinin incelenmesi önemlidir. Bu doğrultuda, araştırmamız, karantina döneminde ebeveyn depresyon, kaygı ve stresini yordayan ailesel ve çevresel faktörleri incelemeyi amaçlamıştır. Araştırmaya 24-67 yaşında (Ort yaş =44,49 standart sapma=9,11) aynı evde en az 1 çocuğuyla yaşayan 247 anne-baba (N baba =69), çevrimiçi olarak sunulan demografik form, Ortak-ebeveyn İş Birliği Ölçeği, Depresyon-Kaygı-Stres Skalası-21'ini doldurarak katılmıştır. Araştırmada kesitsel ve erişilebilir örneklem kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Anne-babaların büyük bölümü evde kalmakta (n=157) ve çalışmaktadır (n=162). Hiyerarşik regresyonda, stresi ebeveyn ortak iş birliği (β=-0,19, p<0,05) yordamaktadır. Kaygı ise kadınlarda (β=-0,17, p<0,05) ve eğitim düzeyi (β=-0,16, p<0,05) daha düşük gruplarda görülmektedir. Yaş (β=-0,20, p<0,01), eşin evde bulunması (β=0,12, p=0,06) ve ortak-ebeveynlik (β=-0,22, p<0,01) depresyonu yordamaktadır. Ebeveyn ortak iş birliği ebeveynlerin stres ve depresif duygu durumlarını pozitif yönde etkileyebilirken, kaygı ile ilişkisizdir. Önceki araştırmalarda saptandığı gibi anne-babalar farklı psikolojik zorlukları birlikte deneyimlerken birbirlerine destek olmaları fayda sağlayabilmektedir. Karantina sürecinde ebeveynlerin semptomlarında eğitim ve yaş gibi demografik değişkenler de rol oynayabilir. Gelecekteki çalışmaların ebeveynlerdeki COVID-19 sürecindeki semptom değişimlerini dikkate alarak, boylamsal olarak incelemesi önem taşımaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, ebeveynlere yönelik psikolojik destek programları dizayn edilebilir.
Mothers adopt various emotion socialization strategies and sometimes exhibit contradictory respon... more Mothers adopt various emotion socialization strategies and sometimes exhibit contradictory responses. Thus, it is essential to understand how mothers differentiate in their use of emotion socialization strategies, and whether a set of emotion socialization responses is associated with individual differences in emotion regulation, mental health, and parental sense of competence during toddlerhood. Therefore, we used a person-centred approach to identify mothers’ emotion socialization responses and then compared mothers based on the aforementioned characteristics. The mothers (N = 680) with toddlers (M = 23.56 months) responded to the Coping with Toddlers’ Negative Emotions Scale, the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, the Brief Symptom Inventory, and the Parental Sense of Competence Scale. The 3-profile-solution revealed: Unspecified (moderate scores in all emotion socialization strategies), supportive (high scores in supportive emotion socialization strategies) and mixture profiles (...
Mothers&amp;#39; emotion regulation, mental health, and feeling of helplessness in caring for... more Mothers&amp;#39; emotion regulation, mental health, and feeling of helplessness in caring for their child may vary based on maternal attachment classifications. Particularly, insecure attachment and unresolved state of mind can act as risk factors. Therefore, we examined how emotion regulation strategies of suppression and cognitive reappraisal, maternal symptoms of depression and anxiety, and caregiving helplessness differ based on maternal attachment classifications in the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI). Fifty mothers of children in the early childhood (AgeRange = 12-56 months) completed a pack of questionnaires, including Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Brief Symptom Inventory, and Caregiving Helplessness Questionnaire. Then AAI interview protocol was administered and coded. Mothers did not vary in emotion regulation strategies, indicating emotion regulation balance. However, mothers with secure/autonomous AAIs reported less anxiety than mothers whose AAIs were judged to show unresolved loss or unresolved trauma. The mothers who provided AAIs judged to be secure/autonomous scored lower in depression and caregiving helplessness than mothers whose AAIs were judged to show unresolved loss or unresolved trauma. To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies conducting AAI in Turkish mothers. We revealed the critical role of secure attachment for mental health and caregiving helplessness that can facilitate interventions targeting maternal attachment mind state.
Mothers' emotion regulation, mental health, and feeling of helplessness in caring for their child... more Mothers' emotion regulation, mental health, and feeling of helplessness in caring for their child may vary based on maternal attachment classifications. Particularly, insecure attachment and unresolved state of mind can act as risk factors. Therefore, we examined how emotion regulation strategies of suppression and cognitive reappraisal, maternal symptoms of depression and anxiety, and caregiving helplessness differ based on maternal attachment classifications in the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI). Fifty mothers of children in the early childhood (AgeRange = 12-56 months) completed a pack of questionnaires, including Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Brief Symptom Inventory, and Caregiving Helplessness Questionnaire. Then AAI interview protocol was administered and coded. Mothers did not vary in emotion regulation strategies, indicating emotion regulation balance. However, mothers with secure/autonomous AAIs reported less anxiety than mothers whose AAIs were judged to show unresolved loss or unresolved trauma. The mothers who provided AAIs judged to be secure/autonomous scored lower in depression and caregiving helplessness than mothers whose AAIs were judged to show unresolved loss or unresolved trauma. To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies conducting AAI in Turkish mothers. We revealed the critical role of secure attachment for mental health and caregiving helplessness that can facilitate interventions targeting maternal attachment mind state.
Purpose The prevalence of parental burnout, a condition that has severe consequences for both par... more Purpose The prevalence of parental burnout, a condition that has severe consequences for both parents and children, varies dramatically across countries and is highest in Western countries characterized by high individualism. Method In this study, we examined the mediators of the relationship between individualism measured at the country level and parental burnout measured at the individual level in 36 countries (16,059 parents). Results The results revealed three mediating mechanisms, that is, self-discrepancies between socially prescribed and actual parental selves, high agency and self-directed socialization goals, and low parental task sharing, by which individualism leads to an increased risk of burnout among parents. Conclusion The results con rm that the three mediators under consideration are all involved, and that mediation was higher for self-discrepancies between socially prescribed and actual parental selves, then parental task sharing, and lastly self-directed socialization goals. The results provide some important indications of how to prevent parental burnout at the societal level in Western countries.
Objectives: Parental burnout is a prevalent condition that affects parents' functioning an... more Objectives: Parental burnout is a prevalent condition that affects parents' functioning and health. While various pro-tective factors have been examined, little is known about their interplay. In the current study, we examined the joint effect of two protective factors against parental burnout (one external—social support and one internal—cognitive reappraisal). We were specifically interested in whether the presence of one factor could compensate for the lack of the other.Methods: To address this question, 1835 participants were drawn from five countries: United States, Poland, Peru, Turkey and Belgium.Results: Results suggested that both social support and cognitive reappraisal were associated with lower parental burnout. An interaction was also found between the re-source factors, such that the presence of cognitive reap-praisal compensated for the absence of social support.Conclusions: These findings point to ways in which paren-tal burnout could be reduced, especially in situations where social support is not easily available.
. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all societies worldwide. The heightened levels of stress tha... more . The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all societies worldwide. The heightened levels of stress that accompanied the crisis were also expected to affect parenting in many families. Since it is known that high levels of stress in the parenting domain can lead to a condition that has severe consequences for health and well-being, we examined whether the prevalence of parental burnout in 26 countries (9,923 parents; 75% mothers; mean age 40) increased during COVID-19 compared to few years before the pandemic. In most (but not all) countries, analyses showed a significant increase in the prevalence of parental burnout during the pandemic. The results further revealed that next to governmental measures (e.g., number of days locked down, homeschooling) and factors at the individual and family level (e.g., gender, number of children), parents in less (vs. more) indulgent countries suffered more from parental burnout. The findings suggest that stricter norms regarding their parenting roles and duties in general and during the pandemic in particular might have increased their levels of parental burnout.
In Western countries, recent decades have witnessed a revolution toward gender equality. Inequali... more In Western countries, recent decades have witnessed a revolution toward gender equality. Inequalities have been greatly reduced in areas such as education or employment. Because inequalities lead to distress, this development has largely benefited women. One notable exception is the realm of parenting, which has remained rife with inequalities even in the most egalitarian countries. We hypothesized that experiencing inequality in parenting when one holds egalitarian values and raising a child in a country characterized by a high level of gender equality in other areas, increases mothers’ psychological distress in the specific area of parenting. Multilevel modeling analyses computed among 11,538 mothers from 40 countries confirmed this prediction: high egalitarian values at the individual level and high gender equality at the societal level are associated with higher burnout levels in mothers. The associations hold beyond differences in sociodemographic characteristics at the individ...
Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 2021
The first aim of this review is to examine stress models and theories that can help prevention of... more The first aim of this review is to examine stress models and theories that can help prevention of stress in individuals and scociety due to Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The second aim is to pinpoint the importance of preventive interventions with relevant examples. Thus, innitially, General Adaption Syndrome model will be covered. Then, Transactional Stress Model that captures the role of individual differences in stress processing will be examined. In order to understand how stress can trigger psychological proplems and to understand the factors associated with positive change Diathesis Stress, and Shaefer and Moos'nin (1998) models will be presented. Furthermore, in this review the stress-related effects of similar pandemies, preventive interventions targetting various groups and related research will be covered. Finally, psychosocial support and psychological assistance examples from different countries and Turkey will be included. The review will provide guidance for researchers and professionals, who focus on the effects of COVID-19 and process aftermath of COVID-19.
To support mothers’ positive parenting practices and designing effective early interventions in d... more To support mothers’ positive parenting practices and designing effective early interventions in developing countries like Turkey, understanding the factors associated with feelings of helplessness in caregiving can play an important role. Therefore, we explored how mothers’ depression and anxiety symptoms, and emotion regulation strategies of expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal can contribute to caregiving helplessness during toddlerhood. We also examined whether depression and anxiety can mediate the relationship between emotion regulation strategies and caregiving helplessness. A sample of 552 healthy Turkish mothers (MAge = 32.11) with 1–4 year old healthy children (MAge = 1.51) replied to advertisements we shared face-to-face and filled out a pack of questionnaires including a demographic form, Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Brief Symptom Inventory and Caregiving Helplessness Questionnaire. A series of path analysis were conducted to reveal the association betwee...
High levels of stress in the parenting domain can lead to parental burnout, a condition that has ... more High levels of stress in the parenting domain can lead to parental burnout, a condition that has severe consequences for both parents and children. It is not yet clear, however, whether parental burnout varies by culture, and if so, why it might do so. In this study, we examined the prevalence of parental burnout in 42 countries (17,409 parents; 71% mothers; M age = 39.20) and showed that the prevalence of parental burnout varies dramatically across countries. Analyses of cultural values revealed that individualistic cultures, in particular, displayed a noticeably higher prevalence and mean level of parental burnout. Indeed, individualism plays a larger role in parental burnout than either economic inequalities across countries, or any other individual and family characteristic examined so far, including the number and age of children and the number of hours spent with them. These results suggest that cultural values in Western countries may put parents under heightened levels of stress.
Bu bölümde bağlanma teorisi açıklanarak, bağlanma stilleri, bağlanma ve
duygu düzenleme arasındak... more Bu bölümde bağlanma teorisi açıklanarak, bağlanma stilleri, bağlanma ve duygu düzenleme arasındaki ilişki, bağlanma ve psikopatoloji, bağlanma için risk faktörleri ve bağlanma odaklı destek-müdahale programlarına değinilecektir.
Bu bölümde öncelikle bireyin duygu düzenleme mekanizması ve duygu düzenleme stratejileri, bağlanm... more Bu bölümde öncelikle bireyin duygu düzenleme mekanizması ve duygu düzenleme stratejileri, bağlanma ilişkisi ve bağlanma stilleri kapsamında ele alınacaktır. Daha sonra erken dönemde temelleri atılan bağlanma ilişkisinin, erken çocukluk deneyimlerinin duygu düzenlemeye ve duygu düzenlemeyi destekleyici psikonöroendokrinolojik altyapıya etkisi incelenecektir. Bu doğrultuda, sevgi hormonu olarak da bilinen oksitosin hormonunun duygu düzenleme ve sosyal ilişkilere katkısı deneysel araştırmalar ışığında farklı modeller üzerinden irdelenecektir.
Risk factors for child’s attachment security in Turkey and positive effects of Circle of Security Parenting (COS-P) intervention on mothers’ mental health, 2022
In Turkey, childhood research and interventions mainly concentrate on preschool years. However, t... more In Turkey, childhood research and interventions mainly concentrate on preschool years. However, the earlier the interventions for children and their parents, the more positive and extensive outcomes can be achieved. One of the most fundamental concerns for early childhood is the quality of caregiving and parenting practices that can be examined in the mother-child attachment relationship. Thus, identifying the risk factors and revealing the impact of attachment-based interventions can help to develop further research and support programs for parents. Therefore, in this chapter we first draw the theoretical framework for attachment-based interventions and then discuss the findings of interventions. Then, we present the Circle of Security Parenting program adaptation and effectiveness study results, involving risk factors for attachment security and program impact on maternal psychological well-being. Finally, we discuss remarks about our intervention effectiveness study and present suggestions for future research.
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Papers by Gizem Arikan
duygu düzenleme arasındaki ilişki, bağlanma ve psikopatoloji, bağlanma için risk faktörleri ve bağlanma odaklı destek-müdahale programlarına değinilecektir.