National School of Surveying

In the southern New Zealand region the boundary between the Australian and Paci®c plates changes from oblique continental convergence in the central South Island of New Zealand to interoceanic transcurrent motion along the Macquarie Ridge. Source parameters of recent (post-1964) upper crustal events, M w i5.3, in the region 43±53uS, 155±175uE are determined using P-and SH-waveform analysis in order to investigate the nature of strain accommodated seismically throughout the region. Repeated occupation of three geodetic networks across the southern South Island provides estimates of contemporary crustal strain. Seismicity over the last 35 years shows uneven spatial and temporal distribution, with clusters of events occurring in regions along the plate boundary that exhibit structural variation. Focal mechanisms of individual earthquakes vary widely but are consistent with the accommodation of long-term estimates of the relative plate motion. Across the southern South Island, geodetically measured principal contraction directions are consistent with P-axis orientations. The mode of accommodation of the relative plate motion varies throughout the region, in¯uenced by the change in crustal composition on either side of the plate boundary, the underlying structure as a relic of previous relative motions, and the variation of obliquity of the relative motion with respect to these structures.

Repeated GPS measurements at 21 sites along a profile extending 100 km southeast of the Alpine Fault demonstrate that active deformation occurs across much of the South Island of New Zealand and that slip on the Alpine Fault cannot accommodate all of the Pacific‐Australian plate ...

To determine the scattering properties of microcracks created by water injection in hot dry rock a method for analyzing trajectory ellipsoids of seismic particle motions has been applied. Lengths and directions of three principal axes of trajectory ellipsoids were calculated, and a distribution of the shape of these ellipsoids suggests existence of a strong scattering region around the injection point.

NOAA's National Geodetic Survey has developed the horizontal time-dependent positioning ͑HTDP͒ software to provide a way for its users to estimate the coordinate changes associated with horizontal crustal motion in the United States. HTDP contains a model for estimating horizontal crustal velocities and separate models for estimating the displacements associated with 29 earthquakes ͑two in Alaska and 27 in California͒. This software is updated periodically to provide more accurate estimates for crustal velocities and earthquake displacements, as well as to include models for additional earthquakes. In June 2008, NGS released version 3.0 of HTDP ͑HTDP 3.0͒ that introduces an improved capability for predicting crustal velocities, based on a tectonic block model of the western contiguous United States ͑CONUS͒, that is, from the Rockies to the Pacific coast. Values for the model parameters that predict the velocity at any point within the domain were estimated from 4,890 horizontal velocity vectors ͑derived from repeated geodetic observations͒, 170 fault slip rates, and 258 fault slip vector azimuths. Extensive testing indicates that this model can predict velocities within CONUS with a standard error of less than 2 mm/year in both the north and east components. HTDP 3.0 also introduces a model for the combined coseismic and postseismic displacements associated with the magnitude 7.9 Denali earthquake that occurred in central Alaska on November 3, 2002.

This paper describes revisions to the Horizontal Time Dependent Positioning (HTDP) software carried out to address the motion associated with two recent California earthquakes. NOAA's National Geodetic Survey (NGS) developed HTDP to enable its users to compensate survey measurements for the differential movement associated with tectonic deformation, so that surveys conducted at different epochs may be compared. We focus on the process of selecting and validating models for two recent earthquakes in California, prior to their inclusion in version 2.9 of this software (HTDP v2.9)—the Parkfield earthquake with a magnitude of 6.0, which occurred on September 28, 2004, and the San Simeon, California earthquake with a magnitude of 6.5, occurring on December 22, 2003. The process of modeling and correcting for deformation can be well illustrated by utilizing data collected in the vicinity of these earthquakes, because they represent contrasting styles of deformation—Parkfield exhibited...

We have analysed 11 years of geodetic data from 30 stations distributed over the Otago Fault System in the South Island of New Zealand. Velocities were estimated from time series corrected for coseismic displacements from the 2004 Macquarie Island and 2007 George Sound earthquakes and the coseismic and the short term postseismic deformation associated with the 2009 Dusky Sound earthquake. By dividing the corrected time series in half we were able to demonstrate the existence of a systematic difference between the pre-and postearthquake velocity fields, associated with a longer term viscoelastic transient related to the 2009 Dusky Sound earthquake. In the northern part of our study area, the geodetic strain rate data are consistent with elastic strain accumulation on the Alpine Fault while in the south and east, the strain rate tensors are consistent with the Otago Fault System. There is a significant change in orientation in the axis of contraction from east to west across the network that correlates with a transition between the Otago and Waihemo Fault Systems. We also demonstrate significant spatial variation in the rates of strain accumulation that may correlate with active and quiescent parts of the Otago Fault System. However these strain rates represent the average values for the 11 years that the COD network has been observed and may also be influenced by the longer term viscoelastic transient related to the Dusky Sound earthquake.

This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the associations between active travel to school and the neighbourhood built environment in children and youth by systematically identifying and collating data from New Zealand studies. Data from five studies involving 2844 children and youth aged 6-19 years were included in the meta-analysis. Data on participant demographics and school characteristics were obtained from each study, and built environment features within 400 m and 1 km buffers around home were calculated in a consistent manner using geographic information systems. A one-step individual participant data meta-analysis was performed in SAS. Using stepwise logistic regression, age, school socioeconomic status, distance to school, dwelling density and intersection density (400 m and 1 km buffers) were taken forward from bivariate analyses into a multiple variable model. Active travel to school was positively associated with intersection density (p < 0.001) (1 km buffer) and negatively associated with school socioeconomic status (p = 0.001), dwelling density (p = 0.004) (1 km buffer), and distance to school (p < 0.001), including age, sex, ethnicity and number of siblings as fixed effects in the final model. The findings of this meta-analysis can be used to guide and support the development of policies on school location and catchment, and pedestrian and cycling infrastructure for children and youth to actively and safely travel to school.

Spatio-temporal visualisations (e.g. space-time cube) offer a method to observe interactions andpatterns that may not be apparent in a traditional two-dimensional view. Yet the mapping of such timeseries data can still easily lead to visual clutter, leading to the development of abstracting REMO(Relative Motion) and ARM (Adaptive Relative Motion) techniques. ARM uses greedy or simulatedannealing algorithms to optimally reorder object-time matrices from an arbitrary object order at eachtime interval to one that keeps geographically proximal objects close to each other in columns andacross rows in the matrix (effectively applying a travelling salesperson algorithm to traverse objectlocations for a given time). Testing each algorithm on eight seasons worth of space-time data for anendemic species of New Zealand dolphin in a large southern bay revealed better results for the greedyalgorithm. However, given the pronounced orientation of the data (close to the SW-facing shoreline ofthe ba...

This article shares and extends research-based developments at the University of Otago, New Zealand, that seek to explore how students' worldviews change as they experience higher education with us. We emphasise that sustainability attributes may be described in terms of knowledge, skills and competencies but that these are underpinned by affective attributes such as values, attitudes and dispositions; so that 'education for sustainable development' is substantially a quest for affective change. We describe approaches to categorise affective outcomes and conclude that 'education for sustainable development' objectives comprise higher order affective outcomes (leading to behavioural change) that are challenging for higher education to address. Our own work emphasises the need for student anonymity as these higher order outcomes are assessed, evaluated, monitored, researched or otherwise measured using research instruments that focus on worldview. A longitudinal mixed-effects repeat-measures statistical model is described that enables higher education institutions to answer the question of whether or not 'education for sustainable development' objectives are being achieved. Discussion links affect to critical reasoning and addresses the possibility of documenting and assessing the development of lower and mid-order affective outcomes. We conclude that 'education for sustainable development' objectives need to be clearly articulated if higher education is to be able to assess, or evaluate, their achievement.

In New Zealand the coastal margins are contested spaces that provide a setting for conflict between the interests of private property owners, indigenous and customary rights holders, public users, and local and central governments. Public access, environmental protection and enhancement, and continuing coastal development are all legitimate but conflicting policy goals. Uncertainty about the movements of coastal boundaries exacerbates the conflict and adds confusion to coastal management. Coastal property conflicts are well established in case law, legislation and policy implementation, and they are likely to increase with the effects of climate change. This paper explores the tensions, anomalies and impacts of coastal boundaries as they respond to sea-level rise. In New Zealand, as in most other nations with a marine boundary, highly desirable and highly valued coastal property is increasingly subject to the threat of sea-level rise, but coastal owners remain very protective of the...

The effects of Climate Change, such as increasingly severe storm events and sea level rise, are contributing to an increasing risk of coastal erosion. The demand for and price of coastal land continues to increase in spite of the hazard. Engineering solutions (hard defences) have been well tested in the past and have proved to be, at best, temporary and very expensive measures. Other beach protection measures may include beach profile re-grading and sand replenishment. Planning responses include setting aside public coastal margin strips, rolling easements and creating development set-back margins, to provide a spatial buffer between the sea and vulnerable infrastructure. A policy of managed retreat requires existing housing and infrastructure to be moved away from the shore. The preservation of the public and natural character of the coastal environment and landscape is a matter of national importance. The demands of sustainability require us to enhance the natural functioning of t...