Austronesian speaking peoples left Southeast Asia and entered the Western Pacific c.4000-3000 yea... more Austronesian speaking peoples left Southeast Asia and entered the Western Pacific c.4000-3000 years ago, continuing on to colonise Remote Oceania for the first time, where they became the ancestral populations of Polynesians. Understanding the impact of these peoples on the mainland of New Guinea before they entered Remote Oceania has eluded archaeologists. New research from the archaeological site of Wañelek in the New Guinea Highlands has broken this silence. Petrographic and geochemical data from pottery and new radiocarbon dating demonstrates that Austronesian influences penetrated into the highland interior by 3000 years ago. One potsherd was manufactured along the northeast coast of New Guinea, whereas others were manufactured from inland materials. These find-ings represent the oldest securely dated pottery from an archaeological context on the island of New Guinea. Additionally, the pottery comes from the interior, suggesting the movements of people and technological practic...
The paper describes the analysis by portable XRF (pXRF) of 44 pieces of obsidian from six archaeo... more The paper describes the analysis by portable XRF (pXRF) of 44 pieces of obsidian from six archaeological sites around Jacquinot Bay in the Pomio District of East New Britain, Papua New Guinea. One piece is possibly from a middle Lapita pottery context, but the remainder are undated but almost certainly post-Lapita in age. The pXRF analysis attributes all pieces to New Britain sources:41 from Mopir and three from Kutau/Bao. The dominance of the Mopir source supports a relatively late date for the obsidian's arrival in the Jacquinot Bay area. When considered in relation to a stemmed obsidian tool from Pakia village inland to the north of Jacquinot Bay, the results suggest that future work in this region area may feed into wider discussions on the control of resources and the social function of obsidian in the Papua New Guinea island provinces.
Eleven artefacts made of west Fergusson Island obsidian were recovered in beach sands inland from... more Eleven artefacts made of west Fergusson Island obsidian were recovered in beach sands inland from today’s coastline east of the Vailala River in the Gulf of Papua. These artefacts were found some 900 km by sea southwest of their geological source location. They extend the known western limit for incoming obsidian along the south coast of mainland PNG by 155 km. Here we discuss the chemical signatures of these artefacts towards an interpretation of social relations between peoples living on the south coast of PNG after c. 2600 cal BP.
Ground stone technology for processing starchy plant foods has its origins in the late Pleistocen... more Ground stone technology for processing starchy plant foods has its origins in the late Pleistocene, with subsequent intensification and transformation of this technology coinciding with the global emergence of agriculture in the early Holocene. On the island of New Guinea, agriculture first emerges in the highland Wahgi Valley, potentially from c. 9 kya, and clearly evident by 6.5 kya. Approximately 400 km further east in the highland Ivane Valley, long-term occupation sequences span the Holocene and late Pleistocene, but there is currently no direct evidence for wetland agriculture. Here, we report rare evidence for ground stone implements from a secure mid-Holocene archaeological context in the Ivane Valley. The Joe’s Garden site has flaked and ground stone artefacts with significant starch assemblages dating to approximately 4.4 kya. We present the first empirical evidence for the function of stone bowls from a New Guinea highland setting. Usewear and residues indicate the grindi...
Until now, the evidence for imported obsidian along the south coast of Papua New Guinea has been ... more Until now, the evidence for imported obsidian along the south coast of Papua New Guinea has been limited to eleven excavated sites all dating after c. 2,000 cal. BP. Here we present new archaeological evidence for the sourcing and importation of 4,689 obsidian artefacts from 30 excavated sites at Caution Bay. pXRF analysis of a sample of the artefacts revealed that all but one came from a source on West Fergusson Island some 670 km away. During Lapita (here beginning c. 2,950 cal. BP) and post-Lapita times, the proportion of sites with obsidian artefacts was high, and remained so for a thousand years before suddenly ceasing c. 1,900 cal. BP. Technological analyses of obsidian artefacts from Bogi 1 and ABKL-the richest obsidian sites at Caution Bay-indicate intense unipolar and bipolar reduction and the occasional recycling of unipolar flakes into bipolar cores during both Lapita and post-Lapita times. We suggest that this is a result of the importation of obsidian to Caution Bay through down-the-line exchange.
The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Indigenous Australia and New Guinea, 2021
Ground-edge artefacts (GEAs), also known as ground-edge axes, are an independent innovation that ... more Ground-edge artefacts (GEAs), also known as ground-edge axes, are an independent innovation that date to the earliest sites in Sahul (the continental landmass of Australia and New Guinea). During the Pleistocene, these tools were localized to the northern parts of the continent. Over time, significant changes took place in the distribution of GEAs, which became an almost continent-wide technology, with distinct regional variations in their form, production, and exchange patterns. This article explores the evolution of GEAs in Sahul, mapping the different trajectories in their production, use, and exchange, while also exploring the different roles that they may have played both socially and economically in their communities of use.
Debating Lapita: Distribution, Chronology, Society and Subsistence
The Caution Bay archaeological project on the south coast of mainland Papua New Guinea has excava... more The Caution Bay archaeological project on the south coast of mainland Papua New Guinea has excavated 122 sites over a 9 km 2 area. Lapita ceramics appear at a number of sites at c. 2900 cal. BP. Here we present the results of excavations at Moiapu 3, a site that helps define the end of the dentate-stamped Lapita phase of this region. It is suggested that the decline and ultimate cessation of dentate stamping related to a loss of symbolism during a period of major socioeconomic readjustment and innovation.
This volume is in honour of a remarkable archaeologist – the late Mr Herman Mandui. Herman was th... more This volume is in honour of a remarkable archaeologist – the late Mr Herman Mandui. Herman was the Deputy Director of the National Museum and Art Gallery of Papua New Guinea, an institution he worked for since 1993. Herman was only 45 when he left us due to meningitis complicated by tuberculosis. Yet, in the short time he was with us, he accomplished more than most would in a dozen lifetimes.
Technical Reports of the Australian Museum online, 2021
West Fergusson obsidian has been identified in a number of Lapita and Early Papuan pottery (EPP) ... more West Fergusson obsidian has been identified in a number of Lapita and Early Papuan pottery (EPP) sites on the south coast of Papua New Guinea and wider afield in the Pacific. Yet, the archaeological history of the island and its obsidian sources remains mostly unknown. Recent fieldwork aimed at establishing a chronological sequence for human occupation of the island, identified the site of Avanata, on the south coast of the Kukuia Peninsula. It has a pottery assemblage decorated with shell impression and paint, techniques not previously recorded on Massim pottery. Although no dateable material was obtained from the site, we argue that archaeological correlates on the Papuan mainland indicate that Avanata belongs to an early ceramic occupation of Fergusson Island dating > 1000 years ago and possibly to the late Lapita period.
Debating Lapita: Distribution, Chronology, Society and Subsistence, Dec 11, 2019
The Caution Bay archaeological project on the south coast of mainland Papua New Guinea has excava... more The Caution Bay archaeological project on the south coast of mainland Papua New Guinea has excavated 122 sites over a 9 km 2 area. Lapita ceramics appear at a number of sites at c. 2900 cal. BP. Here we present the results of excavations at Moiapu 3, a site that helps define the end of the dentate-stamped Lapita phase of this region. It is suggested that the decline and ultimate cessation of dentate stamping related to a loss of symbolism during a period of major socioeconomic readjustment and innovation.
The emergence of agriculture was one of the most notable behavioral transformations in human hist... more The emergence of agriculture was one of the most notable behavioral transformations in human history, driving innovations in technologies and settlement globally, referred to as the Neolithic. Wetland agriculture originated in the New Guinea highlands during the mid-Holocene (8000 to 4000 years ago), yet it is unclear if there was associated behavioral change. Here, we report the earliest figurative stone carving and formally manufactured pestles in Oceania, dating to 5050 to 4200 years ago. These discoveries, at the highland site of Waim, occur with the earliest planilateral axe-adzes in New Guinea, the first evidence for fibercraft, and interisland obsidian transfer. The combination of symbolic social systems, complex technologies, and highland agricultural intensification supports an independent emergence of a Neolithic ~1000 years before the arrival of Neolithic migrants (Lapita) from Southeast Asia.
Lithic assemblages in late Pleistocene sites within rainforest environments in Southeast Asia and... more Lithic assemblages in late Pleistocene sites within rainforest environments in Southeast Asia and Australasia are characterised as being simple core-and-flake technologies with little evidence for formal tools. This is usually attributed to the Bamboo Hypothesis, which proposes that modern humans first moving into these rainforest environments would have exploited available plant resources such as wood or bamboo at the expense of lithic technology. This paper challenges this portrayal by reporting the presence of formal tools in the Ivane valley of Papua New Guinea, dating from first occupation between 43,000e49,000 years cal BP.
Susan Bulmer’s PhD thesis, "Prehistoric Culture Change in the Port Moresby Region&qu... more Susan Bulmer’s PhD thesis, "Prehistoric Culture Change in the Port Moresby Region", was a very important, and still often cited, contribution to Papuan South Coast prehistory in the 1970s. Fieldwork for the thesis included the excavation of important sites at Taurama Beach and on Nebira Hill. This paper outlines recent archaeological and bioarchaeological research on stone artefacts, pottery and skeletal materials from these sites and discusses the implications of this research for early ideas about late prehistoric culture change in the Port Moresby region. The results of the recent studies suggest a complex of cultural (Austronesian and Papuan) and environmental influences, as well as population movements into the region over the last 1200 years, leading to the state of affairs at the close of prehistory. This picture is similar to that painted by Bulmer and others during the pioneering period of Papuan South Coast archaeology over 40 years ago.
Over 40 years of archaeological investigations along the south coast of Papua New Guinea has iden... more Over 40 years of archaeological investigations along the south coast of Papua New Guinea has identified a rapid succession of cultural changes during the late Holocene. The so-called ‘Papuan Hiccup’ (c.1200–800 calbp) is a poorly understood period of socio-economic upheaval along the coast, identified mainly from changes in archaeological ceramic styles and settlement patterns. During this period, the region-wide Early Papuan Pottery (EPP) tradition diverges into separate, localised ceramic sequences that have generic associations with local ethnographic wares. A correspondence between the timing of the Papuan Hiccup and a period of peak El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) activity implies a link between cultural and climate change. This paper explores this relationship further by examining changes in interaction networks along the south coast of Papua New Guinea, specifically focusing on chert artefacts. Chemical characterisation (portable X-Ray Fluorescence; pXRF) and technologica...
Austronesian speaking peoples left Southeast Asia and entered the Western Pacific c.4000-3000 yea... more Austronesian speaking peoples left Southeast Asia and entered the Western Pacific c.4000-3000 years ago, continuing on to colonise Remote Oceania for the first time, where they became the ancestral populations of Polynesians. Understanding the impact of these peoples on the mainland of New Guinea before they entered Remote Oceania has eluded archaeologists. New research from the archaeological site of Wañelek in the New Guinea Highlands has broken this silence. Petrographic and geochemical data from pottery and new radiocarbon dating demonstrates that Austronesian influences penetrated into the highland interior by 3000 years ago. One potsherd was manufactured along the northeast coast of New Guinea, whereas others were manufactured from inland materials. These findings represent the oldest securely dated pottery from an archaeological context on the island of New Guinea. Additionally, the pottery comes from the interior, suggesting the movements of people and technological practice...
Austronesian speaking peoples left Southeast Asia and entered the Western Pacific c.4000-3000 yea... more Austronesian speaking peoples left Southeast Asia and entered the Western Pacific c.4000-3000 years ago, continuing on to colonise Remote Oceania for the first time, where they became the ancestral populations of Polynesians. Understanding the impact of these peoples on the mainland of New Guinea before they entered Remote Oceania has eluded archaeologists. New research from the archaeological site of Wañelek in the New Guinea Highlands has broken this silence. Petrographic and geochemical data from pottery and new radiocarbon dating demonstrates that Austronesian influences penetrated into the highland interior by 3000 years ago. One potsherd was manufactured along the northeast coast of New Guinea, whereas others were manufactured from inland materials. These find-ings represent the oldest securely dated pottery from an archaeological context on the island of New Guinea. Additionally, the pottery comes from the interior, suggesting the movements of people and technological practic...
The paper describes the analysis by portable XRF (pXRF) of 44 pieces of obsidian from six archaeo... more The paper describes the analysis by portable XRF (pXRF) of 44 pieces of obsidian from six archaeological sites around Jacquinot Bay in the Pomio District of East New Britain, Papua New Guinea. One piece is possibly from a middle Lapita pottery context, but the remainder are undated but almost certainly post-Lapita in age. The pXRF analysis attributes all pieces to New Britain sources:41 from Mopir and three from Kutau/Bao. The dominance of the Mopir source supports a relatively late date for the obsidian's arrival in the Jacquinot Bay area. When considered in relation to a stemmed obsidian tool from Pakia village inland to the north of Jacquinot Bay, the results suggest that future work in this region area may feed into wider discussions on the control of resources and the social function of obsidian in the Papua New Guinea island provinces.
Eleven artefacts made of west Fergusson Island obsidian were recovered in beach sands inland from... more Eleven artefacts made of west Fergusson Island obsidian were recovered in beach sands inland from today’s coastline east of the Vailala River in the Gulf of Papua. These artefacts were found some 900 km by sea southwest of their geological source location. They extend the known western limit for incoming obsidian along the south coast of mainland PNG by 155 km. Here we discuss the chemical signatures of these artefacts towards an interpretation of social relations between peoples living on the south coast of PNG after c. 2600 cal BP.
Ground stone technology for processing starchy plant foods has its origins in the late Pleistocen... more Ground stone technology for processing starchy plant foods has its origins in the late Pleistocene, with subsequent intensification and transformation of this technology coinciding with the global emergence of agriculture in the early Holocene. On the island of New Guinea, agriculture first emerges in the highland Wahgi Valley, potentially from c. 9 kya, and clearly evident by 6.5 kya. Approximately 400 km further east in the highland Ivane Valley, long-term occupation sequences span the Holocene and late Pleistocene, but there is currently no direct evidence for wetland agriculture. Here, we report rare evidence for ground stone implements from a secure mid-Holocene archaeological context in the Ivane Valley. The Joe’s Garden site has flaked and ground stone artefacts with significant starch assemblages dating to approximately 4.4 kya. We present the first empirical evidence for the function of stone bowls from a New Guinea highland setting. Usewear and residues indicate the grindi...
Until now, the evidence for imported obsidian along the south coast of Papua New Guinea has been ... more Until now, the evidence for imported obsidian along the south coast of Papua New Guinea has been limited to eleven excavated sites all dating after c. 2,000 cal. BP. Here we present new archaeological evidence for the sourcing and importation of 4,689 obsidian artefacts from 30 excavated sites at Caution Bay. pXRF analysis of a sample of the artefacts revealed that all but one came from a source on West Fergusson Island some 670 km away. During Lapita (here beginning c. 2,950 cal. BP) and post-Lapita times, the proportion of sites with obsidian artefacts was high, and remained so for a thousand years before suddenly ceasing c. 1,900 cal. BP. Technological analyses of obsidian artefacts from Bogi 1 and ABKL-the richest obsidian sites at Caution Bay-indicate intense unipolar and bipolar reduction and the occasional recycling of unipolar flakes into bipolar cores during both Lapita and post-Lapita times. We suggest that this is a result of the importation of obsidian to Caution Bay through down-the-line exchange.
The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Indigenous Australia and New Guinea, 2021
Ground-edge artefacts (GEAs), also known as ground-edge axes, are an independent innovation that ... more Ground-edge artefacts (GEAs), also known as ground-edge axes, are an independent innovation that date to the earliest sites in Sahul (the continental landmass of Australia and New Guinea). During the Pleistocene, these tools were localized to the northern parts of the continent. Over time, significant changes took place in the distribution of GEAs, which became an almost continent-wide technology, with distinct regional variations in their form, production, and exchange patterns. This article explores the evolution of GEAs in Sahul, mapping the different trajectories in their production, use, and exchange, while also exploring the different roles that they may have played both socially and economically in their communities of use.
Debating Lapita: Distribution, Chronology, Society and Subsistence
The Caution Bay archaeological project on the south coast of mainland Papua New Guinea has excava... more The Caution Bay archaeological project on the south coast of mainland Papua New Guinea has excavated 122 sites over a 9 km 2 area. Lapita ceramics appear at a number of sites at c. 2900 cal. BP. Here we present the results of excavations at Moiapu 3, a site that helps define the end of the dentate-stamped Lapita phase of this region. It is suggested that the decline and ultimate cessation of dentate stamping related to a loss of symbolism during a period of major socioeconomic readjustment and innovation.
This volume is in honour of a remarkable archaeologist – the late Mr Herman Mandui. Herman was th... more This volume is in honour of a remarkable archaeologist – the late Mr Herman Mandui. Herman was the Deputy Director of the National Museum and Art Gallery of Papua New Guinea, an institution he worked for since 1993. Herman was only 45 when he left us due to meningitis complicated by tuberculosis. Yet, in the short time he was with us, he accomplished more than most would in a dozen lifetimes.
Technical Reports of the Australian Museum online, 2021
West Fergusson obsidian has been identified in a number of Lapita and Early Papuan pottery (EPP) ... more West Fergusson obsidian has been identified in a number of Lapita and Early Papuan pottery (EPP) sites on the south coast of Papua New Guinea and wider afield in the Pacific. Yet, the archaeological history of the island and its obsidian sources remains mostly unknown. Recent fieldwork aimed at establishing a chronological sequence for human occupation of the island, identified the site of Avanata, on the south coast of the Kukuia Peninsula. It has a pottery assemblage decorated with shell impression and paint, techniques not previously recorded on Massim pottery. Although no dateable material was obtained from the site, we argue that archaeological correlates on the Papuan mainland indicate that Avanata belongs to an early ceramic occupation of Fergusson Island dating > 1000 years ago and possibly to the late Lapita period.
Debating Lapita: Distribution, Chronology, Society and Subsistence, Dec 11, 2019
The Caution Bay archaeological project on the south coast of mainland Papua New Guinea has excava... more The Caution Bay archaeological project on the south coast of mainland Papua New Guinea has excavated 122 sites over a 9 km 2 area. Lapita ceramics appear at a number of sites at c. 2900 cal. BP. Here we present the results of excavations at Moiapu 3, a site that helps define the end of the dentate-stamped Lapita phase of this region. It is suggested that the decline and ultimate cessation of dentate stamping related to a loss of symbolism during a period of major socioeconomic readjustment and innovation.
The emergence of agriculture was one of the most notable behavioral transformations in human hist... more The emergence of agriculture was one of the most notable behavioral transformations in human history, driving innovations in technologies and settlement globally, referred to as the Neolithic. Wetland agriculture originated in the New Guinea highlands during the mid-Holocene (8000 to 4000 years ago), yet it is unclear if there was associated behavioral change. Here, we report the earliest figurative stone carving and formally manufactured pestles in Oceania, dating to 5050 to 4200 years ago. These discoveries, at the highland site of Waim, occur with the earliest planilateral axe-adzes in New Guinea, the first evidence for fibercraft, and interisland obsidian transfer. The combination of symbolic social systems, complex technologies, and highland agricultural intensification supports an independent emergence of a Neolithic ~1000 years before the arrival of Neolithic migrants (Lapita) from Southeast Asia.
Lithic assemblages in late Pleistocene sites within rainforest environments in Southeast Asia and... more Lithic assemblages in late Pleistocene sites within rainforest environments in Southeast Asia and Australasia are characterised as being simple core-and-flake technologies with little evidence for formal tools. This is usually attributed to the Bamboo Hypothesis, which proposes that modern humans first moving into these rainforest environments would have exploited available plant resources such as wood or bamboo at the expense of lithic technology. This paper challenges this portrayal by reporting the presence of formal tools in the Ivane valley of Papua New Guinea, dating from first occupation between 43,000e49,000 years cal BP.
Susan Bulmer’s PhD thesis, "Prehistoric Culture Change in the Port Moresby Region&qu... more Susan Bulmer’s PhD thesis, "Prehistoric Culture Change in the Port Moresby Region", was a very important, and still often cited, contribution to Papuan South Coast prehistory in the 1970s. Fieldwork for the thesis included the excavation of important sites at Taurama Beach and on Nebira Hill. This paper outlines recent archaeological and bioarchaeological research on stone artefacts, pottery and skeletal materials from these sites and discusses the implications of this research for early ideas about late prehistoric culture change in the Port Moresby region. The results of the recent studies suggest a complex of cultural (Austronesian and Papuan) and environmental influences, as well as population movements into the region over the last 1200 years, leading to the state of affairs at the close of prehistory. This picture is similar to that painted by Bulmer and others during the pioneering period of Papuan South Coast archaeology over 40 years ago.
Over 40 years of archaeological investigations along the south coast of Papua New Guinea has iden... more Over 40 years of archaeological investigations along the south coast of Papua New Guinea has identified a rapid succession of cultural changes during the late Holocene. The so-called ‘Papuan Hiccup’ (c.1200–800 calbp) is a poorly understood period of socio-economic upheaval along the coast, identified mainly from changes in archaeological ceramic styles and settlement patterns. During this period, the region-wide Early Papuan Pottery (EPP) tradition diverges into separate, localised ceramic sequences that have generic associations with local ethnographic wares. A correspondence between the timing of the Papuan Hiccup and a period of peak El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) activity implies a link between cultural and climate change. This paper explores this relationship further by examining changes in interaction networks along the south coast of Papua New Guinea, specifically focusing on chert artefacts. Chemical characterisation (portable X-Ray Fluorescence; pXRF) and technologica...
Austronesian speaking peoples left Southeast Asia and entered the Western Pacific c.4000-3000 yea... more Austronesian speaking peoples left Southeast Asia and entered the Western Pacific c.4000-3000 years ago, continuing on to colonise Remote Oceania for the first time, where they became the ancestral populations of Polynesians. Understanding the impact of these peoples on the mainland of New Guinea before they entered Remote Oceania has eluded archaeologists. New research from the archaeological site of Wañelek in the New Guinea Highlands has broken this silence. Petrographic and geochemical data from pottery and new radiocarbon dating demonstrates that Austronesian influences penetrated into the highland interior by 3000 years ago. One potsherd was manufactured along the northeast coast of New Guinea, whereas others were manufactured from inland materials. These findings represent the oldest securely dated pottery from an archaeological context on the island of New Guinea. Additionally, the pottery comes from the interior, suggesting the movements of people and technological practice...
The recent finds of mid-late Lapita ceramics at Caution Bay near Port Moresby (McNiven et al. 201... more The recent finds of mid-late Lapita ceramics at Caution Bay near Port Moresby (McNiven et al. 2011) demand a fresh look at more than 40 years of intermittent archaeology along the south coast of Papua New Guinea. The relationship between this colonisation event, dated to c. 2900 calBP, and the previous earliest known ceramic horizon in the region, widely referred to as Early Papuan Pottery (EPP) and beginning c. 2000 calBP (Summerhayes & Allen 2007), remains still to be fully resolved. Oposisi on Yule Island, first excavated by Ron Vanderwal in 1969, is a key site for understanding the EPP period, and therefore the nature of this relationship. A re-excavation of Oposisi in 2007 produced a new sample of ceramics, in addition to seven new AMS radiocarbon dates all in good chronostratigraphic order, confirming an initial settlement of the site around 2000 calBP (Allen et al. 2011). This paper presents the preliminary results of stylistic, fabric and chemical analyses of the new sample of Oposisi ceramics that is being undertaken as a Master of Arts project, expanding a Papuan pottery production study begun by Summerhayes and Allen (2007).
Over forty years of archaeological investigations along the south coast of Papua New Guinea has i... more Over forty years of archaeological investigations along the south coast of Papua New Guinea has identified a rapid succession of cultural changes during the late Holocene. Colonisation by the sea-faring Lapita people almost 3000 years ago is the earliest evidence of ceramic producing people in the region. Subsequent cultural development in the region led to the highly specialised exchange systems of the ethnographic period, such as the Motu Hiri. A poorly understood period during this sequence is the so-called "Papuan Hiccup" (c. 750-1150AD), during which a series of abrupt, localised socio-economic changes occurred along the entire coast. The Papuan Hiccup separates an early ceramic period, in which Lapita-derived Early Papuan Pottery (EPP) traditions are found at sites right across the region, and a more recent phase of localised ceramic sequences. A correspondence between the timing of the Papuan Hiccup and a peak in El-Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) activity suggests a mechanism for this cultural transformation. This paper contributes new data to the problem of the Papuan Hiccup, from the key site of Taurama, a prehistoric coastal village site located 21km southeast of Port Moresby, which was occupied both prior to and after the Papuan Hiccup. Changes in the lithic and ceramic technology, including access to raw material sources and technological organisation, have been mapped and the results of the analyses of the two types of material culture appear to coverge to tell similar stories of what is happening at Taurama; namely a decrease in the size of resource extraction zones at the end of the EPP period. This is consistent with previous suggestions of a population increase in the Port Moresby region, the result of population movements perhaps driven by the aforementioned ENSO peak.
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Papers by Anne Ford