College of Education and Human Ecology

Language processing involves the rapid interaction of multiple brain regions. The study of its neurophysiological bases would therefore benefit from neuroimaging techniques combining both good spatial and good temporal resolution. Here we use the event-related optical signal (EROS), a recently developed imaging method, to reveal rapid interactions between left superior/middle temporal cortices (S/MTC) and inferior frontal cortices (IFC) during the processing of semantically or syntactically anomalous sentences. Participants were presented with sentences of these types intermixed with nonanomalous control sentences and were required to judge their acceptability. ERPs were recorded simultaneously with EROS and showed the typical activities that are elicited when processing anomalous stimuli: the N400 and the P600 for semantic and syntactic anomalies, respectively. The EROS response to semantically anomalous words showed increased activity in the S/MTC (corresponding in time with the N400), followed by IFC activity. Syntactically anomalous words evoked a similar sequence, with a temporal-lobe EROS response (corresponding in time with the P600), followed by frontal activity. However, the S/MTC activity corresponding to a semantic anomaly was more ventral than that corresponding to a syntactic anomaly. These data suggest that activation related to anomaly processing in sentences proceeds from temporal to frontal brain regions for both semantic and syntactic anomalies. This first EROS study investigating language processing shows that EROS can be used to image rapid interactions across cortical areas. event-related brain potentials ͉ N400 ͉ P600 ͉ sentence comprehension ͉ brain localization cortex; IFG, inferior frontal gyrus; MEG, magnetoencephalography; ROI, region of interest; S/MTC, superior/middle temporal cortex.

New parents' Facebook use was examined from a social capital perspective. Surveys regarding Facebook use and parenting satisfaction, parenting self-efficacy, and parenting stress were completed by 154 mothers and 150 fathers as part of a larger study of dual-earner, Midwestern U.S. couples making the transition to parenthood. Results indicated that mothers used Facebook more than fathers, and that mothers perceived an increase in use over the transition. When more of mothers' Facebook friends were family members or relatives, and when fathers reported connecting with more of their Facebook friends outside of Facebook, they reported better parental adjustment. For mothers, however, more frequent visits to Facebook accounts and more frequent content management were each associated with higher levels of parenting stress.

Understanding and predicting faculty intent to leave is important to the development of improved conceptual frameworks of faculty success as well as the implementation of effective retention strategies for academic leaders and institutions that invest considerable resources in recruitment, institutional support, and compensation. This study examined the relationship between various research-based factors and faculty intent to leave by integrating components identified in the extant literature for employee turnover more generally and faculty intent to leave more specifically. The results of binary logistic regression models identified workplace stress, being in a ''soft-pure'' discipline, fewer years of service at the university, and higher research productivity as key predictors of faculty having considered leaving for another institution. Key predictors for faculty having considered leaving academe altogether were being in a ''hard-applied'' discipline, not having a spouse or partner, a perceived lack of support, a perceived lack of fit, stress of raising a family, and dissatisfaction with certain aspects of the ''faculty job''. The implications for research, policy, and practice are discussed.

In recent years, fundraising has been a major challenge for nonprofit organizations (NPOs) due to lack of support from state and federal governments, the recent economic downturn, and fierce competition among increasing numbers of charities. To overcome this challenging environment, NPOs have attempted to reach prospective donors and contributors by developing broad and diverse fundraising programs. Charity events utilizing sports activities have become a popular and successful method used to raise funds for NPOs. However, there is a paucity of empirical research regarding motivations for participating in charity sport events in the context of sport marketing. This study was designed to examine participants' motivational profiles in charity sport events to begin to address this need. Based on sport motivation and donor motivation literature, as well as feedback from interviews with past event participants, 30 items representing 15 motivational dimensions were identified. Responses were collected from participants (N = 211) in two Relay for Life events, and six factors were extracted: (a) Philanthropy, (b) Social/Entertainment, (c) External/Benefits, (d) Family Needs, (e) Sports, and (f) Group Collaboration. These six factors accounted for 66.2% of the total variance. The results indicated that Philanthropy was the most important motivation, followed by Family Needs, Group Collaboration, Social/Entertainment, Sports, and External/Benefits, in that order. In addition, the findings also revealed group differences in motivational profiles based on the participants' age and gender. Furthermore, participants' satisfaction with the event and intention to return to the event were significantly related to motivational profiles. This study contributes to the body of knowledge regarding donor motivation in the context of sport marketing by incorporating motivation for participation in charity sport events. In addition, the results of the current study can help sport practitioners/fundraisers gain a better understanding of the motivational factors for charity sport event participation, in order to develop the most effective sport-related fundraising programs. Furthermore, event marketers of charity sport events can utilize the participants' demographic characteristics as a basis for market segmentation.

Over the past decade, broadcast rights fees have been the source of much of the growth in revenues in the intercollegiate athletics industry. However, given that the industry is dominated by public and non-profit organizations such as the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), intercollegiate athletic conferences, postseason bowl games, and institutions of higher learning, empirical valuations of intercollegiate athletic programs have been sparse. Utilizing the lens of the resource-based view (RBV) of the firm, it is evident that athletic conferences view intercollegiate athletic programs as sources of competitive advantage, further illustrating the importance of developing strategies in which such non-profit organizations can be valued. Therefore, this study utilizes the fees paid by rights holders to broadcast intraconference football contests in an investigation of the factors that may be significant predictors of the value of individual football programs to athletic conferences. Results demonstrate that variables representing a program's on-field performance, off-field prestige, and academic reputation are statistically significant predictors of its value in broadcast rights fees. The resulting model is then utilized to determine the most valuable college football programs in rights fees, as well as identify a number of programs that are currently under or over-valued based upon the share of rights fees earned from their conference's current television contracts. In today's landscape of conference realignment, this study's results include several novel findings for the leaders of non-profit organizations, such as intercollegiate athletic administrators, seeking to maximize institutional and conference resources.

Given the importance and relative financial investments institutions formulate regarding student-athletes, intercollegiate coaches and administrators must make strategic decisions in recruiting and retaining them. A lack of student-athlete persistence is detrimental to individual teams and athletic departments as a whole; thus, every effort needs to be made to retain these individuals. Furthermore, Riemer and Chelladurai (1998) argue that the success of an intercollegiate athletic department should be, at least to some degree, based on the satisfaction of its student-athletes. An important first step in this regard is to understand the dynamics of student-athletes' continued participation with (or intention to leave) their institution and their satisfaction. Based on Meyer and Allen's (1991) multidimensional conceptualization of commitment (i.e., affective, normative, and continuance commitment), the purpose of this study was to (a) assess student-athlete commitment, (b) apply the multidimensional conceptualization of commitment to three relevant foci (i.e., coach, institution, and team), and (c) relate these components of student-athlete commitment to the student-athletes' intention to leave their current university and satisfaction (with their coach, with their university, and with their team). In addition, differences in levels of commitment were examined based on gender, rank (i.e., upper-vs. under-classmen), and playing status on the team (i.e., starter vs. non-starter). Student-athletes from 11 team sports from a large, Division I-A, Midwestern university were selected to participate in this study (n = 190). Results of the study showed female student-athletes were significantly higher in their levels of commitment to their university and team, while male student-athletes were significantly higher in their affective commitment to their head coach. With regard to playing status, starters were significantly higher in their commitment to their coach. Commitment was significantly related to intention to leave for all three foci examined. Of the three, commitment to team explained the most variance (17.5%) in intention to leave. All three foci of commitment were also significantly related to satisfaction, with commitment to coach explaining the most variance (68.6%). Possible explanations for these findings, along with directions for future research on student-athlete commitment will be discussed.

Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto 7 Grapholita molesta: caracterización de una cría artificial Tomo XXXVIII • N° 1 • 2006 RESUMEN Grapholita molesta (Busck) es considerada plaga principal del duraznero en Mendoza. Sus larvas han sido criadas, en condiciones de laboratorio, con dietas naturales por diversos autores.

Sport is a central achievement context through which participants’ direct competence-related behavior to achieve desired outcomes. Achievement goal theory provides a framework for understanding self-directed behavior in achievement contexts. Theorists postulate that achievement goals reflect one’s purpose and anticipated outcomes which guide behavior. To assess this psychological construct, several achievement goal measures have been developed, from a dichotomous model (Nicholls, 1989) to the most recent 3x2 model (Elliot, Murayama, & Pekrun, 2011). In the present research, the 3x2 achievement goal model (i.e., task-approach, task-avoidance, self-approach, self-avoidance, other-approach, other-avoidance) was translated for the collegiate recreational sport domain and tested against alternative theoretical models. A questionnaire was developed and administered to recreational sport participants (N = 614) at a large, post-secondary institution in the United States. Using confirmatory ...

A continued debate persists over the place of sport within institutions of higher education. Proponents of sport champion its ability to contribute to a holistic notion of education and develop an array of competencies touted in institutional missions. There is however a dearth of empirical data examining the educational impact of athletic participation at the college level. This paper assessed the educational ability of collegiate sport participation in a unique manner, through the lens of Emotional Intelligence (EI). Student-athletes and students at five NCAA Division III institutions completed online assessments prior to and after the completion of the winter sports seasons. Evidence was produced that participation in a single season of collegiate sport does not develop interpersonal, intrapersonal, and leadership capacities significantly differently from the collegiate experience of students not participating in athletics. Institutions are advised to explore EI interventions as ...

The Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) within the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) continues to grow in popularity. However, the current system of selecting teams to play for the national championship remains a much-debated and controversial issue. The thoughts of university presidents, athletic directors, football coaches, and even United States congressmen regarding the current Bowl Championship Series (BCS) system are numerous and welldocumented. However, the opinion of the actual participating student-athlete is generally absent within the popular and scholarly discussion. The purpose of this study was to investigate the views of active Division I FBS student-athletes regarding the BCS and post-season play through a forced-choice certainty survey. Specifically, a forced-choice certainty method survey approach was used to explore both the directional and certainty judgment of 79 football student-athletes in order to compare points of interest (i.e., BCS v. Playoff Alternatives). Statistical results from the study showed participants questioned the fundamental fairness of the current BCS system and generally would prefer a playoff system because the current BCS system does not produce a-true‖ champion in their opinion. Finally, this study importantly offers a serious attempt to begin collecting information on this topic from an understudied group important in college football.

The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of gender on levels of moral reasoning for intercollegiate athletes and college students. Moral reasoning for this research was defined through the insight and application of Kohlberg's (1969) moral development theory. The sport specific measurement instrument utilized for this study was grounded in Kant's (1968) deontological ethical framework, focusing on moral reasoning from an obligation perspective. Research questions were formulated to compare the levels of moral reasoning among intercollegiate athletes and college students on the gender variable. Study participants (N= 213) from a large, Midwestern university were administered the Hahm-Beller Values Choice Inventory (HBVCI), consisting of moral dilemma items common to sport (University of Idaho Center of ETHICS*, 2009). The results of this study indicated that female athletes morally reason at a higher level than male athletes, and that collegiate students who are non-athletes morally reason at a higher level than college athletes. Additionally, the data revealed that there was no significant interaction between gender and athlete status.

This project examined the level of gambling exhibited by a convenience sample of 155 college students at a large Midwestern university and compared it to previously completed work. The researchers found most college student gamblers engaged in the most popular form of gambling like casino games, card games, and betting pools for money. Gambling on games of skill also occurred at a great rate. Very few respondents admitted gambling interfered with their studies. Finally, the frequency of gambling shows most respondents gambled the same or more since entering college. The researchers make several suggestions to help address gambling by students. The Prevalence of Gambling in College: A Review of Literature, Convenience Sample, and Recommendations Gambling has emerged as prevalent activity widely accepted by American society (Shaffer, Hall, Vander Bilt, & George, 2003; Stinchfield, Hanson, & Olson, 2006). For instance, Gerstein, et al. (1999) revealed adults gambling at least once in their lifetime increased from 65% to 86% between 1975-1999. Gambling exists as an established endeavor embraced by mainstream society in a variety of forms mainly due to opportunity and good public relations. As an example, the Kentucky Legislative Research Committee (2003) revealed most states (i.e., 37, including Washington, D.C.) introduced lotteries to their constituents since the 1960s and riverboat casinos grew large enough by the early 1990s to secure 20% of the casino market. Television networks, like ESPN and Bravo, regularly broadcast poker contests, which seemingly helps to change the image of poker and gambling with multi-million dollar stakes and popular celebrities at play (Darden & Rockey, 2006). For the purposes of this work, we follow the gambling definition provided by Kassinove (1996) which identified it as "any risky behavior, based on a combination of skill or chance, or both, in which something of value can be won or lost," (p. 763). Items recognized as holding value include money, personal possessions, social standing, and free-will. Previous studies indicated a large percentage of the population perceive gambling as a common experience they enjoyed within the past year (Engwall, Hunter,

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of internships on students’ career-related affect and intentions. Data were gathered from 138 upper-level undergraduate sport management students (71 interns, 67 noninterns). A doubly multivariate repeated measures model indicated that, although they did not differ at the beginning of the internship, interns had less positive attitudes toward the profession than did noninterns at the end of the internship. Structural equation modeling indicated that affective occupational commitment fully mediated the relationship between anticipated career satisfaction and intentions to enter the profession. The results contribute to the extant literature by demonstrating that internships can influence career-related affect and intentions.

Grounded in the dichotomous achievement goal framework, this study examined the utility of achievement goal orientations to predict sport involvement and perceived benefits (social, intellectual, and fitness) associated with participation in three college recreational sport programs: group fitness, intramural sport, and sport clubs. A questionnaire, based on the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) and Quality and Importance of Recreational Services (QIRS) perceived benefit scale, was administered to recreational sport participants (n = 1,564) at a single institution. A mixture model was proposed and tested, for which task orientation was found to positively predict sport involvement and perceived benefits of involvement, while ego orientation only predicted sport involvement. Sport involvement was found to positively predict perceived benefits of involvement. Implications for sport practitioners include task goal orientation enhancement within sport offerings and increased involvement opportunities, while theoretical implications can guide future achievement goal research within the sport domain.