Khaled Sallam

Oklahoma State University, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty Member

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Dr. Sallam's research is focused on thermal fluid sciences with application to high-speed propulsion, energy conversion, and desalination. Dr. Sallam received his Ph.D. in aerospace engineering in 2002 from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Dr. Sallam developed 3 new graduate courses and 8 undergraduate courses at OSU and received multiple teaching awards: the 2017 Excellent Teacher Award, the 2014 OSU-Tulsa President’s Outstanding Teaching Award, the 2014 Lockheed Martin Aeronautic Teaching Excellence Award, and the 2007 Halliburton Excellent Young Teacher Award. He published 71 journal articles and conference papers. He received the W.R. Marshall award from Institute for Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, North and South America, and a summer faculty fellowship from the Air Force Research Lab at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Dr. Sallam served as the chair of the ASME Mid Continent Section. He is an associate fellow of AIAA and was the Communication Chair of the AIAA High-Speed Air Breathing Propulsion Technical Committee.
Phone: 405-762-0749
Address: 700 N Greenwood Ave #225HRC
Oklahoma State University
Tulsa, OK 74106

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Mahmoud Farag

American University in Cairo

Antonio Bula

Universidad del Norte - Barranquilla, Colombia

naveen noronha

Visvesvaraya Technological University

Mikail F Lumentut

National Taiwan University

Richard Crawford

The University of Texas at Austin

Harijono Djojodihardjo

Institut Teknologi Bandung

Chandramouli Padmanabhan

IIT Madras

Sravankumar Kota

Institute Of Aeronautical Engineering

Erlet Shaqe

Carlos Lange

University of Alberta

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Papers by Khaled Sallam

Drop Size and Velocity Distributions of the Spray of Aerated Liquid Injection in Gaseous Crossflow

Bulletin of the American Physical Society, Nov 24, 2014

The American Physical Society Drop Size and Velocity Distributions of the Spray of Aerated Liquid... more The American Physical Society Drop Size and Velocity Distributions of the Spray of Aerated Liquid Injection in Gaseous Crossflow KHALED SALLAM, ADEGBOYEGA ADEBAYO, Oklahoma State University -In this study an experimental investigation of the drop size and velocity distributions of the spray of an aerated liquid injection in subsonic crossflow is described. The test conditions for this study include injector exit diameter of 1 mm, crossflow Mach number of 0.3, momentum flux ratio of 5, and gas-to-liquid mass ratio of 8%. Double pulsed digital holography was used to investigate the spray characteristics at downstream distances of 50, and 100 jet diameter. The holograms are reconstructed into "slices" and analyzed using image-processing algorithms to yield information about the drop sizes and drop velocities. Four different drop size distributions are tested: the normal distribution, the Rosin-Rammler distribution, the log normal distribution, and the Simmons' universal root-normal distribution. It was found that the log normal distribution best quantified the data obtained in this study. The drop streamwise and cross stream velocities at downstream distances of 50 jet diameter were found to be still evolving. The crossflow drop velocities converged to almost uniform velocity at a distance of 100 jet diameters downstream from the injector exit.

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The Effect of Crosswind Velocity on the Spray Drift of Flat Fan Nozzle

by Saqib Raza and Khaled Sallam

Volume 7: Fluids Engineering, 2019

The objective of this research project is to eliminate the spray drift caused by crosswind. Spray... more The objective of this research project is to eliminate the spray drift caused by crosswind. Spray drift is an important problem for the agricultural industry. Some herbicides (e.g. Dicamba) can cause serious damage if it drifts to nearby crops that are not genetically modified to withstand those herbicides. Our hypothesis is that the nozzle geometry and the injection angle can be actively/passively controlled to compensate for the crosswind velocity and effectively deliver the herbicides to the target area. The measurements include the breakup regime transitions, the droplet sizes, and the droplets trajectory as function of the wind speed and the injection angle. The current results show that the crosswind modifies the primary breakup mechanism from sheet breakup regime (i.e. thinning and fragmentation of the liquid sheet into ligaments) to bag breakup regime (i.e. the formation bags along the downstream side of liquid sheet) resulting in smaller drop sizes and an increased drift fl...

Air-Assisted Atomization of Beveled Needle Point Injector

by Saqib Raza and Khaled Sallam

International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems (ICLASS), 2021

The air-assisted atomization of a micro liquid jet injected from beveled needle point style injec... more The air-assisted atomization of a micro liquid jet injected from beveled needle point style injector is studied experimentally motivated by its potential applications in biomedical devices. The primary breakup mechanism is investigated using doubled pulsed shadowgraphy. The results include the intact core length, the location of the onset of liquid jet breakup, size of drops at onset. The results are interpreted using phenomenological analysis, and relevance of the findings to biomedical applications are discussed.

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Effect of Nozzle Length/Diameter Ratio on the Breakup of Liquid Jets in Crossflow

Bulletin of the American Physical Society, Nov 19, 2007

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Human-Powered Desalination Unit

The objective of this research is to design a human-powered desalination unit that can provide sa... more The objective of this research is to design a human-powered desalination unit that can provide safe drinking water for a typical household in developing countries. The hypothesis of our study is that a human-powered machine operating on a Mechanical Vapor Compression (MVC) cycle can provide economically- and technologically-affordable drinking water without the use of expensive RO membranes. Thermodynamic analysis for human-powered MVC cycle with minimized pressure difference and small surface area is conducted. The design space included the following limitations: (i) only one compressor and only pump could be used, (ii) evaporation mass ratio was less than 0.7, and (iii) the water had to reach the minimum temperature required to inactivate bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. The effects of the concentration of salt in the waste brine were considered. The flow rate of clean water generated was calculated as a function of the required heat exchanger surface area; the primary cost factor in the design; as well as the compressor isentropic efficiency. The effect of the isentropic efficiency of the compressor on the unit performance was also investigated. The point of maximum efficiency in term of mass flow rate per unit surface area was calculated.

Primary breakup of liquid fan sheet in crossflow

Journal of Aerosol Science, Mar 1, 2023

Properties of Nonturbulent Round Liquid Jets in Uniform Gaseous Cross Flows

Atomization and Sprays, 2005

ABSTRACT A computational and experimental study of the deformation and breakup properties of nont... more ABSTRACT A computational and experimental study of the deformation and breakup properties of nonturbulent round liquid jets in uniform gaseous cross flows is described, seeking to develop numerical predictions to find these properties at conditions that are difficult to address using experiments. The time-dependent incompressible two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations were solved in the gas and liquid phases in Conjunction with the level-set method to determine the position of the liquid-gas interface of the deforming liquid jets. The computations were evaluated satisfactorily based on earlier measurements of the properties of solid circular cylinders in cross flow (recirculating wake lengths, drag coefficients, conditions for the onset of eddy shedding, and frequencies of eddy shedding) and the present measurements of the properties of nonturbulent round liquid jets in cross flow (liquid jet cross-stream deformation, liquid jet streamwise deformation and deflection, and breakup regime transitions). Subsequent computations to find liquid jet deformation and breakup properties revealed relatively small effects of liquid-gas density and viscosity ratios on deformation and breakup regime boundaries. Small cross-flow Reynolds number conditions approaching the Stokes flow regime, however, resulted in a significant increase of the resistance of liquid jets in cross flow to deformation that has not been addressed by existing measurements of breakup properties.

엑스레이를 이용한 액체제트 분열연구

한국액체미립화학회 학술발표논문집, 2011

Distributed power generation via gasification of biomass and municipal solid waste: A review

Journal of the Energy Institute, 2020

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

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The Effect of Crosswind Velocity on the Spray Drift of Flat Fan Nozzle

Computational and Experimental Investigation of Inclined Choked Injection of Gaseous Jet

Apple Snail: a Bio Cleaner of the Water Free Surface

Bulletin of the American Physical Society, 2005

Oil spills from tankers represent a threat for shorelines and marine life. Despite continuing res... more

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Modeling of Membrane Fouling for Rotating Filtration Systems

Proceeding of Second Thermal and Fluids Engineering Conference, 2017

Validating Confined Flame Noise Simulation Using External Sensor

Sensors, Oct 21, 2022

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more

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Digital Holographic Spray Analyzer(POSTPRINT)

: Advanced spray diagnostics are needed for studying the formation of drops in a variety of natur... more : Advanced spray diagnostics are needed for studying the formation of drops in a variety of natural and technological spray processes, e.g. water falls, bow waves of ships, and many types of commercial spray atomizers, among others. Of interest is the dense-spray near-injector region which is typically opaque for spray diagnostics such as phase Doppler particle analyzers (PDPA). This is unfortunate because primary breakup processes that control spray size and velocity distributions occur in this optically challenging region. The present setup; digital holographic spray analyzer, allows the probing of dense spray regions and provides the user with droplet sizes and velocities measurements in three dimensions. The setup is based on typical in-line holography except that the holographic film is replaced with a CCD sensor. The actual process of capturing the hologram is a relatively simple process only requiring a laser, optics to form a collimated beam, and a digital camera. The hologr...

Digital Holographic Analysis of the Near Field of Aerated-Liquid Jets in Crossflow

Journal of Propulsion and Power, 2014

Inline digital holographic microscopy is used to study the rapidly developing region near the inj... more Inline digital holographic microscopy is used to study the rapidly developing region near the injector of several sprays in subsonic crossflow. Pure liquid jets are compared to aerated-liquid jets for crossflow Mach numbers of 0.3 and 0.6. Gas-to-liquid ratios of 0, 4, and 8% with a fixed momentum flux ratio (based on liquid flow rate) of 10 are investigated. Three-dimensional representations of the present test cases of aerated injection in crossflow are produced for the first time for the rapidly developing near-injector region (15–25 injector diameters downstream) owing to the capability of holographic diagnostics in probing nonspherical droplets typical of those present in this region. The results are also presented for the stable far-field region of the injector (at 50 and 100 injector diameters downstream). The results include droplet equivalent-diameter distributions, Sauter mean diameter distributions, and droplet velocities.

On Piv Measurements of Diffusion Flames

Proceeding of Second Thermal and Fluids Engineering Conference, 2017

The Structure of Inclined Choked Gas Jet

Journal of Fluids Engineering, 2022

The injection of choked gaseous jets into the still air is investigated experimentally motivated ... more The injection of choked gaseous jets into the still air is investigated experimentally motivated by many industrial applications including flares and burners. The objective is to study the effect of injection angle on the jet mixing with ambient air. The experimental methods consist of particle image velocimetry (PIV) using pulsed Nd:YAG lasers of a choked gas jet, seeded with aluminum oxide particles, injected into still air, seeded with water fog. The computational methods consisted of 7.7 million cells simulation using Star CCM+. The test conditions include injection angles of 0°, 15°, and 30°. The results including mean and fluctuating velocities and the flow vorticity are presented. The flow field is not symmetric along the injection axis due to the asymmetric triggering of expansion fans. Moreover, the numerical simulation reveals the complex interaction mechanism of the expansion fans and shockwaves within the injection port.

APPLICATION OF HOLOGRAPHIC PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY IN BUBBLY FLOW By ATANU BANERJEE Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering

Inclined Injection of Under Expanded Supersonic Gas Jet

Volume 7: Fluids Engineering, 2019

The injection of choked gaseous jets into the still air is investigated experimentally motivated ... more The injection of choked gaseous jets into the still air is investigated experimentally motivated by many industrial applications including flares and burners. The objective is to study the effect of injection angle on the jet mixing with ambient air. The experimental methods consist of particle image velocimetry (PIV) using pulsed Nd:YAG lasers of a choked gas jet, seeded with aluminum oxide particles, injected into still air, seeded with water fog. The computational methods consisted of 7.7 million cells simulation using Star CCM+. The test conditions include injection angles of 0°, 15°, and 30°. The results including mean and fluctuating velocities and the flow vorticity are presented. The flow field is not symmetric along the injection axis due to the asymmetric triggering of expansion fans at the jet exit due to the inclined injection plane. Moreover, the numerical simulation reveals the complex interaction mechanism of the expansion fans and shockwaves within the injection port.

Drop Size and Velocity Distributions of the Spray of Aerated Liquid Injection in Gaseous Crossflow

Bulletin of the American Physical Society, Nov 24, 2014

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The Effect of Crosswind Velocity on the Spray Drift of Flat Fan Nozzle

by Saqib Raza and Khaled Sallam

Volume 7: Fluids Engineering, 2019

Air-Assisted Atomization of Beveled Needle Point Injector

by Saqib Raza and Khaled Sallam

International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems (ICLASS), 2021

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Effect of Nozzle Length/Diameter Ratio on the Breakup of Liquid Jets in Crossflow

Bulletin of the American Physical Society, Nov 19, 2007

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Human-Powered Desalination Unit

Primary breakup of liquid fan sheet in crossflow

Journal of Aerosol Science, Mar 1, 2023

Properties of Nonturbulent Round Liquid Jets in Uniform Gaseous Cross Flows

Atomization and Sprays, 2005

엑스레이를 이용한 액체제트 분열연구

한국액체미립화학회 학술발표논문집, 2011

Distributed power generation via gasification of biomass and municipal solid waste: A review

Journal of the Energy Institute, 2020

Download

The Effect of Crosswind Velocity on the Spray Drift of Flat Fan Nozzle

Computational and Experimental Investigation of Inclined Choked Injection of Gaseous Jet

Apple Snail: a Bio Cleaner of the Water Free Surface

Bulletin of the American Physical Society, 2005

Oil spills from tankers represent a threat for shorelines and marine life. Despite continuing res... more

Download

Modeling of Membrane Fouling for Rotating Filtration Systems

Proceeding of Second Thermal and Fluids Engineering Conference, 2017

Validating Confined Flame Noise Simulation Using External Sensor

Sensors, Oct 21, 2022

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more

Download

Digital Holographic Spray Analyzer(POSTPRINT)

Digital Holographic Analysis of the Near Field of Aerated-Liquid Jets in Crossflow

Journal of Propulsion and Power, 2014

On Piv Measurements of Diffusion Flames

Proceeding of Second Thermal and Fluids Engineering Conference, 2017

The Structure of Inclined Choked Gas Jet

Journal of Fluids Engineering, 2022

APPLICATION OF HOLOGRAPHIC PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY IN BUBBLY FLOW By ATANU BANERJEE Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering

Inclined Injection of Under Expanded Supersonic Gas Jet

Volume 7: Fluids Engineering, 2019

The injection of choked gaseous jets into the still air is investigated experimentally motivated ... more The injection of choked gaseous jets into the still air is investigated experimentally motivated by many industrial applications including flares and burners. The objective is to study the effect of injection angle on the jet mixing with ambient air. The experimental methods consist of particle image velocimetry (PIV) using pulsed Nd:YAG lasers of a choked gas jet, seeded with aluminum oxide particles, injected into still air, seeded with water fog. The computational methods consisted of 7.7 million cells simulation using Star CCM+. The test conditions include injection angles of 0°, 15°, and 30°. The results including mean and fluctuating velocities and the flow vorticity are presented. The flow field is not symmetric along the injection axis due to the asymmetric triggering of expansion fans at the jet exit due to the inclined injection plane. Moreover, the numerical simulation reveals the complex interaction mechanism of the expansion fans and shockwaves within the injection port.

Khaled Sallam

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