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Rudi Stouffs

National University of Singapore, Department of Architecture, Faculty Member

Delft University of Technology, Architectural Engineering + Technology, Guest

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Rudi Stouffs is a Visiting Associate Professor in the Department of Architecture at the National University of Singapore and Guest Associate Professor at the Chair of Design Informatics, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology. He holds an MS in architectural engineering from the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, an MS in computational design, and a PhD in architecture from Carnegie Mellon University. He was an Assistant Professor in the School of Architecture at Carnegie Mellon University, the Research Coordinator at the Chair for Architecture and CAAD at ETH Zurich, and an Associate Professor at the Chair of Design Informatics, Faculty of Architecture, TU Delft. His research interests include computational issues of description, modeling, and representation for design in the areas of shape recognition and generation, building information modeling, information exchange, collaboration, geometric modeling, and visualization.

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Noel B. Salazar

KU Leuven

Sabanci University

University of Antwerp

Kansas State University

Stanislav Roudavski

University of Melbourne

Graham B . Slater

Southern Illinois University Edwardsville

Michael Kirchhoff

University of Wollongong

Sarah M O H A M E D el hawary

De Montfort University

Sascha Bohnenberger

Swinburne University of Technology

David Hernández

Tecnológico de Monterrey

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Dissertation by Rudi Stouffs

The Algebra of Shapes

Editorships by Rudi Stouffs

BT Research Portfolio: Computation & Performance Green Building Innovation

International Journal of Architectural Computing, 2014

AI EDAM Special Issue, November 2015, Vol. 29, No. 4

Artificial intelligence for engineering design analysis and manufacturing

Open Systems: 18th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2013)

Contemporary challenges require inclusively integrated approaches to designing. Constrained by es... more Contemporary challenges require inclusively integrated approaches to designing. Constrained by established modes of practice, such integration is impossible without a radical commitment to openness. In response to this need, the 18th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2013) brought together contributions that engage with open systems in all aspects of architectural and urban design: open with respect to the scale of the design objectives and the context, from a building component within a building system to a neighbourhood or city within its urban and rural context; open with respect to the domains being considered, from planning to sustainable performance of a building or city; open with respect to the collaboration of disciplines and participants, from ad-hoc brainstorming to a rigorous process of consultation and feedback; open with respect to design methods and techniques, from physical modelling to digital prototyping; open...

Computation & Performance: Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Education and research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe

This is the first volume of the conference proceedings of the 31st eCAADe conference, held from 1... more This is the first volume of the conference proceedings of the 31st eCAADe conference, held from 18-20 September 2013 at the Faculty of Architecture of Delft University of Technology in Delft, the Netherlands. Both volumes together contain 150 papers that were submitted and accepted to this conference.The theme of the 31st eCAADe conference is the role of computation in the consideration of performance in planning and design. Since long, a building no longer simply serves to shelter human activity from the natural environment. It must not just defy natural forces, carry its own weight, its occupants and their possessions, it should also functionally facilitate its occupants’ activities, be aesthetically pleasing, be economical in building and maintenance costs, provide temperature, humidity, lighting and acoustical comfort, be sustainable with respect to material, energy and other resources, and so forth. Considering all these performance aspects in building design is far from straig...

Journal Articles by Rudi Stouffs

Typological Descriptions as Generative Guides for Historical Architecture

Nexus Network Journal, 2015

ABSTRACT This paper presents a description grammar approach in the context of the generation of h... more

The Complexity of the Maximal Representation of Shapes

by Ramesh Krishnamurti and Rudi Stouffs

This paper is motivated by computational issues in shape grammar theory. Specifically, we conside... more This paper is motivated by computational issues in shape grammar theory. Specifically, we consider the computational complexity of shape arithmetic based on the maximal representation of shapes. The maximal representation is derived from spatial operations that specify a shape algebra, which is proven to satisfy the axioms of a boolean ring. The running time of each shape operation is shown to be a quasi-linear function of f ( n ), the asymptotic upper bound on the time to compare two elements. We consider the nature of f ( n ) for shapes made up of finite arrangements of points, lines, planes and volumes respectively.

Sortal Structures: Supporting Representational Flexibility for Building Domain Processes

by Ramesh Krishnamurti and Rudi Stouffs

Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 2007

We present a formal approach to representational flexibility, sorts, to support alternative repre... more We present a formal approach to representational flexibility, sorts, to support alternative representations of an entity. The approach is constructive, based on a part relation on elements within a sort, which enables the recognition of emergent information. The use of data functions as a sort provides for the embedding of data queries within a representational structure. We discuss the application of sorts to supporting alternative data views, illustrating this through a case study in building construction.

The complexity of the maximal representation of shapes

by Ramesh Krishnamurti and Rudi Stouffs

This paper is motivated by computational issues in shape grammar theory. Specifically, we conside... more This paper is motivated by computational issues in shape grammar theory. Specifically, we consider the computational complexity of shape arithmetic based on the maximal representation of shapes. The maximal representation is derived from spatial operations that specify a shape algebra, which is proven to satisfy the axioms of a boolean ring. The running time of each shape operation is shown to be a quasi-linear function of f ( n ), the asymptotic upper bound on the time to compare two elements. We consider the nature of f ( n ) for shapes made up of finite arrangements of points, lines, planes and volumes respectively.

The complexity of the maximal representation of shapes

by Rudi Stouffs and Ramesh Krishnamurti

This paper is motivated by computational issues in shape grammar theory. Specifically, we conside... more This paper is motivated by computational issues in shape grammar theory. Specifically, we consider the computational complexity of shape arithmetic based on the maximal representation of shapes. The maximal representation is derived from spatial operations that specify a shape algebra, which is proven to satisfy the axioms of a boolean ring. The running time of each shape operation is shown

Spatial change: continuity, reversibility, and emergent shapes

by Rudi Stouffs and Ramesh Krishnamurti

Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 1997

Spatial composition can be viewed as computations involving spatial changes each expressed as s −... more Spatial composition can be viewed as computations involving spatial changes each expressed as s − f(a) + f(b), where s is a shape, and f(a) is a representation of the emergent part (shape) that is altered by replacing it with the shape f(b). We examine this formula in three distinct but related ways. We begin by exploring the conditions under which a sequence of spatial changes is continuous. We next consider the conditions under which such changes are reversible. We conclude with the recognition of emergent shapes, i.e., the determination of transformations f that make f(a) a part of s. We enumerate the cases for shape recognition within algebras U ij , 0 ≤ i ≤ j ≤ 3 and within Cartesian products of these algebras.

Construction process simulation with rule-based robot path planning

by Rudi Stouffs and Ramesh Krishnamurti

Automation in Construction, 1994

Exploring cellular automata for high density residential building form generation

by Salman Khalili Araghi and Rudi Stouffs

This paper presents an investigation into the integration of cellular automata in the architectur... more This paper presents an investigation into the integration of cellular automata in the architectural design process, specifically in the design of high density residential building forms. Addressing the complexity of cellular automata rule definition, we explore the potential of visual and diagrammatic descriptions to address density, accessibility and natural light in the architectural context. This paper reflects on the theoretical framework of cellular automata (CA) and what characterizes their application to architectural design. The intention is to develop a tool to support the adaptation of architectural requirements into CA principles. Focusing on the application of CA at the beginning of the design process, we outline the implementation of CA generating three-dimensional architectural form for a high density residential project in the Netherlands.

Sortal grammars for urban design: A sortal approach to urban data modeling and generation

by Rudi Stouffs, Jose Beirao, José Pinto Duarte, and Jose Beirao

Grammar formalisms for design come in a large variety, requiring different representations of the... more Grammar formalisms for design come in a large variety, requiring different representations of the objects being generated, and different interpretative mechanisms for this generation. At the same time, all grammars share certain definitions and characteristics. Building on these commonalities, we consider a component-based approach for building grammar systems, utilizing a uniform characterization of grammars. Sortal representations constitute the components for this approach. They implement a model for representations, termed sorts, that defines formal operations on sorts and recognizes formal relationships between sorts. Each sort defines an algebra over its elements; formal compositions of sorts derive their algebraic properties from their component sorts. This algebraic framework makes sortal representations particularly suited for defining grammar formalisms considering a variety of algebra, and match relations (or interpretative mechanisms). For urban design and simulation, sortal grammars may include, among others, descriptive grammars, shape grammars, GIS-based grammars and any combination thereof.

Design explorations of performance driven geometry in architectural design using parametric modeling and genetic algorithms

by Michela Turrin and Rudi Stouffs

In this paper we discuss the benefits derived by combining parametric modeling and genetic algori... more In this paper we discuss the benefits derived by combining parametric modeling and genetic algorithms to achieve a performance oriented process in design, with specific focus on architectural design. The key role played by geometry in architecture is discussed in relation to performance oriented design, in which evaluations based on engineering criteria are integrated into the conceptual phase of the

Metadata as a means for correspondence on digital media

Metadata derive their action from their association to data and from the relationship they mainta... more Metadata derive their action from their association to data and from the relationship they maintain with this data. An interpretation of this action is that the metadata lays claim to the data collection to which it is associated, where the claim is successful if the data collection gains quality as a result of it. We assume that the design process manifests itself in this way: the designer lays claim to data in such a way that this data gains quality. Claims form part of a complex adaptive system in which agreement on the quality of claims is achieved through correspondence. Applied in the context of a design studio, the result is a digital media library that is both the subject and result of the educational process. By teaching students how to express and utilise these claims and their qualities in their communication with peers, they can learn to become more effective in their use of information from various sources to support such communication. They will also learn how to build digital media libraries as a collective result of their communication. In this paper, we describe a methodology for adding, utilising and managing metadata and present some intermediate results from implementing this methodology into education.

Constructing design representations using a sortal approach

Supporting the early phases of design requires, among others, support for the specification and u... more Supporting the early phases of design requires, among others, support for the specification and use of multiple and evolving representations, and for the exchange of information between these representations. We consider a complex adaptive system as a model for the development of design representations, and present a semi-constructive algebraic formalism for design representations, termed sorts, as a candidate for supporting this approach. We analyze sorts with respect to the requirements of a complex adaptive system and compare it to other representational formalisms that consider a constructive approach to representations. We demonstrate the advantages of sorts in various examples, illustrate its use to support the specification of design queries and the recognition of emergent information, and consider sorts in relationship to integrated product models.

The boundary of a shape and its classification

by Ramesh Krishnamurti and Rudi Stouffs

A unified algebraic foundation for shape computation is presented wherein the description of a sh... more A unified algebraic foundation for shape computation is presented wherein the description of a shape is explored as a sum of disjoint segments and the result of shape computation is expressed in terms of a classification of the boundaries of these segments. Shapes are considered as collections of spatial elements of limited but nonzero measure, independently of dimensionality or shape type. A spatial element is itself specified by two shapes: a carrier and a boundary. The carrier is a shape in which the element is embedded and is of the same type as the element. The boundary represents the form of the element and is a shape of a different type. A particular kind of spatial element or shape is a segment that has no nonempty proper subshape, the boundary of which is a subshape of the boundary of the segment. It is shown that a shape is the sum of a unique finite set of disjoint segments with disjoint boundaries. Then, the shape is said to be maximal and the boundary of a maximal shape is the sum of the boundaries of its maximal segments. Boundary segments of a shape can be classified with respect to another shape as to be inside or outside the other shape, or shared in the same way or shared oppositely between the two shapes. From this classification, the boundary of a shape resulting from a shape operation on two shapes is determined by summing appropriate classes of segments. In a similar way, shape relations between two shapes are shown to depend on the distribution of the boundary segments of each shape into these classes.

Sortal Structures: Supporting Representational Flexibility for Building Domain Processes

by Rudi Stouffs, Ramesh Krishnamurti, and Kuhn Park

We present a formal approach to representational flexibility, sorts, to support alternative repre... more We present a formal approach to representational flexibility, sorts, to support alternative representations of an entity. The approach is constructive, based on a part relation on elements within a sort, which enables the recognition of emergent information. The use of data functions as a sort provides for the embedding of data queries within a representational structure. We discuss the application of sorts to supporting alternative data views, illustrating this through a case study in building construction.

The Algebra of Shapes

BT Research Portfolio: Computation & Performance Green Building Innovation

International Journal of Architectural Computing, 2014

AI EDAM Special Issue, November 2015, Vol. 29, No. 4

Artificial intelligence for engineering design analysis and manufacturing

Open Systems: 18th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2013)

Contemporary challenges require inclusively integrated approaches to designing. Constrained by es... more Contemporary challenges require inclusively integrated approaches to designing. Constrained by established modes of practice, such integration is impossible without a radical commitment to openness. In response to this need, the 18th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2013) brought together contributions that engage with open systems in all aspects of architectural and urban design: open with respect to the scale of the design objectives and the context, from a building component within a building system to a neighbourhood or city within its urban and rural context; open with respect to the domains being considered, from planning to sustainable performance of a building or city; open with respect to the collaboration of disciplines and participants, from ad-hoc brainstorming to a rigorous process of consultation and feedback; open with respect to design methods and techniques, from physical modelling to digital prototyping; open...

Computation & Performance: Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Education and research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe

This is the first volume of the conference proceedings of the 31st eCAADe conference, held from 1... more This is the first volume of the conference proceedings of the 31st eCAADe conference, held from 18-20 September 2013 at the Faculty of Architecture of Delft University of Technology in Delft, the Netherlands. Both volumes together contain 150 papers that were submitted and accepted to this conference.The theme of the 31st eCAADe conference is the role of computation in the consideration of performance in planning and design. Since long, a building no longer simply serves to shelter human activity from the natural environment. It must not just defy natural forces, carry its own weight, its occupants and their possessions, it should also functionally facilitate its occupants’ activities, be aesthetically pleasing, be economical in building and maintenance costs, provide temperature, humidity, lighting and acoustical comfort, be sustainable with respect to material, energy and other resources, and so forth. Considering all these performance aspects in building design is far from straig...

Typological Descriptions as Generative Guides for Historical Architecture

Nexus Network Journal, 2015

ABSTRACT This paper presents a description grammar approach in the context of the generation of h... more

The Complexity of the Maximal Representation of Shapes

by Ramesh Krishnamurti and Rudi Stouffs

This paper is motivated by computational issues in shape grammar theory. Specifically, we conside... more This paper is motivated by computational issues in shape grammar theory. Specifically, we consider the computational complexity of shape arithmetic based on the maximal representation of shapes. The maximal representation is derived from spatial operations that specify a shape algebra, which is proven to satisfy the axioms of a boolean ring. The running time of each shape operation is shown to be a quasi-linear function of f ( n ), the asymptotic upper bound on the time to compare two elements. We consider the nature of f ( n ) for shapes made up of finite arrangements of points, lines, planes and volumes respectively.

Sortal Structures: Supporting Representational Flexibility for Building Domain Processes

by Ramesh Krishnamurti and Rudi Stouffs

Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 2007

We present a formal approach to representational flexibility, sorts, to support alternative repre... more We present a formal approach to representational flexibility, sorts, to support alternative representations of an entity. The approach is constructive, based on a part relation on elements within a sort, which enables the recognition of emergent information. The use of data functions as a sort provides for the embedding of data queries within a representational structure. We discuss the application of sorts to supporting alternative data views, illustrating this through a case study in building construction.

The complexity of the maximal representation of shapes

by Ramesh Krishnamurti and Rudi Stouffs

This paper is motivated by computational issues in shape grammar theory. Specifically, we conside... more This paper is motivated by computational issues in shape grammar theory. Specifically, we consider the computational complexity of shape arithmetic based on the maximal representation of shapes. The maximal representation is derived from spatial operations that specify a shape algebra, which is proven to satisfy the axioms of a boolean ring. The running time of each shape operation is shown to be a quasi-linear function of f ( n ), the asymptotic upper bound on the time to compare two elements. We consider the nature of f ( n ) for shapes made up of finite arrangements of points, lines, planes and volumes respectively.

The complexity of the maximal representation of shapes

by Rudi Stouffs and Ramesh Krishnamurti

This paper is motivated by computational issues in shape grammar theory. Specifically, we conside... more This paper is motivated by computational issues in shape grammar theory. Specifically, we consider the computational complexity of shape arithmetic based on the maximal representation of shapes. The maximal representation is derived from spatial operations that specify a shape algebra, which is proven to satisfy the axioms of a boolean ring. The running time of each shape operation is shown

Spatial change: continuity, reversibility, and emergent shapes

by Rudi Stouffs and Ramesh Krishnamurti

Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 1997

Spatial composition can be viewed as computations involving spatial changes each expressed as s −... more Spatial composition can be viewed as computations involving spatial changes each expressed as s − f(a) + f(b), where s is a shape, and f(a) is a representation of the emergent part (shape) that is altered by replacing it with the shape f(b). We examine this formula in three distinct but related ways. We begin by exploring the conditions under which a sequence of spatial changes is continuous. We next consider the conditions under which such changes are reversible. We conclude with the recognition of emergent shapes, i.e., the determination of transformations f that make f(a) a part of s. We enumerate the cases for shape recognition within algebras U ij , 0 ≤ i ≤ j ≤ 3 and within Cartesian products of these algebras.

Construction process simulation with rule-based robot path planning

by Rudi Stouffs and Ramesh Krishnamurti

Automation in Construction, 1994

Exploring cellular automata for high density residential building form generation

by Salman Khalili Araghi and Rudi Stouffs

This paper presents an investigation into the integration of cellular automata in the architectur... more This paper presents an investigation into the integration of cellular automata in the architectural design process, specifically in the design of high density residential building forms. Addressing the complexity of cellular automata rule definition, we explore the potential of visual and diagrammatic descriptions to address density, accessibility and natural light in the architectural context. This paper reflects on the theoretical framework of cellular automata (CA) and what characterizes their application to architectural design. The intention is to develop a tool to support the adaptation of architectural requirements into CA principles. Focusing on the application of CA at the beginning of the design process, we outline the implementation of CA generating three-dimensional architectural form for a high density residential project in the Netherlands.

Sortal grammars for urban design: A sortal approach to urban data modeling and generation

by Rudi Stouffs, Jose Beirao, José Pinto Duarte, and Jose Beirao

Grammar formalisms for design come in a large variety, requiring different representations of the... more Grammar formalisms for design come in a large variety, requiring different representations of the objects being generated, and different interpretative mechanisms for this generation. At the same time, all grammars share certain definitions and characteristics. Building on these commonalities, we consider a component-based approach for building grammar systems, utilizing a uniform characterization of grammars. Sortal representations constitute the components for this approach. They implement a model for representations, termed sorts, that defines formal operations on sorts and recognizes formal relationships between sorts. Each sort defines an algebra over its elements; formal compositions of sorts derive their algebraic properties from their component sorts. This algebraic framework makes sortal representations particularly suited for defining grammar formalisms considering a variety of algebra, and match relations (or interpretative mechanisms). For urban design and simulation, sortal grammars may include, among others, descriptive grammars, shape grammars, GIS-based grammars and any combination thereof.

Design explorations of performance driven geometry in architectural design using parametric modeling and genetic algorithms

by Michela Turrin and Rudi Stouffs

In this paper we discuss the benefits derived by combining parametric modeling and genetic algori... more In this paper we discuss the benefits derived by combining parametric modeling and genetic algorithms to achieve a performance oriented process in design, with specific focus on architectural design. The key role played by geometry in architecture is discussed in relation to performance oriented design, in which evaluations based on engineering criteria are integrated into the conceptual phase of the

Metadata as a means for correspondence on digital media

Metadata derive their action from their association to data and from the relationship they mainta... more Metadata derive their action from their association to data and from the relationship they maintain with this data. An interpretation of this action is that the metadata lays claim to the data collection to which it is associated, where the claim is successful if the data collection gains quality as a result of it. We assume that the design process manifests itself in this way: the designer lays claim to data in such a way that this data gains quality. Claims form part of a complex adaptive system in which agreement on the quality of claims is achieved through correspondence. Applied in the context of a design studio, the result is a digital media library that is both the subject and result of the educational process. By teaching students how to express and utilise these claims and their qualities in their communication with peers, they can learn to become more effective in their use of information from various sources to support such communication. They will also learn how to build digital media libraries as a collective result of their communication. In this paper, we describe a methodology for adding, utilising and managing metadata and present some intermediate results from implementing this methodology into education.

Constructing design representations using a sortal approach

Supporting the early phases of design requires, among others, support for the specification and u... more Supporting the early phases of design requires, among others, support for the specification and use of multiple and evolving representations, and for the exchange of information between these representations. We consider a complex adaptive system as a model for the development of design representations, and present a semi-constructive algebraic formalism for design representations, termed sorts, as a candidate for supporting this approach. We analyze sorts with respect to the requirements of a complex adaptive system and compare it to other representational formalisms that consider a constructive approach to representations. We demonstrate the advantages of sorts in various examples, illustrate its use to support the specification of design queries and the recognition of emergent information, and consider sorts in relationship to integrated product models.

The boundary of a shape and its classification

by Ramesh Krishnamurti and Rudi Stouffs

A unified algebraic foundation for shape computation is presented wherein the description of a sh... more A unified algebraic foundation for shape computation is presented wherein the description of a shape is explored as a sum of disjoint segments and the result of shape computation is expressed in terms of a classification of the boundaries of these segments. Shapes are considered as collections of spatial elements of limited but nonzero measure, independently of dimensionality or shape type. A spatial element is itself specified by two shapes: a carrier and a boundary. The carrier is a shape in which the element is embedded and is of the same type as the element. The boundary represents the form of the element and is a shape of a different type. A particular kind of spatial element or shape is a segment that has no nonempty proper subshape, the boundary of which is a subshape of the boundary of the segment. It is shown that a shape is the sum of a unique finite set of disjoint segments with disjoint boundaries. Then, the shape is said to be maximal and the boundary of a maximal shape is the sum of the boundaries of its maximal segments. Boundary segments of a shape can be classified with respect to another shape as to be inside or outside the other shape, or shared in the same way or shared oppositely between the two shapes. From this classification, the boundary of a shape resulting from a shape operation on two shapes is determined by summing appropriate classes of segments. In a similar way, shape relations between two shapes are shown to depend on the distribution of the boundary segments of each shape into these classes.

Sortal Structures: Supporting Representational Flexibility for Building Domain Processes

by Rudi Stouffs, Ramesh Krishnamurti, and Kuhn Park

We present a formal approach to representational flexibility, sorts, to support alternative repre... more We present a formal approach to representational flexibility, sorts, to support alternative representations of an entity. The approach is constructive, based on a part relation on elements within a sort, which enables the recognition of emergent information. The use of data functions as a sort provides for the embedding of data queries within a representational structure. We discuss the application of sorts to supporting alternative data views, illustrating this through a case study in building construction.

Spatial change: continuity, reversibility, and emergent shapes

by Rudi Stouffs and Ramesh Krishnamurti

Spatial composition can be viewed as computation involving spatial changes each expressed as s - ... more Spatial composition can be viewed as computation involving spatial changes each expressed as s - f( a )+f( b ), where s is a shape, and f( a ) is a representation of the emergent part (shape) that is altered by replacing it with the shape f( b ). We examine this formula in three distinct but related ways. We begin by exploring the conditions under which a sequence of spatial changes is continuous. We next consider the conditions under which such changes are reversible. We conclude with the recognition of emergent shapes, that is, the determination of transformations f that make f( a ) a part of s . We enumerate the cases for shape recognition within algebras Uij , 0 <= i <= j <= 3, and within Cartesian products of these algebras.

Design explorations of performance driven geometry in architectural design using parametric modeling and genetic algorithms

by Michela Turrin, Peter von Buelow, and Rudi Stouffs

In this paper we discuss the benefits derived by combining parametric modeling and genetic algori... more In this paper we discuss the benefits derived by combining parametric modeling and genetic algorithms to achieve a performance oriented process in design, with specific focus on architectural design. The key role played by geometry in architecture is discussed in relation to performance oriented design, in which evaluations based on engineering criteria are integrated into the conceptual phase of the design. The per- formance attained by a specific geometric solution is considered along with its complexity in an interdis- ciplinarity process. A specific case study using large roofs is presented as an example. Enabling the designer to automatically generate a large range of alternative design solutions is a great advantage offered by parametric modeling in supporting geometric design explorations. However, this in turn pre- sents the difficulty of how to evaluate the resulting myriad of generated alternatives. ParaGen is pre- sented as a tool to support the exploration of the parametric design alternatives. ParaGen combines parametric modeling, performance simulation software and genetic algorithms, together with a database to store and retrieve the solutions for subsequent exploration. The design exploration is enhanced by means of the interaction of the designer with the process. This serves two objectives. Firstly, it addresses the genetic algorithm based creation of design solutions, while still focusing on a given fitness function. Secondly, it facilitates knowledge extraction from the generated solutions. A description of the tool and its possible uses by designers is provided. Applications of this tool are illustrated for both education and research, with specific reference to two examples in the field of modular long span roofs. The first case study has been developed as part of a teaching exercise in which ParaGen is used to explore the morphol- ogy of a dome based on structural performance. The second case study is derived from a research project which deals with solar energy transmission, and concerns the solar heat gain and daylight transmittance of a long span roof.

Design explorations of performance driven geometry in architectural design using parametric modeling and genetic algorithms

by Peter von Buelow and Rudi Stouffs

Advanced Engineering Informatics, 2011

In this paper we discuss the benefits derived by combining parametric modeling and genetic algori... more In this paper we discuss the benefits derived by combining parametric modeling and genetic algorithms to achieve a performance oriented process in design, with specific focus on architectural design. The key role played by geometry in architecture is discussed in relation to performance oriented design, in which evaluations based on engineering criteria are integrated into the conceptual phase of the

Knowledge Based Integration of Sustainability Issues in the (Re) Design Process

by Irem Erbas and Rudi Stouffs

2011 AAAI Spring Symposium Series, Jan 1, 2011

Active learning and the process of science: beyond information skills

by Maurits Ertsen and Rudi Stouffs

Information is produced, communicated and validated within peer networks. It is important for eng... more Information is produced, communicated and validated within peer networks. It is important for engineering students and universities to (learn to) develop and work within these peer-driven, information-based networks. The pragmatic consequence of the use of ICT in education within these communities is that students become correspondents. One of the most difficult issues is how to develop a strategic didactic scenario with which the traditional handling of scientific material could be shaped and interconnected with the objectives of education and research as these are expressed in the curricula of the faculties, given the considerable differences that can exist between curricula and student populations of different universities.

Structuring a generative model for urban design: linking GIS to shape grammars

by Jose Beirao and Rudi Stouffs

Architecture in Computro-26th …, Jan 1, 2008

A Formal Structure for Nonequivalent Solid Representations

by Ramesh Krishnamurti and Rudi Stouffs

This work is based on the recognition that there will always be a need for different representati... more This work is based on the recognition that there will always be a need for different representations of the same entity, albeit a building or building part, a shape or other complex attribute. Different representations support different sets of operations with varying efficiencies. Given our expectation that such multiple representations will always exist, there is a need, formally, to define

Sorts: A Concept for Representational Flexibility

by Rudi Stouffs and Ramesh Krishnamurti

CAAD futures 1997, 1997

This work is based on the recognition that there will always be a need for different representati... more This work is based on the recognition that there will always be a need for different representations of the same entity, albeit a building or building part, a shape or other complex attribute. This exigency ensues, formally, to define the relations between alternative representations, in order to support translation and identify where exact translation is possible, and to define coverage of different representations. We consider an abstraction of representations to model sorts that allows us to define algebraic operations on sorts and recognize algebraic relationships between sorts, providing us with a method for the analysis of representations, and the comparison of their coverage. We present the basis of support for a multi-representational environment.

Structuring a generative model for urban design: linking GIS to shape grammars

by Rudi Stouffs and Jose Beirao

Architecture in Computro-26th …, 2008

Urban Design processes need to adopt flexible and adaptive procedures to respond to the evolving ... more Urban Design processes need to adopt flexible and adaptive procedures to respond to the evolving demands of the contemporary city. To support such dynamic processes, a specific design methodology and a supporting tool are needed. This design methodology considers the development of a design system rather than a single design solution. It is based on patterns and shape grammars. The idea is to link the descriptions of each pattern to specific shape rules inducing the generation of formal solutions that satisfy the pattern. The methodology explores, from the urban designer point of view, the capacity of a shape grammar to codify and generate urban form . This paper defines the ontology of urban entities to build on a GIS platform the topology describing the various components of the city structure. By choosing different sets of patterns the designer defines his vision for a specific context. The patterns are explicated into shape rules that encode the designer's interpretation of the pattern, and operate on this ontology of urban entities generating solutions that satisfy the pattern's concept. Some examples of the topological relations are shown.

Sortal grammars for urban design: A sortal approach to urban data modeling and generation

by Jose Beirao and Rudi Stouffs

Communications in Computer and Information Science, 2012

ABSTRACT Grammar formalisms for design come in a large variety, requiring different representatio... more ABSTRACT Grammar formalisms for design come in a large variety, requiring different representations of the objects being generated, and different interpretative mechanisms for this generation. At the same time, all grammars share certain definitions and characteristics. Building on these commonalities, we consider a component-based approach for building grammar systems, utilizing a uniform characterization of grammars. Sortal representations constitute the components for this approach. They implement a model for representations, termed sorts, that defines formal operations on sorts and recognizes formal relationships between sorts. Each sort defines an algebra over its elements; formal compositions of sorts derive their algebraic properties from their component sorts. This algebraic framework makes sortal representations particularly suited for defining grammar formalisms considering a variety of algebra, and match relations (or interpretative mechanisms). For urban design and simulation, sortal grammars may include, among others, descriptive grammars, shape grammars, GIS-based grammars and any combination thereof.

Implementing a Generative Urban Design Model

by Jose Beirao and Rudi Stouffs

Page 249. Implementing a Generative Urban Design Model Grammar-based design patterns for urban de... more

Grammars of designs and grammars for designing

by Rudi Stouffs and Jose Beirao

… Languages, Cultures and …, 2009

Analytical work has demonstrated the potential of shape grammars for capturing rules embedded in ... more Analytical work has demonstrated the potential of shape grammars for capturing rules embedded in existing design styles, and generating designs within such styles that match given design contexts. However, the creation of grammars for new design styles, from exploratory rules to design synthesis, remains elusive. The combined use of patterns and discursive grammars is here proposed as a way of encoding the semantics behind recurrent urban design operations and enable the development of a tool to support the creation of new grammars. The idea is that by exploring the combination of generative patterns designers may arrive at new grammars.

Multi-Perspective Urban Optioneering

by Rudi Stouffs and Patrick Janssen

This paper investigates the state-of-the-art with respect to simulation-based planning support sy... more This paper investigates the state-of-the-art with respect to simulation-based planning support systems in order to draw a set of requirements and best practices for an urban planning and design framework that enables multiple stakeholders with differing perspectives to systematically explore design options, leveraging the latest analysis and simulation techniques. From these requirements and best practices, the foundations and structure of such an urban planning and design framework are developed. A number of technological and methodological challenges are identified for future investigation.

The city as a street system: A street description for a city ontology

by Nuno Montenegro, Rudi Stouffs, Jose P Duarte, and Jose Beirao

SIGraDi 2009 - Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, (pp. 132-134). Sao Paulo, Brazil., 2009

The street system is an important component of the city ontology created for a generative urban d... more The street system is an important component of the city ontology created for a generative urban design tool and should be able to integrate the many visions or interpretations that designers or other urban design agents may have about streets. This paper describes several characteristics of the street system, with its components organized into object classes which are the shape sets of algebras used by a generation module to generate street network representations that can be assessed by a GIS platform.

Digital design exploration of structural morphologies integrating adaptable modules: A design process based on parametric modeling

We present an example of parametric modeling of a large span roof and discuss a parametric approa... more We present an example of parametric modeling of a large span roof and discuss a parametric approach to integrating performance oriented design in the conceptual phase of the design process. In the case study shown here, architectural geometry is related to structural morphology; as part of a larger process, its parameterization aims at supporting further performance related investigations, including thermal aspects, by meaning of both the large scale investigation and a more detailed level of design.

Description of a methodology for decision support for energy efficient housing redesign

by Irem Erbas and Rudi Stouffs

Computing in Civil …, 2010

Reduction in energy consumption and quality of indoor climate are equally important issues in the... more

The city as a street system: A street description for a city ontology

by Jose Beirao, Jose P Duarte, Rudi Stouffs, and Jose Beirao

… 2009-Proceedings of …, Jan 1, 2009

Abstract. The street system is an important component of the city ontology created for a generat... more Abstract. The street system is an important component of the city ontology
created for a generative urban design tool and should be able to integrate the
many visions or interpretations that designers or other urban design agents
may have about streets. This paper describes several characteristics of the
street system, with its components organized into object classes which are the
shape sets of algebras used by a generation module to generate street network
representations that can be assessed by a GIS platform.

Keywords. Ontology, urban design, shape grammars, planning

Active learning and the process of science : beyond information skills

Information is produced, communicated and validated within peer networks. It is important for eng... more Information is produced, communicated and validated within peer networks. It is important for engineering students and universities to (learn to) develop and work within these peer-driven, information-based networks. The pragmatic consequence of the use of ICT in education within these communities is that students become correspondents. One of the most difficult issues is how to develop a strategic didactic scenario with which the traditional handling of scientific material could be shaped and interconnected with the objectives of education and research as these are expressed in the curricula of the faculties, given the considerable differences that can exist between curricula and student populations of different universities.

Managing Visual Complexity in a Digital Performance Assessment Tool

Building performance assessment models can become very complex and difficult to manage. The scope... more Building performance assessment models can become very complex and difficult to manage. The scope and amount of building components and performance data/knowledge can get very extensive, and the complex object structures make the associations between the model entities quite intricate. Such difficulties directly impact the visual representation. This paper discusses ways of managing this complexity in a visual representation, with the aim of making the user interaction with the model easier without reducing the complexity of the model. Furthermore, we will elaborate on these problems with an exploration of specific cases, along with the explicit approaches and solutions to the problems delivered by the authors. While these solutions are grounded in the context of building performance assessment, they are more broadly applicable to complex, integrated models.

A digital performance assessment tool for the Dutch government building agency

This paper discusses the modeling efforts in the development of an integral building performance ... more This paper discusses the modeling efforts in the development of an integral building performance assessment tool for the Dutch Government Building Agency (RGD). The model enables the performance data to be created, processed and communicated throughout the building lifecycle by various stakeholders. The proposed model extends the authors' previous research efforts in developing a digital environment for continuous building performance verification and data integration. Moreover, it is planned to include other assessment methods that RGD are practicing in the proposed model. In this respect, the proposed model's adaptability to incorporate the concepts of the initial model and its capacity of flexibility and extendibility to integrate new performative concepts and methods are discussed.

A computational framework for integration of performance information during the building lifecycle

Optimal indoor environments in terms of thermal comfort and indoor air quality are essential to m... more Optimal indoor environments in terms of thermal comfort and indoor air quality are essential to maintain healthy and productive spaces. To address the high occupant comfort and energy efficiency requirements, advanced HVAC systems that have narrow performance boundaries are used. It is crucial to achieve the satisfactory operational level for systems and buildings by the adoption of performance based verification strategies. Performance-based approach requires the continuous verification of the actual performance against objectives during the building lifecycle. Building commissioning, building energy management systems (BEMS) and operations and maintenance are effective tools to verify optimum building performance and have the potential to embed performance assessment into the building lifecycle. However, transfer of performance information from one method or building phase to another is difficult.

Information Architecture: Presentation and Representation

Though still in its infancy, the world-wide web has the potential to make a profound impact in th... more Though still in its infancy, the world-wide web has the potential to make a profound impact in the field of architecture. Next to the physically built and virtually built, we recognize an information architecture that shapes and characterizes the spaces in which we work and collaborate on the computer. In this paper, we consider the web as an information and collaboration environment and attempt to assess its strengths and shortcomings. We present a research project for a web-based information, communication and collaboration system for the Swiss building industry, and describe a concept for representational flexibility that is particularly suited to support information exchange in such a collaborative environment.

Computational Richness in the Representation of Architectural Languages

In education, as in architectural history, theory, and design, complete and thorough analyses of ... more In education, as in architectural history, theory, and design, complete and thorough analyses of architectural bodies and objects are indispensable. These analyses cover many different aspects of the subject, e.g., physical and contextual attributes as well as geometric, functional, typological and organizational relations. When the results are computationally integrated, new views and arguments can be deduced from these that transcend the individual abstractions. Achieving such an integration computationally is hampered by the fact that different informational aspects of an architectural system require different representational languages. We propose an alternative approach to the quest for a truly universal, computational language or model. This approach relies on a computational framework where each model or abstraction is specified in its own appropriate representation, though with a common syntax. Representations can be combined and integrated, and relationships between the abstractions An extensive analysis of an architectural object or body leads to a model composed of abstractions, each reflecting on a different aspect. Though separately described through drawings, diagrams, and texts, these abstractions relate in many ways, most commonly through shared components. An integrated model that recognizes these relationships yields more than only the original abstractions. We present a methodology for achieving such a rich representation and touch upon the tools and techniques necessary to implement this methodology. As an application of this methodology, we describe an interactive educational system for the presentation of architectural analyses. expressed within this framework.

Geospatial tool-chains: Planning support systems for organisational teams

International Journal of Architectural Computing, Jul 16, 2019

In practice, most planners do not make significant use of planning support systems. Although exte... more In practice, most planners do not make significant use of planning support systems. Although extensive research has been conducted, the focus tends to be on supporting individual tasks, and the outcomes are often the development of new stand-alone tools that are difficult to integrate into existing workflows. The knowledge contribution in this article focuses on developing a novel spatial decision support framework focusing on the workflows and tool-chains that span across different teams with varying skill sets and objectives, within an organisation. In the proposed framework, the core decision-making process uses a set of decision parameters that are combined using a weighted decision tree. The framework is evaluated by developing and testing a workflow and GIS tool-chain for a real-world case study of land suitability and mixed-use potentiality analysis.

Teaching Computational Design Optimization - An experimental course for performance-based building massing exploration

Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe) [Volume 1]

This paper presents an experimental course focusing on computational design optimization for perf... more This paper presents an experimental course focusing on computational design optimization for performance-based building design exploration. The course uses a design system combining a parametric design tool with a cloud-based design evaluation server. The system allows students with no previous parametric modelling skills to conduct a series of complex performance-based design optimizations and subsequently extract knowledge regarding the interrelation between design performance and building form. The paper presents three examples from students' assignments and their reflections after the use of the system in a design task. The examples demonstrate this course can help early-year students better understand the value and the utility of performance-based design optimization in architectural design.

Description grammars: Precedents revisited

Elements, Jul 16, 2021

A description grammar, in conjunction with a shape grammar, serves to generate verbal description... more A description grammar, in conjunction with a shape grammar, serves to generate verbal descriptions of designs, next to the spatial descriptions. These verbal descriptions can also assist in guiding the generative process. This paper revisits applications of description grammars found in literature and demonstrates how they can be recast and redeveloped to make use of a general notation and implementation for description grammars. The review of this notation was the topic of a previous paper; this paper is both meant as an illustration and as a confirmation of those review analysis results.

基于条件生成对抗网络的城市设计研究 Urban design process with conditional generative adversarial networks

Elements, Aug 3, 2021

建筑学报 Architectural Journal600108-113Chin

2017 Proceedings of the Symposium on Simulation for Architecture and Urban Design

Elements, Jul 16, 2021

United State

The Computation of Description Grammars

Elements, Jul 16, 2021

21st International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA)

Algorithmic complexity of shape grammar implementation

Elements, Jul 16, 2021

Computer-based shape grammar implementations aim to support creative design exploration by automa... more Computer-based shape grammar implementations aim to support creative design exploration by automating rule-application. This paper reviews existing shape grammar implementations in terms of their algorithmic complexity, extends the definition of shape grammars with sets of transformations for rule application, categorizes (parametric and non-parametric) sets of transformations, and analyses these categories in terms of the resulting algorithmic complexity. Specifically, it describes how different sets of transformations admit different numbers of targets (i.e., potential inputs) for rule application. In the non-parametric case, this number is quadratic or cubic, while in the parametric case, it can be non-polynomial, depending on the size of the target shape. The analysis thus yields lower bounds for the algorithmic complexity of shape grammar implementations that hold independently of the employed algorithm or data structure. Based on these bounds, we propose novel matching algorithms for nonparametric and parametric shape grammar implementation and analyze their complexity. The results provide guidance for future, general-purpose shape grammar implementations for design exploration.

Description grammars: A general notation

Elements, Jul 16, 2021

A description grammar, in conjunction with a shape grammar, serves to generate verbal description... more A description grammar, in conjunction with a shape grammar, serves to generate verbal descriptions of designs, next to the spatial descriptions. These verbal descriptions can also assist in guiding the generative process. This paper presents a general notation for descriptions and description rules that accounts, extensively if not entirely, for many of the applications of description grammars found in literature. Specifically, a review of the notation with respect to these description schemes supports the explication of its strengths and limitations and the identification of future work. A follow-up paper will revisit selected applications of description grammars and demonstrate the applicability of this general notation to these case studies.

Development of Synthetic Patient Data to Support Urban Planning for Public Health

38th Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAAD... more

Emerging topics in 3D GIS

Transactions in Gis, Jan 16, 2021

The ‘Atlas’ of Design Conceptual Space: A Design Thinking Framework with Cognitive and Computational Footings

Springer eBooks, 2023

From exploration to interpretation: Adopting deep representation learning models to latent space lnterpretation of architectural design alternatives

Elements, Jul 16, 2021

1131-14

From Exploration to Interpretation - Adopting Deep Representation Learning Models to Latent Space Interpretation of Architectural Design Alternatives

An informative interpretation of the hyper-dimensional design solution space can potentially enha... more An informative interpretation of the hyper-dimensional design solution space can potentially enhance the cognitive capacity of designers with respect to both conventional design practice and the research domain of computational-aided generative design. However, the hitherto research of design space exploration has had limited focus on the interpretation of the hyper solution space per se due to the knowledge gap pertaining to representation and generation. Representation learning techniques, as a core paradigm in the statistically empowered domain of machine learning, possess the capability of extracting a convoluted probabilistic distribution of hyperspace with latent features from unorganized data sources in a generalized manner, which can be an intuitive modus operandi for a structural interpretation of the intricate latent design solution space and benefit the challenging task of architectural design exploration. We examine and demonstrate the potential capabilities of representation learning techniques for the interpretation of latent architectural design solution space with consideration of disentanglement and diversity.

A Triple Graph Grammar Approach to Mapping IFC Models into CityGML Building Models

The 23rd International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia241-50Ho... more

Elastic buildings: Calibrated district-scale simulation of occupant-flexible campus operation for hybrid work optimization

Building and Environment, Jun 1, 2023

The computation of description grammars: two case studies

We revisit two case studies that adopt a shape grammar to relate different architectural styles. ... more We revisit two case studies that adopt a shape grammar to relate different architectural styles. Both adopt a description scheme, augmenting the shape grammar, as the main vehicle for relating different styles, however, they both present the description rules only conceptually. Following a description grammar interpreter and its notation for descriptions and description rules, we explore a valid explication of both description schemes. This exploration serves three purposes: firstly, as a demonstration of the notation adopted; secondly, as an evaluation of the applicability of the description grammar interpreter and its notation to these case studies; and, thirdly, as a demonstration of the explication of description grammars from concept to computation.

Hierarchical (multi-label) architectural image recognition and classification

The task of architectural image recognition for both architectural functionality and style remain... more The task of architectural image recognition for both architectural functionality and style remains an open challenge. In addition, the paucity of well-organized, large-scale architectural image datasets with specific consideration for the domain of architectural design research has hindered the exploration of these challenging tasks. Drawing upon images from the professional architectural website Archdaily®, and leveraging state-of-the-art deep-learning-based classification models, we explore a hierarchical multi-label classification model as a potential baseline for the task of architectural image classification. The resulting model showcases the potential for innovative architectural discipline-related analyses and demonstrates some heuristic insights for visual feature extraction pertaining to both architectural functionality and architectural style.

Identifying key parameters for BIM-based disassembly planning

Proceedings of the ... ISARC, Jul 7, 2023

An algorithmic design grammar for problem solving

Automation in Construction, Oct 1, 2018

Shape grammars, in conjunction with description grammars, have potential for applications beyond ... more Shape grammars, in conjunction with description grammars, have potential for applications beyond stylistic design generation, such as problem solving. However, few case studies elucidate how to map design logic or knowledge onto the development and organization of rules. As such, the application process usually remains manual or controlled by an optimization algorithm. The aim of this study is to create a design grammar which can rely on logic embedded within or between rules to guide the derivation process towards an objective in an automated way. We propose a general approach to develop an algorithmic design grammar which allows logic to be embedded at varying complexity level. To improve the clarity of logic and automate the application of grammars, rules are structured in algorithmic patterns using sequence, selection and iteration. A layout generation problem is used as a case study for demonstration, and design grammars with different deduction strategies are compared regarding their applicability and limitations.

Topological Operations: A New Method Toward Retrievable Design Operations

Communications in computer and information science, 2023

Designing walkable neighbourhoods in Singapore using Form- based Codes

by Simona Azzali and Rudi Stouffs

While Singapore often tops the rankings as the most liveable city in Asia, especially due to its ... more While Singapore often tops the rankings as the most liveable city in Asia, especially due to its easy access to public amenities, active mobility, including walking and cycling, only accounts for a minority of all ridership in the city-state. This raises two key questions: 1) what factors hinder walkability in Singapore and 2) how can the built environment be improved to promote active mobility. This study argues that the lack of detailed urban design guidelines impedes the creation of pedestrian-friendly environments, especially for public housing neighbourhoods that form the main urban landscape of Singapore. It first diagnoses the main problems pertaining to poor walkability of public housing neighbourhoods at four different dimensions, namely connectivity, closeness and spatial distribution, comfort and safety. Then, it explores the possibility of using Form-based Codes (FBC) to improve walkability for these areas. On this basis, a series of guidelines and recommendations for improving walkability in public housing neighbourhoods are proposed. This study for the first time explores applying FBC to high-density tropical cities in Asia. The research findings indicate that the FBC principles and methods for improving neighbourhood walkability are also potentially useful for other similar urban environments of tropical Asian cities.