we constructed the map by overlaying and georeferencing Figure from Teo & rajathurai (1997) onto ... more we constructed the map by overlaying and georeferencing Figure from Teo & rajathurai (1997) onto our map in QgIS. we then edited the map to better reflect species distributions as specified in the published literature. Each species account includes the following: Species name: Included in this section is the species name, authority (author and year of publication, where the first published description and name for the species can be found), status in Singapore, type material, type locality, common name, and figure number. For any photographs representing a new locality for the species, we append the locality to the figure number. Indeterminate species are species whose continuation in Singapore is unknown as they have not been recorded for a long time. Singapore records: Here, we include the chresynonymy, which lists each of the names used (origins of incorrect subsequent spellings, synonyms, and changes in taxonomic rank or movement for each name) reporting the species in Singapore. Each name is then followed by a list of references using that name when reporting the species from Singapore. The references are listed in order of year first, then alphabetical order. If stated in the reference, the specific locality and general locality are provided in parentheses and brackets, respectively. If the specified locality is misspelled, a synonym, or presently known by a different name, the applicable name is indicated by "[= ]". where possible, we try to single out original observations. Since some species were recognised under the same name, published records refer to the existing species designation. remarks: This section includes a commentary on the species, providing a summary on taxonomic history, first record, history of records, or any other useful information regarding the species presence in Singapore. Due to lack of research prior to the 1980s, species are considered rediscovered only if found after 1980, and only after more than 50 years of absence. Occurrence. Occurrence relates each species distribution and abundance in Singapore. Distribution is categorised as: 1) ubiquitous = found anywhere and in all terrestrial habitats; 2) widespread = found in suitable habitat throughout most of Singapore; 3) wide-ranging = found in suitable habitat, but not all throughout Singapore and not confined to certain areas; 4) restricted = known only from certain localities; 5) visitor (used for some marine turtles). Abundance is categorised as: 1) Common; 2) uncommon; 3) rare, or; 4) likely extirpated. The occurrence of some species is only known from museum records so they cannot be categorised into one of the categories. conservation status: Conservation status is split into three sections: 1) Singapore conservation status: according to online version of the forthcoming third edition of The Singapore red Data Book (NParks 2023). 2) conservation priority: this field registers the conservation action recommended in Singapore. 3) iucn conservation status: IuCN conservation status and year published according to IuCN red list of Threatened Species (IuCN 2023). Museum specimens: we split museum records into two sections. The first includes specimens from lKCNHM and NHMuK, and the second contains specimens held at all other museums. we split museum records into two sections because lKCNHM contains the bulk of Singapore specimens, and because the majority of early collected specimens and type materials are stored at NHMuK. As some museum records included doubtful species, we requested to examine some of the specimens via detailed photographs illustrating diagnostic characters. However, we were unable to access all questionable specimens (i.e., identity and locality). Singapore localities: Here, we summarise all of the localities a species has been recorded in Singapore based on the chresynonymy, museum specimens, and some field observations. A summary of localities for excluded species was not provided since most species were never found in Singapore. Also, as some areas no longer exist in Singapore, published localities do not signify present distribution. To the best of our knowledge, we designate localities where we consider a species no longer exists with an asterisk symbol '*'. locality abbreviations and museum symbolic codes used in this publication are as follows:
we constructed the map by overlaying and georeferencing Figure from Teo & rajathurai (1997) onto ... more we constructed the map by overlaying and georeferencing Figure from Teo & rajathurai (1997) onto our map in QgIS. we then edited the map to better reflect species distributions as specified in the published literature. Each species account includes the following: Species name: Included in this section is the species name, authority (author and year of publication, where the first published description and name for the species can be found), status in Singapore, type material, type locality, common name, and figure number. For any photographs representing a new locality for the species, we append the locality to the figure number. Indeterminate species are species whose continuation in Singapore is unknown as they have not been recorded for a long time. Singapore records: Here, we include the chresynonymy, which lists each of the names used (origins of incorrect subsequent spellings, synonyms, and changes in taxonomic rank or movement for each name) reporting the species in Singapore. Each name is then followed by a list of references using that name when reporting the species from Singapore. The references are listed in order of year first, then alphabetical order. If stated in the reference, the specific locality and general locality are provided in parentheses and brackets, respectively. If the specified locality is misspelled, a synonym, or presently known by a different name, the applicable name is indicated by "[= ]". where possible, we try to single out original observations. Since some species were recognised under the same name, published records refer to the existing species designation. remarks: This section includes a commentary on the species, providing a summary on taxonomic history, first record, history of records, or any other useful information regarding the species presence in Singapore. Due to lack of research prior to the 1980s, species are considered rediscovered only if found after 1980, and only after more than 50 years of absence. Occurrence. Occurrence relates each species distribution and abundance in Singapore. Distribution is categorised as: 1) ubiquitous = found anywhere and in all terrestrial habitats; 2) widespread = found in suitable habitat throughout most of Singapore; 3) wide-ranging = found in suitable habitat, but not all throughout Singapore and not confined to certain areas; 4) restricted = known only from certain localities; 5) visitor (used for some marine turtles). Abundance is categorised as: 1) Common; 2) uncommon; 3) rare, or; 4) likely extirpated. The occurrence of some species is only known from museum records so they cannot be categorised into one of the categories. conservation status: Conservation status is split into three sections: 1) Singapore conservation status: according to online version of the forthcoming third edition of The Singapore red Data Book (NParks 2023). 2) conservation priority: this field registers the conservation action recommended in Singapore. 3) iucn conservation status: IuCN conservation status and year published according to IuCN red list of Threatened Species (IuCN 2023). Museum specimens: we split museum records into two sections. The first includes specimens from lKCNHM and NHMuK, and the second contains specimens held at all other museums. we split museum records into two sections because lKCNHM contains the bulk of Singapore specimens, and because the majority of early collected specimens and type materials are stored at NHMuK. As some museum records included doubtful species, we requested to examine some of the specimens via detailed photographs illustrating diagnostic characters. However, we were unable to access all questionable specimens (i.e., identity and locality). Singapore localities: Here, we summarise all of the localities a species has been recorded in Singapore based on the chresynonymy, museum specimens, and some field observations. A summary of localities for excluded species was not provided since most species were never found in Singapore. Also, as some areas no longer exist in Singapore, published localities do not signify present distribution. To the best of our knowledge, we designate localities where we consider a species no longer exists with an asterisk symbol '*'. locality abbreviations and museum symbolic codes used in this publication are as follows:
Observation: An empty weathered shell, slightly broken and covered with algae (Fig. ), measuring ... more Observation: An empty weathered shell, slightly broken and covered with algae (Fig. ), measuring 78.1 mm in shell height, was found lying on the surface of sandy mud. It was collected, subsequently cleaned (Fig. ) and deposited as a voucher (catalogued as ZRC.MOL.5702) in the Zoological Reference Collection of the Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research at the National University of Singapore.
Observation: A sub-adult individual of about 50 mm shell diameter (Fig. ) was observed climbing u... more Observation: A sub-adult individual of about 50 mm shell diameter (Fig. ) was observed climbing up a large tree trunk to 3.5 m above ground level (Fig. ). Remarks: Most Hemiplecta humphreysiana individuals were observed to live under and among fallen logs and leaf litter on the forest floor at the same location. Historical reports of the species have not noted any treeclimbing behavior (Ho, 1990 and references therein). The only other record of semi-arboreal behavior for the genus Hemiplecta is from Hemiplecta cymatium, which has been noticed primarily on trees and occasionally on the ground (Stoliczka, 1973). We believe this observation of arboreal behaviour in H. humphreysiana has not been published. From our personal observations prior to this, H. humphreysiana individuals have been seen at a maximum height of around 2 m on man-made structures in the Nee Soon Swamp Forest. commented that Hemiplecta humphreysiana can be found on algae-covered logs. This species has also been observed to graze on fungi Artistscaravan, 2011a Artistscaravan, , 2011b;;. We speculate that the impetus for the snail's semi-arboreal behavior could be due to the high humidity brought by monsoonal rains as well as the availability of algae and fungi on the normally drier tree surfaces. However, further studies are required to gauge the propensity and nature of such behavior. If quantitatively validated, this behavior may be considered a niche extension for H. humphreysiana and hence, may have ecological and evolutionary implications such as predation exposure and character displacement .
Babylonia spirata (Linnaeus) is recorded from Singapore for the first time based on three specime... more Babylonia spirata (Linnaeus) is recorded from Singapore for the first time based on three specimens collected along the eastern coast of the Singapore Island. A previous record of Babylonia lutosa (Lamarck) could not be confirmed, and is considered to be erroneous. Three have thus far been recorded from the seafood trade in Singapore: Babylonia borneensis (G.B. Sowerby II), Babylonia lutosa (Lamarck), and Babylonia zeylanica (Bruguière). Babylonia spirata (Linnaeus) is not known from the seafood trade in Singapore.
The family Aplustridae, occurring in the waters of Singapore, is reviewed. The family is represen... more The family Aplustridae, occurring in the waters of Singapore, is reviewed. The family is represented in Singapore waters by Hydatina albocincta and Hydatina zonata. Diagnoses, figures, records, and other information on both species are provided as part of an effort to document the diversity of the malacofauna in Singapore.
The family Donacidae in Singapore is reviewed, and the occurrence of two species, Donax (Latona) ... more The family Donacidae in Singapore is reviewed, and the occurrence of two species, Donax (Latona) cuneata and Donax (Latona) faba, is confirmed. Donax pallidus, which was first described from Singapore, is regarded to be a junior subjective synonym of Donax (Latona) faba based on examination of photographs of a syntype and topotypic material.
The family Truncatellidae in Singapore is represented by a single species, the widely-distributed... more The family Truncatellidae in Singapore is represented by a single species, the widely-distributed Truncatella guerinii. In this review of the family, specimens of Truncatella guerinii from Singapore are figured and a diagnosis is provided to aid identification. Some notes of interest are added for information.
The subfamily Planaxinae, of the family Planaxidae, in Singapore is treated here. The subfamily i... more The subfamily Planaxinae, of the family Planaxidae, in Singapore is treated here. The subfamily is currently represented in Singapore by two species: Fissilabia decollatus and Planaxis sulcatus. Diagnoses, figures, records, and other information on both species are provided as part of an effort to document the diversity of the malacofauna in Singapore. Comments on the current composition of this subfamily in Singapore, as well as remarks on Monoptygma melanoides, a subjective synonym of Fissilabia decollatus, are also provided.
The family Trapezidae is reviewed in the second of a series of group-by-group treatments of the m... more The family Trapezidae is reviewed in the second of a series of group-by-group treatments of the molluscs of Singapore. The family is represented in Singapore waters by Coralliophaga coralliophaga, Neotrapezium sublaevigatum, and Glossocardia obesa. The last-named is a first record of this species from Singapore and is based on two specimens from Pulau Jong in the Singapore Straits.
The freshwater snails of the family Ampullariidae in Singapore are reviewed. This family is repre... more The freshwater snails of the family Ampullariidae in Singapore are reviewed. This family is represented in Singapore by Pila ampullacea, Pila scutata, and the introduced Pomacea canaliculata and Pomacea maculata. Pila scutata and Pomacea canaliculata were once the only known Ampullariidae species in Singapore. Here, we discuss in further detail the other two ampullariids that have only been recently confirmed to be part of the malacofauna of Singapore-Pila ampullacea and Pomacea maculata. Two other species of non-native Ampullariidae, Pomacea diffusa and Marisa cornuarietis are sold in the local aquarium trade, but have not been recorded in the wild to date.
A native ampullariid found in Singapore has been recorded as both Pila conica (Wood, 1828) and Pi... more A native ampullariid found in Singapore has been recorded as both Pila conica (Wood, 1828) and Pila scutata (Mousson, 1848). Both names are generally accepted to be synonyms, but the nomenclature remains confused with authors generally preferring one over the other. To clarify the confusion, the history of the names is presented to show that Pila conica is a rejected junior homonym and that Pila scutata is the proper name to apply to this taxon. The earliest records of this apple snail in Singapore are also mentioned as a note of interest and the importance of clarifying the nomenclatural confusion is discussed.
This is the first in a series of group-by-group treatments of the taxonomy and nomenclature of th... more This is the first in a series of group-by-group treatments of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the molluscs of Singapore based on a review of the literature and examination of geographically relevant material. The family Angariidae is treated. Angaria delphinus is the only representative of the family to be found in Singapore. It was first recorded in 1836 as a species of Delphinula, a synonym of Angaria. A record of Delphinula turbinopsis from Singapore in 1847 is believed to be a misidentification of Turbo bruneus.
The names and dates of the publications of Brachyura of Guérin (Guérin-Méneville from 1836) are r... more The names and dates of the publications of Brachyura of Guérin (Guérin-Méneville from 1836) are reviewed, and previously unidentified or overlooked names are identified. Several identical new names used in multiple publications by Guérin (also under the name Guérin-Méneville), and others that appeared in the same year necessitated the accurate determination of publication dates to establish priority. The authorships of three names should be credited to Guérin (1832): Gecarcinus lateralis (Gecarcinidae), Halimus aries (Majidae), and Libinia spinosa (Epialtidae), the first previously attributed to Fréminville (1835), the last two to H. Milne Edwards (1834). The overlooked genus-and species-group names Cyclocarcinus pinnotheroides Guérin-Méneville, 1838, are determined to be senior subjective synonyms of the genus-and species-group names Hapalonotus reticulatus (De Man, 1879) (Pilumnidae). Applying Article 23.9.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, precedence is reversed between the genus-group names and the correct name is Hapalonotus pinnotheroides (Guérin-Méneville, 1838). Current and widespread use of the genus-group name Thalamita Latreille, 1829 (31 March) (Portunidae) is threatened by the overlooked Thalamites Guérin, 1829 (21 March), and the precedence of the names is also reversed to maintain usage of the former. The genus-group name Eurypodius Guérin (Inachidae) is shown to have been established in 1828, not 1825. Included is a complete bibliography of the publications in which Guérin (also under Guérin-Méneville) established new names for Brachyura, with their accurate publication dates.
Many supraspecific zoantharian names have long and complicated histories. The present list is pro... more Many supraspecific zoantharian names have long and complicated histories. The present list is provided to advise researchers on the current state of supraspecific nomenclature of the zoantharians, particularly given the recent attention paid to the taxonomy, phylogeny, and biodiversity of this order. At the same time, several taxonomic issues brought to light by recent research are resolved. Details on the taxonomic and nomenclatural history of most groups are provided, along with appendices of invalid supraspecific names.
we constructed the map by overlaying and georeferencing Figure from Teo & rajathurai (1997) onto ... more we constructed the map by overlaying and georeferencing Figure from Teo & rajathurai (1997) onto our map in QgIS. we then edited the map to better reflect species distributions as specified in the published literature. Each species account includes the following: Species name: Included in this section is the species name, authority (author and year of publication, where the first published description and name for the species can be found), status in Singapore, type material, type locality, common name, and figure number. For any photographs representing a new locality for the species, we append the locality to the figure number. Indeterminate species are species whose continuation in Singapore is unknown as they have not been recorded for a long time. Singapore records: Here, we include the chresynonymy, which lists each of the names used (origins of incorrect subsequent spellings, synonyms, and changes in taxonomic rank or movement for each name) reporting the species in Singapore. Each name is then followed by a list of references using that name when reporting the species from Singapore. The references are listed in order of year first, then alphabetical order. If stated in the reference, the specific locality and general locality are provided in parentheses and brackets, respectively. If the specified locality is misspelled, a synonym, or presently known by a different name, the applicable name is indicated by "[= ]". where possible, we try to single out original observations. Since some species were recognised under the same name, published records refer to the existing species designation. remarks: This section includes a commentary on the species, providing a summary on taxonomic history, first record, history of records, or any other useful information regarding the species presence in Singapore. Due to lack of research prior to the 1980s, species are considered rediscovered only if found after 1980, and only after more than 50 years of absence. Occurrence. Occurrence relates each species distribution and abundance in Singapore. Distribution is categorised as: 1) ubiquitous = found anywhere and in all terrestrial habitats; 2) widespread = found in suitable habitat throughout most of Singapore; 3) wide-ranging = found in suitable habitat, but not all throughout Singapore and not confined to certain areas; 4) restricted = known only from certain localities; 5) visitor (used for some marine turtles). Abundance is categorised as: 1) Common; 2) uncommon; 3) rare, or; 4) likely extirpated. The occurrence of some species is only known from museum records so they cannot be categorised into one of the categories. conservation status: Conservation status is split into three sections: 1) Singapore conservation status: according to online version of the forthcoming third edition of The Singapore red Data Book (NParks 2023). 2) conservation priority: this field registers the conservation action recommended in Singapore. 3) iucn conservation status: IuCN conservation status and year published according to IuCN red list of Threatened Species (IuCN 2023). Museum specimens: we split museum records into two sections. The first includes specimens from lKCNHM and NHMuK, and the second contains specimens held at all other museums. we split museum records into two sections because lKCNHM contains the bulk of Singapore specimens, and because the majority of early collected specimens and type materials are stored at NHMuK. As some museum records included doubtful species, we requested to examine some of the specimens via detailed photographs illustrating diagnostic characters. However, we were unable to access all questionable specimens (i.e., identity and locality). Singapore localities: Here, we summarise all of the localities a species has been recorded in Singapore based on the chresynonymy, museum specimens, and some field observations. A summary of localities for excluded species was not provided since most species were never found in Singapore. Also, as some areas no longer exist in Singapore, published localities do not signify present distribution. To the best of our knowledge, we designate localities where we consider a species no longer exists with an asterisk symbol '*'. locality abbreviations and museum symbolic codes used in this publication are as follows:
we constructed the map by overlaying and georeferencing Figure from Teo & rajathurai (1997) onto ... more we constructed the map by overlaying and georeferencing Figure from Teo & rajathurai (1997) onto our map in QgIS. we then edited the map to better reflect species distributions as specified in the published literature. Each species account includes the following: Species name: Included in this section is the species name, authority (author and year of publication, where the first published description and name for the species can be found), status in Singapore, type material, type locality, common name, and figure number. For any photographs representing a new locality for the species, we append the locality to the figure number. Indeterminate species are species whose continuation in Singapore is unknown as they have not been recorded for a long time. Singapore records: Here, we include the chresynonymy, which lists each of the names used (origins of incorrect subsequent spellings, synonyms, and changes in taxonomic rank or movement for each name) reporting the species in Singapore. Each name is then followed by a list of references using that name when reporting the species from Singapore. The references are listed in order of year first, then alphabetical order. If stated in the reference, the specific locality and general locality are provided in parentheses and brackets, respectively. If the specified locality is misspelled, a synonym, or presently known by a different name, the applicable name is indicated by "[= ]". where possible, we try to single out original observations. Since some species were recognised under the same name, published records refer to the existing species designation. remarks: This section includes a commentary on the species, providing a summary on taxonomic history, first record, history of records, or any other useful information regarding the species presence in Singapore. Due to lack of research prior to the 1980s, species are considered rediscovered only if found after 1980, and only after more than 50 years of absence. Occurrence. Occurrence relates each species distribution and abundance in Singapore. Distribution is categorised as: 1) ubiquitous = found anywhere and in all terrestrial habitats; 2) widespread = found in suitable habitat throughout most of Singapore; 3) wide-ranging = found in suitable habitat, but not all throughout Singapore and not confined to certain areas; 4) restricted = known only from certain localities; 5) visitor (used for some marine turtles). Abundance is categorised as: 1) Common; 2) uncommon; 3) rare, or; 4) likely extirpated. The occurrence of some species is only known from museum records so they cannot be categorised into one of the categories. conservation status: Conservation status is split into three sections: 1) Singapore conservation status: according to online version of the forthcoming third edition of The Singapore red Data Book (NParks 2023). 2) conservation priority: this field registers the conservation action recommended in Singapore. 3) iucn conservation status: IuCN conservation status and year published according to IuCN red list of Threatened Species (IuCN 2023). Museum specimens: we split museum records into two sections. The first includes specimens from lKCNHM and NHMuK, and the second contains specimens held at all other museums. we split museum records into two sections because lKCNHM contains the bulk of Singapore specimens, and because the majority of early collected specimens and type materials are stored at NHMuK. As some museum records included doubtful species, we requested to examine some of the specimens via detailed photographs illustrating diagnostic characters. However, we were unable to access all questionable specimens (i.e., identity and locality). Singapore localities: Here, we summarise all of the localities a species has been recorded in Singapore based on the chresynonymy, museum specimens, and some field observations. A summary of localities for excluded species was not provided since most species were never found in Singapore. Also, as some areas no longer exist in Singapore, published localities do not signify present distribution. To the best of our knowledge, we designate localities where we consider a species no longer exists with an asterisk symbol '*'. locality abbreviations and museum symbolic codes used in this publication are as follows:
Observation: An empty weathered shell, slightly broken and covered with algae (Fig. ), measuring ... more Observation: An empty weathered shell, slightly broken and covered with algae (Fig. ), measuring 78.1 mm in shell height, was found lying on the surface of sandy mud. It was collected, subsequently cleaned (Fig. ) and deposited as a voucher (catalogued as ZRC.MOL.5702) in the Zoological Reference Collection of the Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research at the National University of Singapore.
Observation: A sub-adult individual of about 50 mm shell diameter (Fig. ) was observed climbing u... more Observation: A sub-adult individual of about 50 mm shell diameter (Fig. ) was observed climbing up a large tree trunk to 3.5 m above ground level (Fig. ). Remarks: Most Hemiplecta humphreysiana individuals were observed to live under and among fallen logs and leaf litter on the forest floor at the same location. Historical reports of the species have not noted any treeclimbing behavior (Ho, 1990 and references therein). The only other record of semi-arboreal behavior for the genus Hemiplecta is from Hemiplecta cymatium, which has been noticed primarily on trees and occasionally on the ground (Stoliczka, 1973). We believe this observation of arboreal behaviour in H. humphreysiana has not been published. From our personal observations prior to this, H. humphreysiana individuals have been seen at a maximum height of around 2 m on man-made structures in the Nee Soon Swamp Forest. commented that Hemiplecta humphreysiana can be found on algae-covered logs. This species has also been observed to graze on fungi Artistscaravan, 2011a Artistscaravan, , 2011b;;. We speculate that the impetus for the snail's semi-arboreal behavior could be due to the high humidity brought by monsoonal rains as well as the availability of algae and fungi on the normally drier tree surfaces. However, further studies are required to gauge the propensity and nature of such behavior. If quantitatively validated, this behavior may be considered a niche extension for H. humphreysiana and hence, may have ecological and evolutionary implications such as predation exposure and character displacement .
Babylonia spirata (Linnaeus) is recorded from Singapore for the first time based on three specime... more Babylonia spirata (Linnaeus) is recorded from Singapore for the first time based on three specimens collected along the eastern coast of the Singapore Island. A previous record of Babylonia lutosa (Lamarck) could not be confirmed, and is considered to be erroneous. Three have thus far been recorded from the seafood trade in Singapore: Babylonia borneensis (G.B. Sowerby II), Babylonia lutosa (Lamarck), and Babylonia zeylanica (Bruguière). Babylonia spirata (Linnaeus) is not known from the seafood trade in Singapore.
The family Aplustridae, occurring in the waters of Singapore, is reviewed. The family is represen... more The family Aplustridae, occurring in the waters of Singapore, is reviewed. The family is represented in Singapore waters by Hydatina albocincta and Hydatina zonata. Diagnoses, figures, records, and other information on both species are provided as part of an effort to document the diversity of the malacofauna in Singapore.
The family Donacidae in Singapore is reviewed, and the occurrence of two species, Donax (Latona) ... more The family Donacidae in Singapore is reviewed, and the occurrence of two species, Donax (Latona) cuneata and Donax (Latona) faba, is confirmed. Donax pallidus, which was first described from Singapore, is regarded to be a junior subjective synonym of Donax (Latona) faba based on examination of photographs of a syntype and topotypic material.
The family Truncatellidae in Singapore is represented by a single species, the widely-distributed... more The family Truncatellidae in Singapore is represented by a single species, the widely-distributed Truncatella guerinii. In this review of the family, specimens of Truncatella guerinii from Singapore are figured and a diagnosis is provided to aid identification. Some notes of interest are added for information.
The subfamily Planaxinae, of the family Planaxidae, in Singapore is treated here. The subfamily i... more The subfamily Planaxinae, of the family Planaxidae, in Singapore is treated here. The subfamily is currently represented in Singapore by two species: Fissilabia decollatus and Planaxis sulcatus. Diagnoses, figures, records, and other information on both species are provided as part of an effort to document the diversity of the malacofauna in Singapore. Comments on the current composition of this subfamily in Singapore, as well as remarks on Monoptygma melanoides, a subjective synonym of Fissilabia decollatus, are also provided.
The family Trapezidae is reviewed in the second of a series of group-by-group treatments of the m... more The family Trapezidae is reviewed in the second of a series of group-by-group treatments of the molluscs of Singapore. The family is represented in Singapore waters by Coralliophaga coralliophaga, Neotrapezium sublaevigatum, and Glossocardia obesa. The last-named is a first record of this species from Singapore and is based on two specimens from Pulau Jong in the Singapore Straits.
The freshwater snails of the family Ampullariidae in Singapore are reviewed. This family is repre... more The freshwater snails of the family Ampullariidae in Singapore are reviewed. This family is represented in Singapore by Pila ampullacea, Pila scutata, and the introduced Pomacea canaliculata and Pomacea maculata. Pila scutata and Pomacea canaliculata were once the only known Ampullariidae species in Singapore. Here, we discuss in further detail the other two ampullariids that have only been recently confirmed to be part of the malacofauna of Singapore-Pila ampullacea and Pomacea maculata. Two other species of non-native Ampullariidae, Pomacea diffusa and Marisa cornuarietis are sold in the local aquarium trade, but have not been recorded in the wild to date.
A native ampullariid found in Singapore has been recorded as both Pila conica (Wood, 1828) and Pi... more A native ampullariid found in Singapore has been recorded as both Pila conica (Wood, 1828) and Pila scutata (Mousson, 1848). Both names are generally accepted to be synonyms, but the nomenclature remains confused with authors generally preferring one over the other. To clarify the confusion, the history of the names is presented to show that Pila conica is a rejected junior homonym and that Pila scutata is the proper name to apply to this taxon. The earliest records of this apple snail in Singapore are also mentioned as a note of interest and the importance of clarifying the nomenclatural confusion is discussed.
This is the first in a series of group-by-group treatments of the taxonomy and nomenclature of th... more This is the first in a series of group-by-group treatments of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the molluscs of Singapore based on a review of the literature and examination of geographically relevant material. The family Angariidae is treated. Angaria delphinus is the only representative of the family to be found in Singapore. It was first recorded in 1836 as a species of Delphinula, a synonym of Angaria. A record of Delphinula turbinopsis from Singapore in 1847 is believed to be a misidentification of Turbo bruneus.
The names and dates of the publications of Brachyura of Guérin (Guérin-Méneville from 1836) are r... more The names and dates of the publications of Brachyura of Guérin (Guérin-Méneville from 1836) are reviewed, and previously unidentified or overlooked names are identified. Several identical new names used in multiple publications by Guérin (also under the name Guérin-Méneville), and others that appeared in the same year necessitated the accurate determination of publication dates to establish priority. The authorships of three names should be credited to Guérin (1832): Gecarcinus lateralis (Gecarcinidae), Halimus aries (Majidae), and Libinia spinosa (Epialtidae), the first previously attributed to Fréminville (1835), the last two to H. Milne Edwards (1834). The overlooked genus-and species-group names Cyclocarcinus pinnotheroides Guérin-Méneville, 1838, are determined to be senior subjective synonyms of the genus-and species-group names Hapalonotus reticulatus (De Man, 1879) (Pilumnidae). Applying Article 23.9.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, precedence is reversed between the genus-group names and the correct name is Hapalonotus pinnotheroides (Guérin-Méneville, 1838). Current and widespread use of the genus-group name Thalamita Latreille, 1829 (31 March) (Portunidae) is threatened by the overlooked Thalamites Guérin, 1829 (21 March), and the precedence of the names is also reversed to maintain usage of the former. The genus-group name Eurypodius Guérin (Inachidae) is shown to have been established in 1828, not 1825. Included is a complete bibliography of the publications in which Guérin (also under Guérin-Méneville) established new names for Brachyura, with their accurate publication dates.
Many supraspecific zoantharian names have long and complicated histories. The present list is pro... more Many supraspecific zoantharian names have long and complicated histories. The present list is provided to advise researchers on the current state of supraspecific nomenclature of the zoantharians, particularly given the recent attention paid to the taxonomy, phylogeny, and biodiversity of this order. At the same time, several taxonomic issues brought to light by recent research are resolved. Details on the taxonomic and nomenclatural history of most groups are provided, along with appendices of invalid supraspecific names.
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