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Sevi Tapinaki

National Technical University of Athens, Rural & Surveying Engineering, Department Member

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Sevasti Tapinaki, Surveyor Engineer NTUA with master in Geoinformation, is a teaching laboratory staff of the Laboratory of Photogrammetry of School of Rural and Surveying Engineering of National Technical University of Athens. She participates to the teaching of undergraduate and postgraduate courses and to the supervision of practice, exercises and diploma thesis. Her scientific interests focus on photogrammetry, 3D modeling and texture mapping, applications of computer vision techniques, the development and management of GIS and Databases, emphasising on Geometric Documentation of Cultural Heritage throughout Greece, Cyprus and Israel. She participates as a researcher in various research programs and in over 20 scientific publications in international journals and conference proceedings.
Address: Athens, Attikí, Greece

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Papers by Sevi Tapinaki

Development of a Georeferenced Archaeological Information Data Base for Eleutherna in Crete

Cultural Heritage Information Management Systems (CHIMS) have been developed in order to achieve ... more Cultural Heritage Information Management Systems (CHIMS) have been developed in order to achieve the georeference of the items in the Cultural Heritage database. Eleutherna in Crete is one of the most significant archaeological sites in Greece, with. many buildings constructed and destroyed during its long life. Hence, it is easily understandable that this vast archaeological site is complicated and difficult to understand, even by experts. In this paper the development of a Cultural Heritage Management System, called ARCHAEOsystem, is described and analyzed. The system has as geographic base a recent orthophoto of the area and for its design several parameters were taken into account. The conceptual design of the data base with the Entity-Relational (E-R) model preceded the development of this object oriented system. This E-R model is described and evaluated for its operability. After the initial experimental operation of the system, eventual practical problems will be identified a...

3D simulation models for developing digital twins of heritage structures: challenges and strategies

Procedia Structural Integrity

GIS modelling for integrated documentation of the historic building of Villa Klonaridi in Athens, Greece

3D Documentation and Virtual Archaeological Restoration of Macedonian Tombs

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2019

Archaeology as a science is based on finding and displaying the remains of the past. In recent ye... more Archaeology as a science is based on finding and displaying the remains of the past. In recent years, with the progress of technology, the science of archeology has been expanding and evolving. Three-dimensional digitization has become an integral part of the archiving, documentation and restoration effort of cultural heritage, offering important benefits in studies for reconstruction and restoration tasks of architectural creations, archaeological sites, historic monuments and objects of art in general. The threedimensional models are now available for many applications. In this paper such 3D models of two prominent Macedonian tombs in Northern Greece were exploited for their virtual restoration. Virtual restoration of monuments is of special importance to archaeological research, as it provides the necessary tools to investigate alternative solutions to the serious issue of archaeological restoration. These solutions do not interfere with the real monument, thus respecting its value and the international conventions. Digital 3D models have begun to be more beneficial in a science such as archaeology as they offer easy access to both archaeological and geometric information to a wider audience as well as a high degree of interaction possibilities with the user.

Multi-Sensor Documentation of Metric and Qualitative Information of Historic Stone Structures

ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2017

This paper focuses on the integration of multi-sensor techniques regarding the acquisition, proce... more This paper focuses on the integration of multi-sensor techniques regarding the acquisition, processing, visualisation and management of data regarding historic stone structures. The interdisciplinary methodology that is carried out here comprises of two parts. In the first part, the acquisition of qualitative and quantitative data concerning the geometry, the materials and the degradation of the tangible heritage asset each time, is discussed. The second part, refers to the analysis, management and visualization of the interrelated data by using spatial information technologies. Through the paradigm of the surveying of the ancient temple of Pythian Apollo at Acropolis of Rhodes, Rhodes Island, Greece, it is aimed to highlight the issues deriving from the separate application of documentation procedures and how the fusion of these methods can contribute effectively to ensure the completeness of the measurements for complex structures. The surveying results are further processed to be...

Archaeological anastylosis of two Macedonian tombs in a 3D virtual environment

Virtual Archaeology Review, 2020

Archaeological restoration of monuments is a practice requiring extreme caution and thorough stud... more Archaeological restoration of monuments is a practice requiring extreme caution and thorough study. Archaeologists and conservation experts are very reluctant to proceed to restoration and indeed to reconstruction actions without detailed consultation and thought. Nowadays, anastylosis executed on the real object is practically prohibited. Contemporary technologies have provided archaeologists and other conservation experts with the tools to embark on virtual restorations or anastyloses, thus testing various alternatives without physical intervention on the monument itself. In this way, the values of the monuments are respected according to international conventions. In this paper, two such examples of virtual archaeological anastyloses of two important Macedonian tombs in northern Greece are presented. The anastyloses were performed on three-dimensional (3D) models which have been produced using modern digital 3D documentation techniques, such as image-based modelling and terrestri...

The Role of Digital Geometric Documentation for the Rehabilitation of the Tomb of Christ

2018 3rd Digital Heritage International Congress (DigitalHERITAGE) held jointly with 2018 24th International Conference on Virtual Systems & Multimedia (VSMM 2018), 2018

The National Technical University of Athens undertook the Rehabilitation of the Holy Aedicule of ... more The National Technical University of Athens undertook the Rehabilitation of the Holy Aedicule of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. This paper briefly presents the three-dimensional digital geometric documentation of the monument, which was considered necessary to support the characterization of materials, the identification of building phases and the diagnosis of decay and pathology using analytical and non-destructive techniques during all phases of the rehabilitation implementation. The provided information by these studies enabled the proper implementation of the necessary actions to restore the monument to a sustainable state for the future pilgrims. This work also demonstrates that the adoption of an interdisciplinary approach for integrated documentation is a powerful tool for a better understanding of monuments, both in terms of its structural integrity, as well as in terms of its state of preservation, both prerequisites for effective rehabilitation.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL ANASTYLOSIS OF TWO MACEDONIAN TOMBS IN A 3D VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT

by ΜΑΡΙΑ ΣΤΑΜΠΟΥΛΟΓΛΟΥ, Sevi Tapinaki, Georgia Kontogianni, and Margarita Skamantzari

Virtual Archaeology Review, 2020

Highlights:  Use of contemporary digital methods for the 3D geometric documentation of complex b... more Highlights:  Use of contemporary digital methods for the 3D geometric documentation of complex burial structures.  Interdisciplinary approach for the implementation of digital techniques for 3D modelling, including 3D terrestrial laser scanning and image-based modelling.  Implementation of virtual anastylosis by archaeologists using the 3D models and suitable software. Abstract: Archaeological restoration of monuments is a practice requiring extreme caution and thorough study. Archaeologists and conservation experts are very reluctant to proceed to restoration and indeed to reconstruction actions without detailed consultation and thought. Nowadays, anastylosis executed on the real object is practically prohibited. Contemporary technologies have provided archaeologists and other conservation experts with the tools to embark on virtual restorations or anastyloses, thus testing various alternatives without physical intervention on the monument itself. In this way, the values of the monuments are respected according to international conventions. In this paper, two such examples of virtual archaeological anastyloses of two important Macedonian tombs in northern Greece are presented. The anastyloses were performed on three-dimensional (3D) models which have been produced using modern digital 3D documentation techniques, such as image-based modelling and terrestrial laser scanning. The reader is introduced to the history and importance-as well as the peculiarities-of the Macedonian tombs. In addition, the two tombs are described in detail mainly from an archaeological point of view The process of field data acquisition and processing to produce the 3D models are described. Simple and more or less standard methods were employed in acquiring the raw data. Processing was carried out using commercial software. The resulting 3D models and other documentation products are assessed for their accuracy and completeness. The decisions for the virtual anastylosis are explained in detail and the actual process is also described. The restored monuments are presented and evaluated by the conservation experts. Thus, it is shown how important virtual anastylosis of monuments is to archaeological researchers, as it enables them to conduct in-depth studies, without actually tampering with the monuments themselves. Digital 3D models are contributing to many disciplines, especially in archaeology, as they enable a wider audience to easily access both archaeological and geometric information as well as offering a high degree of interaction possibilities to the user. Resumen: La restauración arqueológica de monumentos es una práctica que requiere extrema precaución y un estudio exhaustivo. Los arqueólogos y expertos en conservación son muy reacios a proceder a la restauración y, de hecho, a las acciones de reconstrucción sin una consulta detallada y reflexión. Hoy en día, la ejecución de anastilosis sobre el objeto real está prácticamente prohibida. Las tecnologías contemporáneas han proporcionado las herramientas a los arqueólogos y otros expertos en conservación para embarcarse en restauraciones virtuales o anastilosis, probando así varias alternativas sin intervención física en el monumento. De esta manera, los valores de los monumentos se respetan de acuerdo a las convenciones internacionales. En este artículo, se presentan dos ejemplos de anastilosis arqueológicas virtuales de dos tumbas macedonias importantes en el norte de Grecia. Las anastilosis se realizaron en los modelos tridimensionales (3D) que se han producido empleando técnicas modernas de documentación digital en 3D, como el modelado basado en imágenes y el escaneo láser terrestre. Se introduce al lector a la historia y la importancia-así como a las peculiaridades-de las tumbas macedonias. Además, las dos tumbas se describen en detalle desde un punto de vista arqueológico principalmente. Se describe el proceso de toma y procesamiento de datos de campo para producir los modelos 3D. Se emplearon métodos simples y más o menos estándar en la toma de datos crudos. El procesamiento se llevó a cabo utilizando software comercial. Los modelos 3D resultantes y otros productos de documentación se evalúan a partir de su precisión e integridad. Se explican en detalle las decisiones de la anastilosis virtual y también se STAMPOULOGLOU et al., 2020 Virtual Archaeology Review, 11(22): In-press, 2020 2 describe el proceso real. Los monumentos restaurados se presentan y evaluan por los expertos en conservación. Por lo tanto, se muestra cuán importante es la anastilosis virtual de los monumentos para la investigación arqueológica, ya que les permite estudiar los monumentos en profundidad, sin alterar realmente los monumentos mismos. Los modelos digitales en 3D están contribuyendo a muchas disciplinas, especialmente en arqueología en tanto que permiten un fácil acceso a la información arqueológica y geométrica a una audiencia mayor, y altas posibilidades de interacción con el usuario. Palabras clave: documentación 3D; modelado basado en imágenes; escaneado láser terrestre; anastilosis virtual

Use of Various Surveying Technologies to 3 D Digital Mapping and Modelling of Cultural Heritage Structures for Maintenance and Restoration Purposes : The Tholos in Delphi , Greece

by Sevi Tapinaki and Andreas Georgopoulos

This work was developed to train graduate students as part of the Delphi4Delphi project dealing w... more This work was developed to train graduate students as part of the Delphi4Delphi project dealing with the digital reconstruction of the archaeological site of Delphi. In this part of the project, various technologies were used for 3-d digital mapping cultural heritage structures for maintenance and restoration purposes. The use of various surveying technologies such as UAS, Total station, digital camera, Lidar scanner and GPS to map in 3d the remaining of the monument Tholos and the surrounding area in Delphi Greece and based on such mapping to restore the entire structure is covered in detail. The remains of such monuments are a few columns standing up joined with original elements on top. In this part of the project GPS was used to establish the reference system, total station was used to measure a number of control points for UAS, close range photogrammetry and Lidar scanner, UAS was used to map precisely the surrounding area together with the structure, close range photogrammetry...

Digitally Developing Medieval Fortifications

Modern technological advances have enabled digital automated methods to be applied for accurate a... more Modern technological advances have enabled digital automated methods to be applied for accurate and detailed documentation. Such techniques include image based modelling and terrestrial laser scanning. They can easily be adapted to perfectly suit the documentation needs for small and large objects. In this paper the digital geometric documentation of two medieval fortifications using such contemporary methods is briefly described. These are the western part of the Castle of Chios and an important part of the medieval Rhodes fortifications. The purpose of the geometric documentation for both cases was the restoration of these parts, hence detailed documentation was necessary. Conventional two-dimensional plans with digital orthophotographs were produced and from them conventional line drawings were required for the case of Chios castle. Both castle parts included cylindrical bastions, whose projection on two dimensional plans is obviously deformed. Such non-planar parts constitute a ...

3D DOCUMENTATION AND VIRTUAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESTORATION OF MACEDONIAN TOMBS

by Georgia Kontogianni, Sevi Tapinaki, Margarita Skamantzari, and Andreas Georgopoulos

ISPRS Archives-Volume XLII-2/W11, 2019

Archaeology as a science is based on finding and displaying the remains of the past. In recent ye... more Archaeology as a science is based on finding and displaying the remains of the past. In recent years, with the progress of technology, the science of archeology has been expanding and evolving. Three-dimensional digitization has become an integral part of the archiving, documentation and restoration effort of cultural heritage, offering important benefits in studies for reconstruction and restoration tasks of architectural creations, archaeological sites, historic monuments and objects of art in general. The three-dimensional models are now available for many applications. In this paper such 3D models of two prominent Macedonian tombs in Northern Greece were exploited for their virtual restoration. Virtual restoration of monuments is of special importance to archaeological research, as it provides the necessary tools to investigate alternative solutions to the serious issue of archaeological restoration. These solutions do not interfere with the real monument, thus respecting its value and the international conventions. Digital 3D models have begun to be more beneficial in a science such as archaeology as they offer easy access to both archaeological and geometric information to a wider audience as well as a high degree of interaction possibilities with the user.

GIS modelling for integrated documentation of the historic building of Villa Klonaridi in Athens

by E. Tsilimantou, Sofia Soile, Sevi Tapinaki, and Ελισάβετ Τσιλιμαντού

High Resolution Textured Models for Engineering Applications

Three dimensional textured modeling is a process that during the few last years is gaining ground... more Three dimensional textured modeling is a process that during the few last years is gaining ground in monument documentation, visualization and dissemination. The combination of a variety of data acquisition technologies, to photogrammetric processes and computer graphic methods has certainly been fruitful. Low-resolution 3D models are frequently used for information dissemination about monuments, e.g., via web-pages in the form of a VRML model. However, the creation, publication and interaction with high resolution 3D textured models are still rather challenging and cumbersome tasks. It is certain that a high-resolution textured 3D model, produced so as to guarantee a given level of accuracy, would be an invaluable tool for applications involving restoration, preservation and monitoring of monuments. To this end, the main objective of this paper is to present the basic steps of a workflow for the creation of a high resolution textured model as it was applied for the monument of Zalo...

Photogrammetric Measurement of the Classic Marathon Course

Abstract. In this paper an alternative method for measuring the Classic Mara-thon Course using ph... more Abstract. In this paper an alternative method for measuring the Classic Mara-thon Course using photogrammetric methodology is presented and examined. The course is surveyed in stereoscopic environment and therefore the measure-ment is performed directly in 3D space. The produced elevation data after the processing procedure are presented in the section plan at a scale of 1:5.000. The Digital Surface Model, with a step of 5m, and the orthophotomap at a scale 1:2.000 of a corridor area, with width of 100m on either side of the course represents an additional product of the photogrammetric method. At the end, in this thesis the photogrammetric methodology is being assessed and evaluated, but also it is being compared with the conventional method of the calibrated bi-cycle and finally are conclusions drawn and proposals are attempted.

Archaeological Documentation and Restoration using Contemporary Methods

IXth International Scientific and Technical Conference «From Imagery to Map: Digital Photogrammetric Technologies», Oct 2009

Measuring the Classic Marathon Course

Int Journal of Heritage in the Digital Era, 2012

In this paper an alternative method for measuring the Classic Marathon Course using photogrammetr... more In this paper an alternative method for measuring the Classic Marathon Course using photogrammetric methodology is presented and examined. The course is surveyed in stereoscopic environment and therefore the measurement is performed directly in 3D space. The produced elevation data after the processing procedure are presented in the section plan at a scale of 1:5.000. The Digital Surface Model, with a step of 5m, and the orthophotomap at a scale 1:2.000 of a corridor area, with width of 100m on either side of the course represents an additional product of the photogrammetric method. At the end, in this thesis the photogrammetric methodology is being assessed and evaluated, but also it is being compared with the conventional method of the calibrated bicycle and finally are conclusions drawn and proposals are attempted.

Teaching Photogrammetry with PHOTOMOD in the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA)

by Elias Tsiligiris and Sevi Tapinaki

X International Scientific and technical Conference, From Imagery to Map: Digital Photogrammetric Technologies, Sep 2010

National Technical University of Athens (ΝΠJΑ) made this year extensive use of Photomod Lite for ... more National Technical University of Athens (ΝΠJΑ) made this year extensive use of Photomod Lite for the course of Photogrammetry. The Photogrammetric teaching stuff used the 30 PCs of the Geo Lab loaded with Photomod Lite. Each student had the complete advantage of Photomod Lite to complete the labs exercises (Internal, relative, absolute orientation, Plotting). The program was available at the university site for download so students could work at home. The basic instructions of PHOTOMOD were translated in Greek language and were available to the students at the university site.

Photogrammetric Measurement of the Classic Marathon Course

Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2010

In this paper an alternative method for measuring the Classic Marathon Course using photogrammetr... more In this paper an alternative method for measuring the Classic Marathon Course using photogrammetric methodology is presented and examined. The course is surveyed in stereoscopic environment and therefore the measurement is performed directly in 3D space. The produced elevation data after the processing procedure are presented in the section plan at a scale of 1:5.000. The Digital Surface Model, with a step of 5m, and the orthophotomap at a scale 1:2.000 of a corridor area, with width of 100m on either side of the course represents an additional product of the photogrammetric method. At the end, in this thesis the photogrammetric methodology is being assessed and evaluated, but also it is being compared with the conventional method of the calibrated bicycle and finally are conclusions drawn and proposals are attempted.

First research experiences with PHOTOMOD at the laboratory of photogrammetry

IXth International Scientific and Technical Conference «From Imagery to Map: Digital Photogrammetric Technologies», Oct 2009

Specifications and Standards for the Geometric Documentation of Cultural heritage

VSMM 2008 Conference on Virtual Systems and MultiMedia Dedicated to Digital Heritage, Oct 2008

Documentation of monuments is essential for the protection of Cultural Heritage. Unfortunately, t... more Documentation of monuments is essential for the protection of Cultural Heritage. Unfortunately, there is lack of Specifications and Standards, worldwide. This paper describes an attempt to collect and evaluate international experience for this subject, towards the compilation of specifications, standards and guidelines especially for the Geometric Documentation of Greek Cultural Heritage. The central idea is their integration in a Data Base Management System for project administration, project supervision and data management. The system will provide the definitions of specifications for the products and deliverables, while guidelines will ensure that these specifications are met. The existence of modern and adaptable technical specifications will definitely facilitate the use of alternative solutions, for geometric documentation of monuments, even of large and complicated ones. Project managers will have the capability to supervise the application of different procedures in a certain project, while, at the same, since data will be stored constantly and continually in the system, monitoring of the monument will be possible. Additionally, quality standards concerning management of projects, spatial data, images, large scale drawings etc. are deliberated and evaluated, so that they can be integrated into the system, for the quality certification of the products. Such an action may lead to the compilation of ISO standards in the future, if such an action is considered appropriate.

Development of a Georeferenced Archaeological Information Data Base for Eleutherna in Crete

Cultural Heritage Information Management Systems (CHIMS) have been developed in order to achieve ... more Cultural Heritage Information Management Systems (CHIMS) have been developed in order to achieve the georeference of the items in the Cultural Heritage database. Eleutherna in Crete is one of the most significant archaeological sites in Greece, with. many buildings constructed and destroyed during its long life. Hence, it is easily understandable that this vast archaeological site is complicated and difficult to understand, even by experts. In this paper the development of a Cultural Heritage Management System, called ARCHAEOsystem, is described and analyzed. The system has as geographic base a recent orthophoto of the area and for its design several parameters were taken into account. The conceptual design of the data base with the Entity-Relational (E-R) model preceded the development of this object oriented system. This E-R model is described and evaluated for its operability. After the initial experimental operation of the system, eventual practical problems will be identified a...

3D simulation models for developing digital twins of heritage structures: challenges and strategies

Procedia Structural Integrity

GIS modelling for integrated documentation of the historic building of Villa Klonaridi in Athens, Greece

3D Documentation and Virtual Archaeological Restoration of Macedonian Tombs

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2019

Archaeology as a science is based on finding and displaying the remains of the past. In recent ye... more Archaeology as a science is based on finding and displaying the remains of the past. In recent years, with the progress of technology, the science of archeology has been expanding and evolving. Three-dimensional digitization has become an integral part of the archiving, documentation and restoration effort of cultural heritage, offering important benefits in studies for reconstruction and restoration tasks of architectural creations, archaeological sites, historic monuments and objects of art in general. The threedimensional models are now available for many applications. In this paper such 3D models of two prominent Macedonian tombs in Northern Greece were exploited for their virtual restoration. Virtual restoration of monuments is of special importance to archaeological research, as it provides the necessary tools to investigate alternative solutions to the serious issue of archaeological restoration. These solutions do not interfere with the real monument, thus respecting its value and the international conventions. Digital 3D models have begun to be more beneficial in a science such as archaeology as they offer easy access to both archaeological and geometric information to a wider audience as well as a high degree of interaction possibilities with the user.

Multi-Sensor Documentation of Metric and Qualitative Information of Historic Stone Structures

ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2017

This paper focuses on the integration of multi-sensor techniques regarding the acquisition, proce... more This paper focuses on the integration of multi-sensor techniques regarding the acquisition, processing, visualisation and management of data regarding historic stone structures. The interdisciplinary methodology that is carried out here comprises of two parts. In the first part, the acquisition of qualitative and quantitative data concerning the geometry, the materials and the degradation of the tangible heritage asset each time, is discussed. The second part, refers to the analysis, management and visualization of the interrelated data by using spatial information technologies. Through the paradigm of the surveying of the ancient temple of Pythian Apollo at Acropolis of Rhodes, Rhodes Island, Greece, it is aimed to highlight the issues deriving from the separate application of documentation procedures and how the fusion of these methods can contribute effectively to ensure the completeness of the measurements for complex structures. The surveying results are further processed to be...

Archaeological anastylosis of two Macedonian tombs in a 3D virtual environment

Virtual Archaeology Review, 2020

Archaeological restoration of monuments is a practice requiring extreme caution and thorough stud... more Archaeological restoration of monuments is a practice requiring extreme caution and thorough study. Archaeologists and conservation experts are very reluctant to proceed to restoration and indeed to reconstruction actions without detailed consultation and thought. Nowadays, anastylosis executed on the real object is practically prohibited. Contemporary technologies have provided archaeologists and other conservation experts with the tools to embark on virtual restorations or anastyloses, thus testing various alternatives without physical intervention on the monument itself. In this way, the values of the monuments are respected according to international conventions. In this paper, two such examples of virtual archaeological anastyloses of two important Macedonian tombs in northern Greece are presented. The anastyloses were performed on three-dimensional (3D) models which have been produced using modern digital 3D documentation techniques, such as image-based modelling and terrestri...

The Role of Digital Geometric Documentation for the Rehabilitation of the Tomb of Christ

2018 3rd Digital Heritage International Congress (DigitalHERITAGE) held jointly with 2018 24th International Conference on Virtual Systems & Multimedia (VSMM 2018), 2018

The National Technical University of Athens undertook the Rehabilitation of the Holy Aedicule of ... more The National Technical University of Athens undertook the Rehabilitation of the Holy Aedicule of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. This paper briefly presents the three-dimensional digital geometric documentation of the monument, which was considered necessary to support the characterization of materials, the identification of building phases and the diagnosis of decay and pathology using analytical and non-destructive techniques during all phases of the rehabilitation implementation. The provided information by these studies enabled the proper implementation of the necessary actions to restore the monument to a sustainable state for the future pilgrims. This work also demonstrates that the adoption of an interdisciplinary approach for integrated documentation is a powerful tool for a better understanding of monuments, both in terms of its structural integrity, as well as in terms of its state of preservation, both prerequisites for effective rehabilitation.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL ANASTYLOSIS OF TWO MACEDONIAN TOMBS IN A 3D VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT

by ΜΑΡΙΑ ΣΤΑΜΠΟΥΛΟΓΛΟΥ, Sevi Tapinaki, Georgia Kontogianni, and Margarita Skamantzari

Virtual Archaeology Review, 2020

Highlights:  Use of contemporary digital methods for the 3D geometric documentation of complex b... more Highlights:  Use of contemporary digital methods for the 3D geometric documentation of complex burial structures.  Interdisciplinary approach for the implementation of digital techniques for 3D modelling, including 3D terrestrial laser scanning and image-based modelling.  Implementation of virtual anastylosis by archaeologists using the 3D models and suitable software. Abstract: Archaeological restoration of monuments is a practice requiring extreme caution and thorough study. Archaeologists and conservation experts are very reluctant to proceed to restoration and indeed to reconstruction actions without detailed consultation and thought. Nowadays, anastylosis executed on the real object is practically prohibited. Contemporary technologies have provided archaeologists and other conservation experts with the tools to embark on virtual restorations or anastyloses, thus testing various alternatives without physical intervention on the monument itself. In this way, the values of the monuments are respected according to international conventions. In this paper, two such examples of virtual archaeological anastyloses of two important Macedonian tombs in northern Greece are presented. The anastyloses were performed on three-dimensional (3D) models which have been produced using modern digital 3D documentation techniques, such as image-based modelling and terrestrial laser scanning. The reader is introduced to the history and importance-as well as the peculiarities-of the Macedonian tombs. In addition, the two tombs are described in detail mainly from an archaeological point of view The process of field data acquisition and processing to produce the 3D models are described. Simple and more or less standard methods were employed in acquiring the raw data. Processing was carried out using commercial software. The resulting 3D models and other documentation products are assessed for their accuracy and completeness. The decisions for the virtual anastylosis are explained in detail and the actual process is also described. The restored monuments are presented and evaluated by the conservation experts. Thus, it is shown how important virtual anastylosis of monuments is to archaeological researchers, as it enables them to conduct in-depth studies, without actually tampering with the monuments themselves. Digital 3D models are contributing to many disciplines, especially in archaeology, as they enable a wider audience to easily access both archaeological and geometric information as well as offering a high degree of interaction possibilities to the user. Resumen: La restauración arqueológica de monumentos es una práctica que requiere extrema precaución y un estudio exhaustivo. Los arqueólogos y expertos en conservación son muy reacios a proceder a la restauración y, de hecho, a las acciones de reconstrucción sin una consulta detallada y reflexión. Hoy en día, la ejecución de anastilosis sobre el objeto real está prácticamente prohibida. Las tecnologías contemporáneas han proporcionado las herramientas a los arqueólogos y otros expertos en conservación para embarcarse en restauraciones virtuales o anastilosis, probando así varias alternativas sin intervención física en el monumento. De esta manera, los valores de los monumentos se respetan de acuerdo a las convenciones internacionales. En este artículo, se presentan dos ejemplos de anastilosis arqueológicas virtuales de dos tumbas macedonias importantes en el norte de Grecia. Las anastilosis se realizaron en los modelos tridimensionales (3D) que se han producido empleando técnicas modernas de documentación digital en 3D, como el modelado basado en imágenes y el escaneo láser terrestre. Se introduce al lector a la historia y la importancia-así como a las peculiaridades-de las tumbas macedonias. Además, las dos tumbas se describen en detalle desde un punto de vista arqueológico principalmente. Se describe el proceso de toma y procesamiento de datos de campo para producir los modelos 3D. Se emplearon métodos simples y más o menos estándar en la toma de datos crudos. El procesamiento se llevó a cabo utilizando software comercial. Los modelos 3D resultantes y otros productos de documentación se evalúan a partir de su precisión e integridad. Se explican en detalle las decisiones de la anastilosis virtual y también se STAMPOULOGLOU et al., 2020 Virtual Archaeology Review, 11(22): In-press, 2020 2 describe el proceso real. Los monumentos restaurados se presentan y evaluan por los expertos en conservación. Por lo tanto, se muestra cuán importante es la anastilosis virtual de los monumentos para la investigación arqueológica, ya que les permite estudiar los monumentos en profundidad, sin alterar realmente los monumentos mismos. Los modelos digitales en 3D están contribuyendo a muchas disciplinas, especialmente en arqueología en tanto que permiten un fácil acceso a la información arqueológica y geométrica a una audiencia mayor, y altas posibilidades de interacción con el usuario. Palabras clave: documentación 3D; modelado basado en imágenes; escaneado láser terrestre; anastilosis virtual

Use of Various Surveying Technologies to 3 D Digital Mapping and Modelling of Cultural Heritage Structures for Maintenance and Restoration Purposes : The Tholos in Delphi , Greece

by Sevi Tapinaki and Andreas Georgopoulos

This work was developed to train graduate students as part of the Delphi4Delphi project dealing w... more This work was developed to train graduate students as part of the Delphi4Delphi project dealing with the digital reconstruction of the archaeological site of Delphi. In this part of the project, various technologies were used for 3-d digital mapping cultural heritage structures for maintenance and restoration purposes. The use of various surveying technologies such as UAS, Total station, digital camera, Lidar scanner and GPS to map in 3d the remaining of the monument Tholos and the surrounding area in Delphi Greece and based on such mapping to restore the entire structure is covered in detail. The remains of such monuments are a few columns standing up joined with original elements on top. In this part of the project GPS was used to establish the reference system, total station was used to measure a number of control points for UAS, close range photogrammetry and Lidar scanner, UAS was used to map precisely the surrounding area together with the structure, close range photogrammetry...

Digitally Developing Medieval Fortifications

Modern technological advances have enabled digital automated methods to be applied for accurate a... more Modern technological advances have enabled digital automated methods to be applied for accurate and detailed documentation. Such techniques include image based modelling and terrestrial laser scanning. They can easily be adapted to perfectly suit the documentation needs for small and large objects. In this paper the digital geometric documentation of two medieval fortifications using such contemporary methods is briefly described. These are the western part of the Castle of Chios and an important part of the medieval Rhodes fortifications. The purpose of the geometric documentation for both cases was the restoration of these parts, hence detailed documentation was necessary. Conventional two-dimensional plans with digital orthophotographs were produced and from them conventional line drawings were required for the case of Chios castle. Both castle parts included cylindrical bastions, whose projection on two dimensional plans is obviously deformed. Such non-planar parts constitute a ...

3D DOCUMENTATION AND VIRTUAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESTORATION OF MACEDONIAN TOMBS

by Georgia Kontogianni, Sevi Tapinaki, Margarita Skamantzari, and Andreas Georgopoulos

ISPRS Archives-Volume XLII-2/W11, 2019

Archaeology as a science is based on finding and displaying the remains of the past. In recent ye... more Archaeology as a science is based on finding and displaying the remains of the past. In recent years, with the progress of technology, the science of archeology has been expanding and evolving. Three-dimensional digitization has become an integral part of the archiving, documentation and restoration effort of cultural heritage, offering important benefits in studies for reconstruction and restoration tasks of architectural creations, archaeological sites, historic monuments and objects of art in general. The three-dimensional models are now available for many applications. In this paper such 3D models of two prominent Macedonian tombs in Northern Greece were exploited for their virtual restoration. Virtual restoration of monuments is of special importance to archaeological research, as it provides the necessary tools to investigate alternative solutions to the serious issue of archaeological restoration. These solutions do not interfere with the real monument, thus respecting its value and the international conventions. Digital 3D models have begun to be more beneficial in a science such as archaeology as they offer easy access to both archaeological and geometric information to a wider audience as well as a high degree of interaction possibilities with the user.

GIS modelling for integrated documentation of the historic building of Villa Klonaridi in Athens

by E. Tsilimantou, Sofia Soile, Sevi Tapinaki, and Ελισάβετ Τσιλιμαντού

High Resolution Textured Models for Engineering Applications

Three dimensional textured modeling is a process that during the few last years is gaining ground... more Three dimensional textured modeling is a process that during the few last years is gaining ground in monument documentation, visualization and dissemination. The combination of a variety of data acquisition technologies, to photogrammetric processes and computer graphic methods has certainly been fruitful. Low-resolution 3D models are frequently used for information dissemination about monuments, e.g., via web-pages in the form of a VRML model. However, the creation, publication and interaction with high resolution 3D textured models are still rather challenging and cumbersome tasks. It is certain that a high-resolution textured 3D model, produced so as to guarantee a given level of accuracy, would be an invaluable tool for applications involving restoration, preservation and monitoring of monuments. To this end, the main objective of this paper is to present the basic steps of a workflow for the creation of a high resolution textured model as it was applied for the monument of Zalo...

Photogrammetric Measurement of the Classic Marathon Course

Abstract. In this paper an alternative method for measuring the Classic Mara-thon Course using ph... more Abstract. In this paper an alternative method for measuring the Classic Mara-thon Course using photogrammetric methodology is presented and examined. The course is surveyed in stereoscopic environment and therefore the measure-ment is performed directly in 3D space. The produced elevation data after the processing procedure are presented in the section plan at a scale of 1:5.000. The Digital Surface Model, with a step of 5m, and the orthophotomap at a scale 1:2.000 of a corridor area, with width of 100m on either side of the course represents an additional product of the photogrammetric method. At the end, in this thesis the photogrammetric methodology is being assessed and evaluated, but also it is being compared with the conventional method of the calibrated bi-cycle and finally are conclusions drawn and proposals are attempted.

Archaeological Documentation and Restoration using Contemporary Methods

IXth International Scientific and Technical Conference «From Imagery to Map: Digital Photogrammetric Technologies», Oct 2009

Measuring the Classic Marathon Course

Int Journal of Heritage in the Digital Era, 2012

In this paper an alternative method for measuring the Classic Marathon Course using photogrammetr... more In this paper an alternative method for measuring the Classic Marathon Course using photogrammetric methodology is presented and examined. The course is surveyed in stereoscopic environment and therefore the measurement is performed directly in 3D space. The produced elevation data after the processing procedure are presented in the section plan at a scale of 1:5.000. The Digital Surface Model, with a step of 5m, and the orthophotomap at a scale 1:2.000 of a corridor area, with width of 100m on either side of the course represents an additional product of the photogrammetric method. At the end, in this thesis the photogrammetric methodology is being assessed and evaluated, but also it is being compared with the conventional method of the calibrated bicycle and finally are conclusions drawn and proposals are attempted.

Teaching Photogrammetry with PHOTOMOD in the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA)

by Elias Tsiligiris and Sevi Tapinaki

X International Scientific and technical Conference, From Imagery to Map: Digital Photogrammetric Technologies, Sep 2010

National Technical University of Athens (ΝΠJΑ) made this year extensive use of Photomod Lite for ... more National Technical University of Athens (ΝΠJΑ) made this year extensive use of Photomod Lite for the course of Photogrammetry. The Photogrammetric teaching stuff used the 30 PCs of the Geo Lab loaded with Photomod Lite. Each student had the complete advantage of Photomod Lite to complete the labs exercises (Internal, relative, absolute orientation, Plotting). The program was available at the university site for download so students could work at home. The basic instructions of PHOTOMOD were translated in Greek language and were available to the students at the university site.

Photogrammetric Measurement of the Classic Marathon Course

Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2010

In this paper an alternative method for measuring the Classic Marathon Course using photogrammetr... more In this paper an alternative method for measuring the Classic Marathon Course using photogrammetric methodology is presented and examined. The course is surveyed in stereoscopic environment and therefore the measurement is performed directly in 3D space. The produced elevation data after the processing procedure are presented in the section plan at a scale of 1:5.000. The Digital Surface Model, with a step of 5m, and the orthophotomap at a scale 1:2.000 of a corridor area, with width of 100m on either side of the course represents an additional product of the photogrammetric method. At the end, in this thesis the photogrammetric methodology is being assessed and evaluated, but also it is being compared with the conventional method of the calibrated bicycle and finally are conclusions drawn and proposals are attempted.

First research experiences with PHOTOMOD at the laboratory of photogrammetry

IXth International Scientific and Technical Conference «From Imagery to Map: Digital Photogrammetric Technologies», Oct 2009

Specifications and Standards for the Geometric Documentation of Cultural heritage

VSMM 2008 Conference on Virtual Systems and MultiMedia Dedicated to Digital Heritage, Oct 2008

Documentation of monuments is essential for the protection of Cultural Heritage. Unfortunately, t... more Documentation of monuments is essential for the protection of Cultural Heritage. Unfortunately, there is lack of Specifications and Standards, worldwide. This paper describes an attempt to collect and evaluate international experience for this subject, towards the compilation of specifications, standards and guidelines especially for the Geometric Documentation of Greek Cultural Heritage. The central idea is their integration in a Data Base Management System for project administration, project supervision and data management. The system will provide the definitions of specifications for the products and deliverables, while guidelines will ensure that these specifications are met. The existence of modern and adaptable technical specifications will definitely facilitate the use of alternative solutions, for geometric documentation of monuments, even of large and complicated ones. Project managers will have the capability to supervise the application of different procedures in a certain project, while, at the same, since data will be stored constantly and continually in the system, monitoring of the monument will be possible. Additionally, quality standards concerning management of projects, spatial data, images, large scale drawings etc. are deliberated and evaluated, so that they can be integrated into the system, for the quality certification of the products. Such an action may lead to the compilation of ISO standards in the future, if such an action is considered appropriate.