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R. Judkoff

National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Center for Buildings and Thermal Systems, Researcher, Chief Architectural Engineer

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Chief Architectural Engineer for Building Energy Research at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.

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Scientific & Industrial Research & Development Centre (SIRDC)

Bentley Systems, Incorporated

Nicholas L Long

National Renewable Energy Laboratory

J. Alstan Jakubiec

University of Toronto

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Stephen Selkowitz

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Abdullah Nisar Siddiqui

Jamia Millia Islamia

Paul Torcellini

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Papers by R. Judkoff

Low-Energy Commercial Buildings

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States govern... more This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available to DOE and DOE contractors from:

Evaluation Conference

Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337NOTICE The submitted manuscript has been offered by an employee of... more Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337NOTICE The submitted manuscript has been offered by an employee of the Midwest Research Institute (MRI), a contractor of the US Government under Contract No. DE-AC36-99GO10337. Accordingly, the US Government and MRI retain a nonexclusive royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or allow others to do so, for US Government purposes. This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise doe...

NREL Research Support Facility (RSF) Documentary

What Did They Do in IEA 34/43? Or How to Diagnose and Repair Bugs in 500,000 Lines of Code: Preprint

This paper presents an overview of the International Energy Agency Solar Heating and Cooling Task... more

Update of ASHRAE Standard 140 Section 5.2 and Related Sections (BESTEST Building Thermal Fabric Test Cases)

The Laboratory's main facility is outside Chicago, at 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60... more

Designing for sustainability: Preprint

In addition to impacting non-renewable energy supplies, buildings world wide contribute to climat... more In addition to impacting non-renewable energy supplies, buildings world wide contribute to climate change by being responsible for the release of carbon dioxide, either directly through combustion of carbon-based fuels or indirectly through electricity consumption from carbon fuels. As engineers and architects, we have an obligation to design for sustainability. This paper addresses each step in the building design process-from inception to occupancy. Recommendations and examples of how we can meet our obligations of sustainability are given using two examples of actual buildings that have low energy use and minimal impact on the environment. In addition, these buildings have life cycle costs comparable to conventional buildings and provide comfortable, healthy, and productive indoor environments.

Design and analysis tool validation

The Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI) is developing a procedure for the validation of Buildi... more The Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI) is developing a procedure for the validation of Building Energy Analysis Simulation Codes (BEAS). These codes are being used increasingly in the building design process, both directly and as the basis for simplified design tools and guidelines. The importance of the validity of the BEAS in predicting building energy performance is obvious when one considers the money and energy that could be wasted by energy-inefficient designs. However, to date, little or no systematic effort has been made to ensure the validity of the various BEAS. The validation work at SERI consists of three distinct parts: Comparative Study, Analytical Verification, and Empirical Validation. The procedures have been developed for the first two parts and have been implemented on a sampling of the major BEAS; results have shown major problems in one of the BEAS tested. Furthermore, when one building design was run using several of the BEAS, large differences were found in the predicted annual cooling and heating loads. The empirical validation procedure has been developed, and five two-zone test cells have been constructed for validation; a summer validation run will take place as soon as the data acquisition system is completed. Additionally, a testmore » validation exercise is now in progress using the low-cal house to fine-tune the empirical validation procedure and better define monitoring data requirements.« less

Increasing Building Energy Efficiency Through Advances in Materials

MRS Bulletin, 2008

Materials advances could help to reduce the energy and environmental impacts of buildings. Global... more Materials advances could help to reduce the energy and environmental impacts of buildings. Globally, buildings use about 20% of primary energy and account for 20% of atmospheric emissions. Building energy consumption emanates from a variety of sources, some of which are related to the building envelope or fabric, some to the equipment in the building, and some to both. Opportunities for reducing energy use in buildings through innovative materials are therefore numerous, but there is no one system, component, or material whose improvement alone can solve the building energy problem. Many of the loads in a building are interactive, and this complicates cost/benefit analysis for new materials, components, and systems. Moreover, components and materials for buildings must meet stringent durability and cost/performance criteria to last the long service lifetimes of buildings and compete successfully in the marketplace.

Airside HVAC BESTEST. Adaptation of ASHRAE RP 865 Airside HVAC Equipment Modeling Test Cases for ASHRAE Standard 140. Volume 1, Cases AE101-AE445

LBNL i , United States DeST/TsinghuaU-LBNL DOE-2.2 V48L JJH j /LBNL i /UC k , United States NREL ... more

Model Validation and Testing: The Methodological Foundation of ASHRAE Standard 140

Ideally, whole-building energy simulation programs model all aspects of a building that influence... more Ideally, whole-building energy simulation programs model all aspects of a building that influence energy use and thermal and visual comfort for the occupants. An essential component of the development of such computer simulation models is a rigorous program of validation and testing. This paper describes a methodology to evaluate the accuracy of whole-building energy simulation programs. The methodology is also used to identify and diagnose differences in simulation predictions that may be caused by algorithmic differences, modeling limitations, coding errors, or input errors. The methodology has been adopted by ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140, Method of Test for the Evaluation of Building Energy Analysis Computer Programs (ASHRAE 2001a, 2004). A summary of the method is included in the 2005 ASHRAE Handbook--Fundamentals (ASHRAE 2005). This paper describes the ASHRAE Standard 140 method of test and its methodological basis. Also discussed are possible future enhancements to ASHRAE Standard...

A set of validation test cases are presented for comparing the results of mid-level detailed grou... more A set of validation test cases are presented for comparing the results of mid-level detailed groundcoupled heat transfer models typically used with whole-building energy simulation software to verified detailed numerical ground-coupled heat transfer models. A new validation methodology development is also presented that uses an analytical solution for verifying detailed numerical models for overall correctness and proper application. The verified models then form the basis for developing a secondary mathematical truth standard based on their results versus the analytical solution in the initial case, and versus each other as the test cases progress incrementally.

Zion National Park Visitor Center: Significant Energy Savings Achieved through a Whole-Building Design Process

The National Park Service (NPS) applied a whole-building design process developed at the National... more The National Park Service (NPS) applied a whole-building design process developed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to create a building that performs more than 70% better than a comparable code-compliant building at no additional construction cost. The NPS was committed to integrating aggressive energy efficiency and renewable energy features into the building design to reduce environmental impact and enhance visitor experience. This whole-building design process involves a committed design team, including the energy consultant, in the earliest conceptual design phase and continues through building commissioning. The design team for this project included the architect, engineer, energy consultant, landscape architect, owner, operator, and others who could influence the building design and operation. Extensive whole-building energy and lighting computer simulations were conducted throughout the process, which included the integration of energy efficient and renewable energy technologies into the building. The design team, inspired by natural cooling within the canyon, developed simple solutions to create an extremely energy efficient building. These strategies included natural ventilation cooling, cooltowers for evaporative cooling without distribution fans, daylighting, massive building materials, Trombe walls and direct solar gains for heating, engineered window overhangs for solar load control, a building automation system to maintain comfort and control the energy-efficient lighting system, and a roof-mounted photovoltaic system to offset building electrical loads and ensure a power supply during the frequent utility grid outages. Performance data were taken over a 2-year period and show where and how energy savings were achieved. Construction and operation costs are also summarized.

HVAC BESTEST: A Procedure for Testing the Ability of Whole-Building Energy Simulation Programs to Model Space Conditioning Equipment: Preprint

Validation of Building Energy Simulation Programs consists of a combination of empirical validati... more Validation of Building Energy Simulation Programs consists of a combination of empirical validation, analytical verification, and comparative analysis techniques (Judkoff 1988). An analytical verification and comparative diagnostic procedure was developed to test the ability of whole-building simulation programs to model the performance of unitary space-cooling equipment that is typically modeled using manufacturer design data presented as empirically derived performance maps.

Low-energy building design -- The process and a case study

Designing and constructing low-energy buildings (buildings that consume 50% to 70% less energy th... more Designing and constructing low-energy buildings (buildings that consume 50% to 70% less energy than code-compliant buildings) require the design team to follow an energy-design process that considers how the building envelope and systems work together. A design team must set energy efficiency goals at the beginning of the pre-design phase. Detailed computer simulations are then used throughout the design and construction phases to ensure the building is optimized for energy efficiency and that changes to the design do not adversely affect the energy performance. Properly commissioning the building and educating the building operators are the final steps to successfully constructing a low-energy building. This paper defines this energy-design process and shows an actual project where energy costs were reduced by 63%. These energy savings were achieved by incorporating daylighting, passive solar heating and cooling, and energy efficiency strategies into the building design.

Whole-Building Energy Simulation with a Three-Dimensional Ground-Coupled Heat Transfer Model: Preprint

A three-dimensional, finite-element, heat-transfer computer program was developed to study ground... more A three-dimensional, finite-element, heat-transfer computer program was developed to study ground-coupled heat transfer from buildings. It was used in conjunction with the SUNREL whole-building energy simulation program to analyze ground-coupled heat transfer from buildings, and the results were compared with the simple ground-coupled heat transfer models used in whole-building energy simulation programs. The detailed model provides another method of testing and refining the simple models and analyzing complex problems. This work is part of an effort to improve the analysis of the ground-coupled heat transfer in building energy simulation programs. The output from this detailed model and several others will form a set of reference results for use with the BESTEST diagnostic procedure. We anticipate that the results from the work will be incorporated into ANSI/ASHRAE 140-2001, Standard Method of Test for the Evaluation of Building Energy Analysis Computer Programs.

International Energy Agency design tool evaluation procedure

Detailed state-of-the-art building energy simulation models from nations participating in Interna... more Detailed state-of-the-art building energy simulation models from nations participating in International Energy Agency (IEA) Task VIII are used to develop a quantitative procedure to evaluate more simplified design tools. Simulations are performed with the detailed models on a series of cases that progress systematically from the extremely simple to the relatively realistic. Output values for the cases, such as annual loads, annual maximum and minimum temperatures, and peak loads, are used to set target ranges with which the results from more simplified design tools can be compared. The more realistic cases, although geometrically simple, test the ability of the design tools to model such combined effects as thermal mass, direct gain windows, overhangs, internally generated heat, and dead-band and set-back thermostat control strategies. 5 refs., 9 figs., 4 tabs.

Partnership for Resource Conservation

NOTICE

To be presented at the American Council for an Energy- Efficient Economy (ACEEE) Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings

Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337NOTICE The submitted manuscript has been offered by an employee of... more Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337NOTICE The submitted manuscript has been offered by an employee of the Midwest Research Institute (MRI), a contractor of the US Government under Contract No. DE-AC36-99GO10337. Accordingly, the US Government and MRI retain a nonexclusive royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or allow others to do so, for US Government purposes. This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise doe...

Using the Whole-Building Design Approach to Incorporate Daylighting into a Retail Space

Proceedings for the, 2000

Daylighting is the most important element in creating a low-energy building in many climates. Red... more Daylighting is the most important element in creating a low-energy building in many climates. Reducing lighting loads decreases the electrical energy required for operating lighting systems and reduces building cooling loads. However, many commercial building owners are skeptical about daylighting strategies because of the perceived risk associated with what is considered a "new" concept. Also, architects and engineers find it difficult to optimize the daylighting system so as to minimize the sum of heating, cooling, lighting, and ventilation energy costs, and to control glare. This reluctance is especially true in the retailbuilding sector where "bright" lighting is equated to meeting product sales goals. This paper described using the whole-building design approach to implement daylighting and other strategies into the BigHorn Center, a collection of home improvement retail spaces in Silverthorne, Colorado. The complex was constructed in three phases. Daylighting was an integral part of the design of the Phase III building. Energy consultants optimized the daylighting design through detailed modeling using an hourly building energy simulation tool Substantially reducing the electric lighting load minimized the cooling loads, which could then be completely met with natural ventilation. Other strategies included optimized envelope features, radiant slab heating, and optimized building controls. This paper focuses on the daylighting design of the Phase III building and summarizes the findings from the building envelope and systems design analyses.

HVAC BESTEST: A procedure for testing the ability of wholebuilding energy simulation programs to model space conditioning equipment

Validation of Building Energy Simulation Programs consists of a combination of empirical validati... more Validation of Building Energy Simulation Programs consists of a combination of empirical validation, analytical verification, and comparative analysis techniques (Judkoff 1988). An analytical verification and comparative diagnostic procedure was developed to test the ability of whole-building simulation programs to model the performance of unitary spacecooling equipment that is typically modeled using manufacturer design data presented as empirically derived performance maps. Field trials of the method were conducted by researchers from nations participating in the International Energy Agency (IEA) Solar Heating and Cooling (SHC) Programme Task 22, using a number of detailed hourly simulation programs from Europe and the United States, including: CA-SIS, CLIM2000, PROMETHEUS, TRNSYS-TUD, and two versions of DOE-2.1E. Analytical solutions were also developed for the test cases.

Low-Energy Commercial Buildings

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States govern... more This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available to DOE and DOE contractors from:

Evaluation Conference

Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337NOTICE The submitted manuscript has been offered by an employee of... more Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337NOTICE The submitted manuscript has been offered by an employee of the Midwest Research Institute (MRI), a contractor of the US Government under Contract No. DE-AC36-99GO10337. Accordingly, the US Government and MRI retain a nonexclusive royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or allow others to do so, for US Government purposes. This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise doe...

NREL Research Support Facility (RSF) Documentary

What Did They Do in IEA 34/43? Or How to Diagnose and Repair Bugs in 500,000 Lines of Code: Preprint

This paper presents an overview of the International Energy Agency Solar Heating and Cooling Task... more

Update of ASHRAE Standard 140 Section 5.2 and Related Sections (BESTEST Building Thermal Fabric Test Cases)

The Laboratory's main facility is outside Chicago, at 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60... more

Designing for sustainability: Preprint

In addition to impacting non-renewable energy supplies, buildings world wide contribute to climat... more In addition to impacting non-renewable energy supplies, buildings world wide contribute to climate change by being responsible for the release of carbon dioxide, either directly through combustion of carbon-based fuels or indirectly through electricity consumption from carbon fuels. As engineers and architects, we have an obligation to design for sustainability. This paper addresses each step in the building design process-from inception to occupancy. Recommendations and examples of how we can meet our obligations of sustainability are given using two examples of actual buildings that have low energy use and minimal impact on the environment. In addition, these buildings have life cycle costs comparable to conventional buildings and provide comfortable, healthy, and productive indoor environments.

Design and analysis tool validation

The Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI) is developing a procedure for the validation of Buildi... more The Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI) is developing a procedure for the validation of Building Energy Analysis Simulation Codes (BEAS). These codes are being used increasingly in the building design process, both directly and as the basis for simplified design tools and guidelines. The importance of the validity of the BEAS in predicting building energy performance is obvious when one considers the money and energy that could be wasted by energy-inefficient designs. However, to date, little or no systematic effort has been made to ensure the validity of the various BEAS. The validation work at SERI consists of three distinct parts: Comparative Study, Analytical Verification, and Empirical Validation. The procedures have been developed for the first two parts and have been implemented on a sampling of the major BEAS; results have shown major problems in one of the BEAS tested. Furthermore, when one building design was run using several of the BEAS, large differences were found in the predicted annual cooling and heating loads. The empirical validation procedure has been developed, and five two-zone test cells have been constructed for validation; a summer validation run will take place as soon as the data acquisition system is completed. Additionally, a testmore » validation exercise is now in progress using the low-cal house to fine-tune the empirical validation procedure and better define monitoring data requirements.« less

Increasing Building Energy Efficiency Through Advances in Materials

MRS Bulletin, 2008

Materials advances could help to reduce the energy and environmental impacts of buildings. Global... more Materials advances could help to reduce the energy and environmental impacts of buildings. Globally, buildings use about 20% of primary energy and account for 20% of atmospheric emissions. Building energy consumption emanates from a variety of sources, some of which are related to the building envelope or fabric, some to the equipment in the building, and some to both. Opportunities for reducing energy use in buildings through innovative materials are therefore numerous, but there is no one system, component, or material whose improvement alone can solve the building energy problem. Many of the loads in a building are interactive, and this complicates cost/benefit analysis for new materials, components, and systems. Moreover, components and materials for buildings must meet stringent durability and cost/performance criteria to last the long service lifetimes of buildings and compete successfully in the marketplace.

Airside HVAC BESTEST. Adaptation of ASHRAE RP 865 Airside HVAC Equipment Modeling Test Cases for ASHRAE Standard 140. Volume 1, Cases AE101-AE445

LBNL i , United States DeST/TsinghuaU-LBNL DOE-2.2 V48L JJH j /LBNL i /UC k , United States NREL ... more

Model Validation and Testing: The Methodological Foundation of ASHRAE Standard 140

Ideally, whole-building energy simulation programs model all aspects of a building that influence... more Ideally, whole-building energy simulation programs model all aspects of a building that influence energy use and thermal and visual comfort for the occupants. An essential component of the development of such computer simulation models is a rigorous program of validation and testing. This paper describes a methodology to evaluate the accuracy of whole-building energy simulation programs. The methodology is also used to identify and diagnose differences in simulation predictions that may be caused by algorithmic differences, modeling limitations, coding errors, or input errors. The methodology has been adopted by ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140, Method of Test for the Evaluation of Building Energy Analysis Computer Programs (ASHRAE 2001a, 2004). A summary of the method is included in the 2005 ASHRAE Handbook--Fundamentals (ASHRAE 2005). This paper describes the ASHRAE Standard 140 method of test and its methodological basis. Also discussed are possible future enhancements to ASHRAE Standard...

A set of validation test cases are presented for comparing the results of mid-level detailed grou... more A set of validation test cases are presented for comparing the results of mid-level detailed groundcoupled heat transfer models typically used with whole-building energy simulation software to verified detailed numerical ground-coupled heat transfer models. A new validation methodology development is also presented that uses an analytical solution for verifying detailed numerical models for overall correctness and proper application. The verified models then form the basis for developing a secondary mathematical truth standard based on their results versus the analytical solution in the initial case, and versus each other as the test cases progress incrementally.

Zion National Park Visitor Center: Significant Energy Savings Achieved through a Whole-Building Design Process

The National Park Service (NPS) applied a whole-building design process developed at the National... more The National Park Service (NPS) applied a whole-building design process developed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to create a building that performs more than 70% better than a comparable code-compliant building at no additional construction cost. The NPS was committed to integrating aggressive energy efficiency and renewable energy features into the building design to reduce environmental impact and enhance visitor experience. This whole-building design process involves a committed design team, including the energy consultant, in the earliest conceptual design phase and continues through building commissioning. The design team for this project included the architect, engineer, energy consultant, landscape architect, owner, operator, and others who could influence the building design and operation. Extensive whole-building energy and lighting computer simulations were conducted throughout the process, which included the integration of energy efficient and renewable energy technologies into the building. The design team, inspired by natural cooling within the canyon, developed simple solutions to create an extremely energy efficient building. These strategies included natural ventilation cooling, cooltowers for evaporative cooling without distribution fans, daylighting, massive building materials, Trombe walls and direct solar gains for heating, engineered window overhangs for solar load control, a building automation system to maintain comfort and control the energy-efficient lighting system, and a roof-mounted photovoltaic system to offset building electrical loads and ensure a power supply during the frequent utility grid outages. Performance data were taken over a 2-year period and show where and how energy savings were achieved. Construction and operation costs are also summarized.

HVAC BESTEST: A Procedure for Testing the Ability of Whole-Building Energy Simulation Programs to Model Space Conditioning Equipment: Preprint

Validation of Building Energy Simulation Programs consists of a combination of empirical validati... more Validation of Building Energy Simulation Programs consists of a combination of empirical validation, analytical verification, and comparative analysis techniques (Judkoff 1988). An analytical verification and comparative diagnostic procedure was developed to test the ability of whole-building simulation programs to model the performance of unitary space-cooling equipment that is typically modeled using manufacturer design data presented as empirically derived performance maps.

Low-energy building design -- The process and a case study

Designing and constructing low-energy buildings (buildings that consume 50% to 70% less energy th... more Designing and constructing low-energy buildings (buildings that consume 50% to 70% less energy than code-compliant buildings) require the design team to follow an energy-design process that considers how the building envelope and systems work together. A design team must set energy efficiency goals at the beginning of the pre-design phase. Detailed computer simulations are then used throughout the design and construction phases to ensure the building is optimized for energy efficiency and that changes to the design do not adversely affect the energy performance. Properly commissioning the building and educating the building operators are the final steps to successfully constructing a low-energy building. This paper defines this energy-design process and shows an actual project where energy costs were reduced by 63%. These energy savings were achieved by incorporating daylighting, passive solar heating and cooling, and energy efficiency strategies into the building design.

Whole-Building Energy Simulation with a Three-Dimensional Ground-Coupled Heat Transfer Model: Preprint

A three-dimensional, finite-element, heat-transfer computer program was developed to study ground... more A three-dimensional, finite-element, heat-transfer computer program was developed to study ground-coupled heat transfer from buildings. It was used in conjunction with the SUNREL whole-building energy simulation program to analyze ground-coupled heat transfer from buildings, and the results were compared with the simple ground-coupled heat transfer models used in whole-building energy simulation programs. The detailed model provides another method of testing and refining the simple models and analyzing complex problems. This work is part of an effort to improve the analysis of the ground-coupled heat transfer in building energy simulation programs. The output from this detailed model and several others will form a set of reference results for use with the BESTEST diagnostic procedure. We anticipate that the results from the work will be incorporated into ANSI/ASHRAE 140-2001, Standard Method of Test for the Evaluation of Building Energy Analysis Computer Programs.

International Energy Agency design tool evaluation procedure

Detailed state-of-the-art building energy simulation models from nations participating in Interna... more Detailed state-of-the-art building energy simulation models from nations participating in International Energy Agency (IEA) Task VIII are used to develop a quantitative procedure to evaluate more simplified design tools. Simulations are performed with the detailed models on a series of cases that progress systematically from the extremely simple to the relatively realistic. Output values for the cases, such as annual loads, annual maximum and minimum temperatures, and peak loads, are used to set target ranges with which the results from more simplified design tools can be compared. The more realistic cases, although geometrically simple, test the ability of the design tools to model such combined effects as thermal mass, direct gain windows, overhangs, internally generated heat, and dead-band and set-back thermostat control strategies. 5 refs., 9 figs., 4 tabs.

Partnership for Resource Conservation

NOTICE

To be presented at the American Council for an Energy- Efficient Economy (ACEEE) Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings

Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337NOTICE The submitted manuscript has been offered by an employee of... more Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337NOTICE The submitted manuscript has been offered by an employee of the Midwest Research Institute (MRI), a contractor of the US Government under Contract No. DE-AC36-99GO10337. Accordingly, the US Government and MRI retain a nonexclusive royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or allow others to do so, for US Government purposes. This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise doe...

Using the Whole-Building Design Approach to Incorporate Daylighting into a Retail Space

Proceedings for the, 2000

Daylighting is the most important element in creating a low-energy building in many climates. Red... more Daylighting is the most important element in creating a low-energy building in many climates. Reducing lighting loads decreases the electrical energy required for operating lighting systems and reduces building cooling loads. However, many commercial building owners are skeptical about daylighting strategies because of the perceived risk associated with what is considered a "new" concept. Also, architects and engineers find it difficult to optimize the daylighting system so as to minimize the sum of heating, cooling, lighting, and ventilation energy costs, and to control glare. This reluctance is especially true in the retailbuilding sector where "bright" lighting is equated to meeting product sales goals. This paper described using the whole-building design approach to implement daylighting and other strategies into the BigHorn Center, a collection of home improvement retail spaces in Silverthorne, Colorado. The complex was constructed in three phases. Daylighting was an integral part of the design of the Phase III building. Energy consultants optimized the daylighting design through detailed modeling using an hourly building energy simulation tool Substantially reducing the electric lighting load minimized the cooling loads, which could then be completely met with natural ventilation. Other strategies included optimized envelope features, radiant slab heating, and optimized building controls. This paper focuses on the daylighting design of the Phase III building and summarizes the findings from the building envelope and systems design analyses.

HVAC BESTEST: A procedure for testing the ability of wholebuilding energy simulation programs to model space conditioning equipment

Validation of Building Energy Simulation Programs consists of a combination of empirical validati... more Validation of Building Energy Simulation Programs consists of a combination of empirical validation, analytical verification, and comparative analysis techniques (Judkoff 1988). An analytical verification and comparative diagnostic procedure was developed to test the ability of whole-building simulation programs to model the performance of unitary spacecooling equipment that is typically modeled using manufacturer design data presented as empirically derived performance maps. Field trials of the method were conducted by researchers from nations participating in the International Energy Agency (IEA) Solar Heating and Cooling (SHC) Programme Task 22, using a number of detailed hourly simulation programs from Europe and the United States, including: CA-SIS, CLIM2000, PROMETHEUS, TRNSYS-TUD, and two versions of DOE-2.1E. Analytical solutions were also developed for the test cases.