Papers by Jaroslav Podliska
Staletá Praha, Dec 14, 2011
Životní příběh sv. Anežky České patří k tématu, kterému se domácí medievistické bádání věnovalo z... more Životní příběh sv. Anežky České patří k tématu, kterému se domácí medievistické bádání věnovalo z různých úhlů pohledu. Nejinak i archeologie se svými metodami výzkumu v minulosti zaměřila především na děje svázané s místem jejího života -klášterem Na Františku v Praze. Z odborného hlediska okrajovým, avšak z pohledu především laické věřící veřejnosti výrazně sledovaným tématem se staly pohnuté osudy jejích nezvěstných ostatků, které byly i v minulosti příležitostně hledány na řadě míst našeho státu. Předložený článek shrnuje výsledky posledního archeologického pátrání po ostatcích této české světice v pražském kostele sv. Haštala v roce 2010 i s vysvětlením okolností, které celé akci předcházely. Popis metody výzkumu s analýzou nálezové situace doplňuje krátký úvod do problematiky archeologického poznávání a stavebně historického vývoje objektu a místa výzkumu. The life story of St. Agnes of Bohemia belongs to themes, which have been reviewed by internal medievalists from various angles. Also archaeology with its research methods aimed mainly at matters connected with the site of her life -the area of the monastery Na Františku in Prague. From scientifi c approach peripheral, but from public point of view pertinent, is the question of her missing bodily remains, which were sought after at numerous sites in our country since the early times. This article summarises results of recent archaeological investigations for the remains of this Bohemian Saint in the Prague church of St. Haštal in 2010, with explanations of circumstances preceding this project. Description of methodology together with the analysis of fi nds situations supplements a short introduction into archaeological research and building history of the monastery and the site of excavation.
Staletá Praha , 2003
Archeologický výzkum hradby Malé Strany ze 13. století.
Zprávy památkové péče, 2023
Na podkladě analýzy dostupných informací k přírodním poměrům, historii a archeologii Karlova, Vác... more Na podkladě analýzy dostupných informací k přírodním poměrům, historii a archeologii Karlova, Václavského
a Senovážného náměstí v Praze je v předkládaném článku nastíněn základní obraz historického vývoje těchto prostranství a jejich úlohy v dějinách pražských měst od vrcholného středověku až do současnosti. Rekonstrukce zaniklé podoby těchto náměstí na podkladě archeologických pramenů nám umožňuje detailněji poznat jejich význam pro tehdejší obyvatele města a lépe pochopit aktivity, které se zde v minulosti odehrávaly. Archeologické terény a památky doložené na zdejších náměstích představují nejen unikátní badatelský pramen, ale také z pohledu památkové péče trvale ohrožovanou památkovou hodnotu pražského centra. Posun od jejich pouhé záchrany formou realizace archeologického výzkumu k preventivní péči a ochraně na původním místě musí být spojen s postupným zveřejňováním odborných informací a vymezováním dosud nenarušených archeologických ploch historického centra k jejich zachování.
On the basis of the analysis of the available information on the natural conditions, history and archaeology of Charles, Wenceslas and Senovážné squares in Prague, the present article outlines the basic picture of the historical development of these spaces and their role in the history of Prague cities from the High Middle Ages to the present day. The reconstruction of the extinct form of these squares on the basis of archaeological sources allows us to recognize in more detail their significance for the city’s inhabitants of the time and to better understand the activities that took place here in the past. The archaeological terrains and monuments documented in these squares represent not only a unique research source, but also, from the point of view of heritage protection, a permanently threatened heritage value of the Prague centre. The shift from their mere preservation by means of archaeological research to preventive care and protection in their original location must be accompanied by the gradual publication of expert information and the designation of as
yet undisturbed archaeological areas of the historic centre for their preservation.
Archeologické rozhledy, 2022
Skleněné číše s choboty, prakticky nepoužitelné, tvoří nečetnou skupinu mezi nálezy skla ve střed... more Skleněné číše s choboty, prakticky nepoužitelné, tvoří nečetnou skupinu mezi nálezy skla ve střední Evropě 15.-17. století. Tento příspěvek je věnován zejména novým nálezům ze sídlištních lokalit v České republice. Analýza chemického složení skel číší s choboty ukazuje na shodu některých exemplářů se složením skla vyráběného v českých sklárnách, složení skla dalších číší odpovídá okruhu skláren v Tyrolsku nebo sever ních Alpách a produkci skláren v západní části Německa. sklo-číše s choboty-středověk-renesance-střední Evropa-technologie-kuriozity Glass claw beakers, practically unusable vessels, make up a small group among glass finds in central Europe in the 15 th-17 th century. This article deals mainly with new finds from settlement sites in the Czech Republic. An analysis of the chemical composition of the glasses of claw beakers reveals that some speci mens have the same composition of glass produced in Bohemian glassworks, while the composition of the glass of other beakers corresponds to glassworks in Tyrol or the northern Alps and the production of glass works in the western part of Germany.
Praehistorica, 2013
The study deals with the issues of the early medieval iron production and working on the territor... more The study deals with the issues of the early medieval iron production and working on the territory of the Prague settlement agglomeration of the 9th-13th centuries. The main starting points of the work are the results of salvage archaeological surveys. Attention is devoted primarily to the chronology and dislocation of the production and treatment of iron, the question of the raw-material resources and the identification of the paleometallurgical material, including the technological functions of the objects found. Schlüsselwörter Prag-frühmittelalterliche Siedlungsagglomeration-archäologische Untersuchung-Eisenmetalurgie
Archeologie ve středních Čechách, 2022
Since the 1990s, archaeological investigations in the cadastral area of the Lesser Town in Prague... more Since the 1990s, archaeological investigations in the cadastral area of the Lesser Town in Prague have regularly provided new knowledge on early medieval fortifications of this part of the Prague settlement agglomeration. The submitted contributions focuses on new and so far unpublished discoveries of fortification elements made during archaeological investigations in 2002–2016. The above interventions by the archaeological work¬place of the National Heritage Institute in Prague were carried out predominantly on the southern slope of the Hradčany Hill, to the south and west of the Lesser Town Square (Malostranské náměstí). A fortification wall and a ditch were unearthed in two houses in Tržiště Street, nos. 261 and 555, in Nerudova Street, house no. 249, Břetislavova Street, house no. 517, and Letenská Street, house no. 34 (Fig. 1 and 2).
The emergence and gradual transformation of fortifications in the area of today's Lesser Town – the core of the Prague early medieval agglomeration – was rather complicated (Fig. 54). It has turned out that the individual archaeologically documented sections were part of several lines of fortification and that the construction work lasted for more than a century. The protected area expanded over time. In the Early Middle Ages, the outer bailey of Prague Castle was protected by a fortification system whose form was comparable with fortifications known from other contemporaneous central sites in Bohemia. The so far earliest known section of the early medieval fortification was found north of Mostecká Street, in house no. 42. In the 10th century, a paved area used to be located beneath present day Mostecká Street, where trade caravans used to line up prior to crossing the river over a wooden bridge. It had probably been situated north of the Judith Bridge, which was built somewhat later. After the demise of this earliest known defensive wall, another wall was constructed, probably sometime during the 10th century. It also featured a grillage structure and an outer side of quarried marlstone, approxi¬mately 20 m south of the southern line of Mostecká Street (house no. 276). The latest part of the me dieval for¬tification of the Lesser Town was discovered south of Maltézské Square. It still dates from the 10th century.
The established dating of the emergence of the investigated stretch of the Lesser Town fortification wall can be supported by ceramic assemblages as well as a dendro date from Nerudova Street, house no. 249, which was recovered from a post supporting the fortification's wooden inner side. The fortification line in the south¬
Jan western part of the Lesser Town outer bailey followed the west-east direction. From the viewpoint of geomor¬phology, the placement of the local fortification is unusual, as it was founded in the lower part of the slope of the Hradčany Hill. The Lesser Town fortification wall had a wood and clay body reinforced with a grillage struc¬ture, an outer stone side and an inner wooden side. The outer side of the defensive wall featured a stone wall, in most places preserved only fragmentarily. Its width reached up to two metres and it organically changed into a wood and clay body. The wood and clay body was reinforced with a timber grillage (oak and exceptionally pine were represented). Up to 14 levels of the timber grillage were documented. The space between the pieces of timber was filled up with earth and accumulations of marlstone occurred in places. The marlstone was quarried in the upper part of the Petřín Hill or in the area of Strahov, so it had to be transported over a distance of about 1 km. In the inner part of the wall's body, next to its inner side, a chamber structure was occasionally used instead of the grillage one. The wall's body, including its outer side, was erected during one construction phase. The inner wooden side consisted of oak and pine boards. They were secured in place with massive perpendicular posts. The wall's width was 7m, the preserved height ranged from 1.5m (feature no. 249) to 2.4m (feature no. 261). The minimum width of the ditch, whose northern side was partially unearthed in house no. 249, amounted to 16m and the depth to at least 5.5m. It cannot be ruled out that the ditch reached a width of up to 30m.
When it comes to the type of construction and dimensions of the defensive wall, it is possible to highlight its unified building form. The same type of wood and clay wall was discovered not only in nearby Tržiště Street, but also in Mostecká Street, house no. 276, Josefská Street, house no. 42, and Nebovidská Street, house no. 459. The total length of the individual stretches of the Prague agglomeration fortification might have amounted to 4km at its maximum extent. From the viewpoint of dating the fortification's construction, the absence chal¬ice-shaped rims is of crucial importance. They are missing both in the ceramic assemblages recovered from the wall's body and earlier settlement situations which had been buried beneath the wall. The commencement of this pottery type in Prague is usually sought in the 920s–940s. The ceramic assemblage recovered from the wall's body and earlier situations can be characterized as advanced Middle Hillfort period pottery falling into the second half of the 9th to the first half of the 10th centuries. It can be believed on the basis of the recovered finds that the construction of the defensive wall surrounding the Lesser Town's outer bailey, in particular of its section oriented west-east, whose parts were discovered between Narudova Street, Tržiště Street and Břetislavova Street, took place during the first third of the 10th century. Around the mid-10th century, the rear wooden part of the wall's body was repaired. This is attested by the felling of the oak tree from which a post had been made was dendrochronologically dated as 940+x.
New finds associated with the existence of early medieval fortifications surrounding the Lesser Town's bailey allow us to address other questions too, such as the question of its continuity or discontinuity during the early medieval development of the Prague settlement agglomeration. One of these important questions is the appearance and operation of the Lesser Town's defensive wall between the late 11th and mid-13th centuries (Fig. 55). It is this period which is illuminated by recent findings proving that, beginning with the 11th century, the wood and clay defensive wall with a ditch gradually declined and there are no signs of its renewal. It is sig-nificant that the above process happened during a period when the area on the right bank of the Vltava River, between the ford and Vyšehrad, was intensely settled. The period of the 11th and 12th centuries therefore repre¬sents a time for the Prague settlement agglomeration between Prague Castle and Vyšehrad which was associated with maximum expansion of the settled area, an increase in the number of inhabitants and their social strati¬fication, economic diversity with the development of non-agrarian activities, as well as intensive building ac¬tivities, including the advent of masonry architecture. Under the reign of two extraordinarily successful rulers from the Přemyslid dynasty, Vratislaus II (ruled 1061–1092) and Vladislaus II (1140–1172), the hinterland of Prague castles was transformed into the largest proto-urban complex in the territory of the Czech Republic, over the course of just one century. It was exactly at that time that, according to all available archaeological ev¬idence, the attitude to the protection of the outer bailey in the Prague Basin must have changed. For the time being it cannot be proven archaeologically whether this change was also accompanied by a departure from the traditional concept of a generally protected hinterland of Prague Castle in favour of new forms of defensive works surrounding smaller residential areas (such as the commandery of the Knights Hospitallers and the bishop's residence) and the strategic road across the Vltava River (Judith Bridge). Complex protection of the left bank outer bailey might also have been temporarily neglected in order to better protect the dynamically developing right-bank part of Prague. Another significant and perceptible change came with the legal privileges associated with the urbanization of Prague Castle's outer bailey, foundations of new towns and the construction of their defensive walls during the 13th century (the Old Town of Prague in the 1230s, the Lesser Town of Prague after 1257 with certainty).
Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Archäologie des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit, Jan 14, 2019
Between the years 2006 and 2008 a thorough archaeological research was conducted on the plot of a... more Between the years 2006 and 2008 a thorough archaeological research was conducted on the plot of a former town house no. 260/III. The excavations completely analyzed the historical terrains (Cymbalak, Podliska 2008; 2009; Podliska, Cymbalak 2009). The building, the first records of which trace back to the 15th century, is situated in the south-east corner of Lesser Town’s Square (Vlček et al. 1999, p. 363). By its location within Prague’s residential agglomeration it is situated in the very core of the oldest early medieval suburbium under the Prague Castle, nowadays Lesser Town (Malá Strana; fig. 1). Approximately 270 m3 of occupation horizons with an extraordinarily complicated stratigraphy, at times even 4 m wide, was archaeologically analyzed, and more than 18 500 artefacts were extracted, dating from early Medieval to Modern Age. The recently explored locations showed a complicated contruction development of the building since the late Gothic Era up to the last Classicist altera...
Forensic Science International, 2018
The virtual approach in physical and forensic anthropology is increasingly used to further analyz... more The virtual approach in physical and forensic anthropology is increasingly used to further analyze human remains, but also to propose new didactic means for visualization and dissemination of scientific results. Computerized facial approximation (FA) offers an alternative to manual methods, but usually requires a complete facial skeleton to allow for the estimation of the facial appearance of an individual. This paper presents the case of Tycho Brahe, Danish astronomer born during the XVI th century, whose remains were reanalyzed at the occasion of a short exhumation in 2010. Cranial remains of Brahe were poorly preserved, with only a partial facial skeleton, and virtual anthropology tools were used to estimate the missing parts of his skull. This 3D restoration was followed by a FA using TIVMI-AFA3D, subsequently textured with graphic tools. The result provided an interesting estimate that was compared with portraits of the astronomer. The impact of the missing data estimation was investigated by performing FAs on 10 complete test subjects and the same 10 subjects after cropping and estimating 50% of the landmarks (reproducing the preservation state of Tycho Brahe's cranial remains). The comparison between the FA based on the complete and incomplete skulls of the same subject produced a visual assessment of the estimation impact on FAs which is relatively low. This procedure is an alternative to manual methods and offers a reproducible estimate of a face based on incomplete cranial remains. Although the case report concerns a historical individual, the robust automatic estimation of missing landmarks followed by a FA has value for forensic caseworks as a support to the identification process.
PloS one, 2018
The exhumation of Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) was performed in 2010 to verify specu... more The exhumation of Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) was performed in 2010 to verify speculative views on the cause of his death. Previous analyses of skeletal and hair remains recovered from his grave refuted the presumption that he died from poisoning. These studies also outlined the possibility that he actually died from an acute illness, echoing the rather vague and inaccurate testimony of some historical records. We performed a detailed paleopathological analysis of Tycho Brahe's skeletal remains, along with a reconstruction of his diet based on carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes analysis and an estimate of his physical status (relative body fat) based on medullar and cortical dimensions of the femoral shaft. The astronomer's remains exhibit bone changes indicative of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). The study further allows us to classify him as obese (100% reliability according to our decision tree designed from Danish males), and points out hi...
Archaeologia historica, 2015
The Nový hrad castle near Kunratice, Prague is a ruin of a former royal castle built at the begin... more The Nový hrad castle near Kunratice, Prague is a ruin of a former royal castle built at the beginning of the second decade of the 15th century by Wenceslas IV, King of Bohemia and the Holy Roman Empire. The castle did not last long: in 1421 it was conquered by the Hussite armies and sustained serious damage. In the years to follow, the castle was not restored and fell into disrepair. Archaeological research into the castle took place in 1928-1929, and in its course some of the former castle buildings were unearthed. Unclear specialist competencies, a lack of means to complete the research and to secure the exposed masonry brought the work to a halt, resulting in the progressive dilapidation of the castle complex stretching over several decades. The first major restoration of the castle was conducted in 2009-2013, and it also involved the overall conservation of the preserved buildings. Basic archaeological excavations and building history work were carried out as well, connected with the documentation of the remaining parts of the castle. This contribution brings an overview of research into the location. It also presents new findings in the area of archaeology and building history, and charts experience associated with the restoration and presentation of long-neglected remains of castle architecture.
2004 wurde im Rahmen einer groß angelegten Rettungsgrabung im Objekt der ehem. Kasernen Georgs vo... more 2004 wurde im Rahmen einer groß angelegten Rettungsgrabung im Objekt der ehem. Kasernen Georgs von Podiebrad am náměstí Republiky-Platz in Prag 1-Neustadt auch ein großer Friedhof mit Körperbestattungen aus dem 17.-18. Jh. gefunden. Zu dieser Zeit gehörte der gesamte Raum zum Kapuzinerkloster St. Josef, das 1795 definitiv aufgelöst wurde. Das nicht allzugroße Bestattungsareal bot neben anthropologischem Material vor allem eine Reihe wertvoller Informationen zur Gestalt der Bestattungssitten und der materiellen Ausstattung im Raum der Klostergemeinde zur Zeit der barocken Frömmigkeit und des radikalen Gesellschaftswandels in der Zeit der Aufklärung.
České země v pravěku, Martin Gojda 3 Ll Osídlení českých zemí v paleolitu (starší době kamenné; 1... more České země v pravěku, Martin Gojda 3 Ll Osídlení českých zemí v paleolitu (starší době kamenné; 1 800 000 [?]-10 000 před současností), Martin Gojda 7 Ll Osídlení českých zemí v paleolitu (starší době kamenné; 1800000 [?]-1O 000 před současností), Martin Gojda (mapa) 7 'I 1 ' d• , e vrcholném a pozdnull stredove m, Olomouc za !eceze v Pavel Krafl (mapa) 7 2 Kláštery založené v českých zemích do roku 15 26 ,
Archaeologia historica, 2020
Studie je věnována počátečnímu období rozvoje archeologie středověku v hlavním městě Praze, pro n... more Studie je věnována počátečnímu období rozvoje archeologie středověku v hlavním městě Praze, pro niž se vytvořily z řady příčin optimální podmínky po vzniku Československa v roce 1918. Text rekapituluje základní principy koncepce a organizace archeologického výzkumu v rámci šířeji pojaté péče o kulturní památky města. Zaměřuje se na dosud zcela neznámé kapitoly z historie tohoto oboru a jejich klíčové aktéry, jejichž role byla patrně vzhledem k následnému společenskému vývoji v podstatě zapomenuta. Text se zabývá i tématy, z nichž mnohá se stala východiskem dnešního studia minulosti Prahy. Pozornost je rovněž věnována kompetencím jednotlivých institucí, zejména ale otázkám metod terénního výzkumu a jeho dokumentace.
Zprávy památkové péče 81/2021/3, 2021
Příspěvek shrnuje základní údaje o památkové hodnotě historického podzemí jednoho z nejvýznamnějš... more Příspěvek shrnuje základní údaje o památkové hodnotě historického podzemí jednoho z nejvýznamnějších pražských náměstí. Informace k tomuto shrnutí poskytuje několik desítek záchranných archeologických výzkumů provedených na jeho ploše či v blízkém okolí. Podzemí náměstí (archeologické stratifikované souvrství a další komponenty – objekty, konstrukce, hroby apod.) představuje památkovou hodnotu, která obsahuje celou řadu důležitých informací vypovídajících nejen o vzniku vrcholně středověkého veřejného prostranství se stavbami na něm vybudovanými, ale také o památkách výrazně starších, předcházejících vzniku města takového, jaké ho známe dnes. Archeologický pohled je doplněn úvahou o památkovém potenciálu historického podzemí lokality a rizicích, které ho ohrožují. Svým konceptem navazuje na v minulosti ve Zprávách památkové péče publikovaný příspěvek o Staroměstském náměstí v Praze.
The article summarizes basic data on the heritage value of the historical underground of one of the most important squares in Prague. Information on this summary is provided by several dozen salvage archaeological excavations carried out in its immediate area or in the vicinity. The underground of the square (archaeological stratified formation and other components such as buildings, structures, graves, etc.) is of high heritage value and contains a wealth of important information about not only the emergence of the high medieval public area with its buildings, but also about significantly older heritage properties that precede the origin of the city as we know it today. The archaeological view is supplemented by a consideration of the heritage potential of the historical underground of the locality and the risks that threaten it. Its concept follows up on an article on Old Town Square in Prague published in previous Reports of Heritage Care.
Archaeologia historica, 2015
Prahy-městskou památkovou rezervaci a památku UNESCO, který má umožnit hospodárné nakládání s jeh... more Prahy-městskou památkovou rezervaci a památku UNESCO, který má umožnit hospodárné nakládání s jeho výjimečným archeologickým fondem, a to jak v oblasti jeho vědeckého zhodnocování, tak v oblasti památkové péče. Prostřednictvím webového portálu budou informace přístupné on-line nejen odborníkům a pracovníkům veřejné správy, ale i široké veřejnosti. Systém je stavěn jako obecný a lze jej využít pro kteroukoliv zkoumanou lokalitu v ČR. Cílem projektu je 1-vytvořit interaktivní informační systém archeologických pramenů Prahy (IIS_ APP) v prostředí GIS. Jeho prostřednictvím pak zajistit 2-hospodárné nakládání s archeologickým fondem evropského významu a jeho využívání pro základní výzkum, památkovou péči, státní správu, územní rozvoj a plánování i pro prezentaci kulturního dědictví, 3-jednoznačné propojení dat ve stávajících a obecněji zaměřených evidenčních a databázových systémech různých typů, obsahů a funkcí, 4-průběžnou on-line aktualizaci a revizi údajů o archeologických výzkumech na území historického centra Prahy a nových pramenech k archeologii Prahy obecně, 5-běžnou dostupnost širšího spektra dat a typů dokumentů a 6-vytvořit obecně využitelný strukturovaný systém vyvinutý v prostředí GIS pro evidenci, využití a prezentaci specifického typu archeologických pramenů, a to jako speciální vrstvy Archeologické mapy ČR. Klíčová slova: archeologie-GIS-kulturní dědictví-město-Praha. Prague-The City of Archaeology. The concept and realisation of the project of an integrated information system of Prague's archaeological sources
Irena Loskotová a kol. (ed.) Rudolfovo číslo. Rudolfu Procházkovi k 65. narozeninám kolegové a přátelé. Praha., 2021
Mezi nejčastěji nalézané archeologické doklady raně středověké nezemědělské činnosti v Praze patř... more Mezi nejčastěji nalézané archeologické doklady raně středověké nezemědělské činnosti v Praze patří nálezy spojené s výrobou a zpracováním železných, neželezných i drahých kovů. V průběhu 9. až 1. poloviny 13. století se na ploše pražské předlokační aglomerace objevuje rozsáhlá síť produkčních center a dílen umístěných převážně v sídlištním zázemí pražských hradů. Jejich činnost se v čase měnila v návaznosti na postupnou proměnu osídlení. Archeologické prameny dokládají na řadě míst Prahy výrobu a zpracování rozmanitých kovů. Z výpovědi nálezového fondu lze předložit vývojový obraz této aktivity, charakteristiku její produkce a obecně platné souvislosti spojené s postupnou proměnou práce od počátků formování aglomerace až po vrcholně středověké město. Specifická a v řadě ohledů unikátní úloha Prahy při metalurgii kovů nemá v rámci přemyslovských Čech obdoby. Archeologické výzkumy v historickém centru prahy stále zmnožují další doklady o tomto ekonomickém odvětví, tak zásadním pro hospodářský život raně středověkého českého státu.
Zprávy památkové péče 75 / 2015 / 3, 240-249, 2015
Příspěvek shrnuje základní údaje o archeologickém poznávání vývoje podoby Staroměstského náměstí,... more Příspěvek shrnuje základní údaje o archeologickém poznávání vývoje podoby Staroměstského náměstí, které patří k nejvýznamnějším veřejným prostranstvím našeho hlavního města. Historické podzemí náměstí představuje dosud výrazněji nepopsanou památkovou hodnotu, která v sobě obsahuje celou řadu důležitých informací a pozůstatků o jeho vzniku, podobách a proměnách v průběhu několika století samotné existence. Archeologický pohled na historii náměstí je doplněn úvahou o památkovém potenciálu historického podzemí místa, možnostech jeho smysluplného odborného výzkumu, ale i způsobech preventivní památkové ochrany klíčových historických komponent.
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Papers by Jaroslav Podliska
a Senovážného náměstí v Praze je v předkládaném článku nastíněn základní obraz historického vývoje těchto prostranství a jejich úlohy v dějinách pražských měst od vrcholného středověku až do současnosti. Rekonstrukce zaniklé podoby těchto náměstí na podkladě archeologických pramenů nám umožňuje detailněji poznat jejich význam pro tehdejší obyvatele města a lépe pochopit aktivity, které se zde v minulosti odehrávaly. Archeologické terény a památky doložené na zdejších náměstích představují nejen unikátní badatelský pramen, ale také z pohledu památkové péče trvale ohrožovanou památkovou hodnotu pražského centra. Posun od jejich pouhé záchrany formou realizace archeologického výzkumu k preventivní péči a ochraně na původním místě musí být spojen s postupným zveřejňováním odborných informací a vymezováním dosud nenarušených archeologických ploch historického centra k jejich zachování.
On the basis of the analysis of the available information on the natural conditions, history and archaeology of Charles, Wenceslas and Senovážné squares in Prague, the present article outlines the basic picture of the historical development of these spaces and their role in the history of Prague cities from the High Middle Ages to the present day. The reconstruction of the extinct form of these squares on the basis of archaeological sources allows us to recognize in more detail their significance for the city’s inhabitants of the time and to better understand the activities that took place here in the past. The archaeological terrains and monuments documented in these squares represent not only a unique research source, but also, from the point of view of heritage protection, a permanently threatened heritage value of the Prague centre. The shift from their mere preservation by means of archaeological research to preventive care and protection in their original location must be accompanied by the gradual publication of expert information and the designation of as
yet undisturbed archaeological areas of the historic centre for their preservation.
The emergence and gradual transformation of fortifications in the area of today's Lesser Town – the core of the Prague early medieval agglomeration – was rather complicated (Fig. 54). It has turned out that the individual archaeologically documented sections were part of several lines of fortification and that the construction work lasted for more than a century. The protected area expanded over time. In the Early Middle Ages, the outer bailey of Prague Castle was protected by a fortification system whose form was comparable with fortifications known from other contemporaneous central sites in Bohemia. The so far earliest known section of the early medieval fortification was found north of Mostecká Street, in house no. 42. In the 10th century, a paved area used to be located beneath present day Mostecká Street, where trade caravans used to line up prior to crossing the river over a wooden bridge. It had probably been situated north of the Judith Bridge, which was built somewhat later. After the demise of this earliest known defensive wall, another wall was constructed, probably sometime during the 10th century. It also featured a grillage structure and an outer side of quarried marlstone, approxi¬mately 20 m south of the southern line of Mostecká Street (house no. 276). The latest part of the me dieval for¬tification of the Lesser Town was discovered south of Maltézské Square. It still dates from the 10th century.
The established dating of the emergence of the investigated stretch of the Lesser Town fortification wall can be supported by ceramic assemblages as well as a dendro date from Nerudova Street, house no. 249, which was recovered from a post supporting the fortification's wooden inner side. The fortification line in the south¬
Jan western part of the Lesser Town outer bailey followed the west-east direction. From the viewpoint of geomor¬phology, the placement of the local fortification is unusual, as it was founded in the lower part of the slope of the Hradčany Hill. The Lesser Town fortification wall had a wood and clay body reinforced with a grillage struc¬ture, an outer stone side and an inner wooden side. The outer side of the defensive wall featured a stone wall, in most places preserved only fragmentarily. Its width reached up to two metres and it organically changed into a wood and clay body. The wood and clay body was reinforced with a timber grillage (oak and exceptionally pine were represented). Up to 14 levels of the timber grillage were documented. The space between the pieces of timber was filled up with earth and accumulations of marlstone occurred in places. The marlstone was quarried in the upper part of the Petřín Hill or in the area of Strahov, so it had to be transported over a distance of about 1 km. In the inner part of the wall's body, next to its inner side, a chamber structure was occasionally used instead of the grillage one. The wall's body, including its outer side, was erected during one construction phase. The inner wooden side consisted of oak and pine boards. They were secured in place with massive perpendicular posts. The wall's width was 7m, the preserved height ranged from 1.5m (feature no. 249) to 2.4m (feature no. 261). The minimum width of the ditch, whose northern side was partially unearthed in house no. 249, amounted to 16m and the depth to at least 5.5m. It cannot be ruled out that the ditch reached a width of up to 30m.
When it comes to the type of construction and dimensions of the defensive wall, it is possible to highlight its unified building form. The same type of wood and clay wall was discovered not only in nearby Tržiště Street, but also in Mostecká Street, house no. 276, Josefská Street, house no. 42, and Nebovidská Street, house no. 459. The total length of the individual stretches of the Prague agglomeration fortification might have amounted to 4km at its maximum extent. From the viewpoint of dating the fortification's construction, the absence chal¬ice-shaped rims is of crucial importance. They are missing both in the ceramic assemblages recovered from the wall's body and earlier settlement situations which had been buried beneath the wall. The commencement of this pottery type in Prague is usually sought in the 920s–940s. The ceramic assemblage recovered from the wall's body and earlier situations can be characterized as advanced Middle Hillfort period pottery falling into the second half of the 9th to the first half of the 10th centuries. It can be believed on the basis of the recovered finds that the construction of the defensive wall surrounding the Lesser Town's outer bailey, in particular of its section oriented west-east, whose parts were discovered between Narudova Street, Tržiště Street and Břetislavova Street, took place during the first third of the 10th century. Around the mid-10th century, the rear wooden part of the wall's body was repaired. This is attested by the felling of the oak tree from which a post had been made was dendrochronologically dated as 940+x.
New finds associated with the existence of early medieval fortifications surrounding the Lesser Town's bailey allow us to address other questions too, such as the question of its continuity or discontinuity during the early medieval development of the Prague settlement agglomeration. One of these important questions is the appearance and operation of the Lesser Town's defensive wall between the late 11th and mid-13th centuries (Fig. 55). It is this period which is illuminated by recent findings proving that, beginning with the 11th century, the wood and clay defensive wall with a ditch gradually declined and there are no signs of its renewal. It is sig-nificant that the above process happened during a period when the area on the right bank of the Vltava River, between the ford and Vyšehrad, was intensely settled. The period of the 11th and 12th centuries therefore repre¬sents a time for the Prague settlement agglomeration between Prague Castle and Vyšehrad which was associated with maximum expansion of the settled area, an increase in the number of inhabitants and their social strati¬fication, economic diversity with the development of non-agrarian activities, as well as intensive building ac¬tivities, including the advent of masonry architecture. Under the reign of two extraordinarily successful rulers from the Přemyslid dynasty, Vratislaus II (ruled 1061–1092) and Vladislaus II (1140–1172), the hinterland of Prague castles was transformed into the largest proto-urban complex in the territory of the Czech Republic, over the course of just one century. It was exactly at that time that, according to all available archaeological ev¬idence, the attitude to the protection of the outer bailey in the Prague Basin must have changed. For the time being it cannot be proven archaeologically whether this change was also accompanied by a departure from the traditional concept of a generally protected hinterland of Prague Castle in favour of new forms of defensive works surrounding smaller residential areas (such as the commandery of the Knights Hospitallers and the bishop's residence) and the strategic road across the Vltava River (Judith Bridge). Complex protection of the left bank outer bailey might also have been temporarily neglected in order to better protect the dynamically developing right-bank part of Prague. Another significant and perceptible change came with the legal privileges associated with the urbanization of Prague Castle's outer bailey, foundations of new towns and the construction of their defensive walls during the 13th century (the Old Town of Prague in the 1230s, the Lesser Town of Prague after 1257 with certainty).
The article summarizes basic data on the heritage value of the historical underground of one of the most important squares in Prague. Information on this summary is provided by several dozen salvage archaeological excavations carried out in its immediate area or in the vicinity. The underground of the square (archaeological stratified formation and other components such as buildings, structures, graves, etc.) is of high heritage value and contains a wealth of important information about not only the emergence of the high medieval public area with its buildings, but also about significantly older heritage properties that precede the origin of the city as we know it today. The archaeological view is supplemented by a consideration of the heritage potential of the historical underground of the locality and the risks that threaten it. Its concept follows up on an article on Old Town Square in Prague published in previous Reports of Heritage Care.
a Senovážného náměstí v Praze je v předkládaném článku nastíněn základní obraz historického vývoje těchto prostranství a jejich úlohy v dějinách pražských měst od vrcholného středověku až do současnosti. Rekonstrukce zaniklé podoby těchto náměstí na podkladě archeologických pramenů nám umožňuje detailněji poznat jejich význam pro tehdejší obyvatele města a lépe pochopit aktivity, které se zde v minulosti odehrávaly. Archeologické terény a památky doložené na zdejších náměstích představují nejen unikátní badatelský pramen, ale také z pohledu památkové péče trvale ohrožovanou památkovou hodnotu pražského centra. Posun od jejich pouhé záchrany formou realizace archeologického výzkumu k preventivní péči a ochraně na původním místě musí být spojen s postupným zveřejňováním odborných informací a vymezováním dosud nenarušených archeologických ploch historického centra k jejich zachování.
On the basis of the analysis of the available information on the natural conditions, history and archaeology of Charles, Wenceslas and Senovážné squares in Prague, the present article outlines the basic picture of the historical development of these spaces and their role in the history of Prague cities from the High Middle Ages to the present day. The reconstruction of the extinct form of these squares on the basis of archaeological sources allows us to recognize in more detail their significance for the city’s inhabitants of the time and to better understand the activities that took place here in the past. The archaeological terrains and monuments documented in these squares represent not only a unique research source, but also, from the point of view of heritage protection, a permanently threatened heritage value of the Prague centre. The shift from their mere preservation by means of archaeological research to preventive care and protection in their original location must be accompanied by the gradual publication of expert information and the designation of as
yet undisturbed archaeological areas of the historic centre for their preservation.
The emergence and gradual transformation of fortifications in the area of today's Lesser Town – the core of the Prague early medieval agglomeration – was rather complicated (Fig. 54). It has turned out that the individual archaeologically documented sections were part of several lines of fortification and that the construction work lasted for more than a century. The protected area expanded over time. In the Early Middle Ages, the outer bailey of Prague Castle was protected by a fortification system whose form was comparable with fortifications known from other contemporaneous central sites in Bohemia. The so far earliest known section of the early medieval fortification was found north of Mostecká Street, in house no. 42. In the 10th century, a paved area used to be located beneath present day Mostecká Street, where trade caravans used to line up prior to crossing the river over a wooden bridge. It had probably been situated north of the Judith Bridge, which was built somewhat later. After the demise of this earliest known defensive wall, another wall was constructed, probably sometime during the 10th century. It also featured a grillage structure and an outer side of quarried marlstone, approxi¬mately 20 m south of the southern line of Mostecká Street (house no. 276). The latest part of the me dieval for¬tification of the Lesser Town was discovered south of Maltézské Square. It still dates from the 10th century.
The established dating of the emergence of the investigated stretch of the Lesser Town fortification wall can be supported by ceramic assemblages as well as a dendro date from Nerudova Street, house no. 249, which was recovered from a post supporting the fortification's wooden inner side. The fortification line in the south¬
Jan western part of the Lesser Town outer bailey followed the west-east direction. From the viewpoint of geomor¬phology, the placement of the local fortification is unusual, as it was founded in the lower part of the slope of the Hradčany Hill. The Lesser Town fortification wall had a wood and clay body reinforced with a grillage struc¬ture, an outer stone side and an inner wooden side. The outer side of the defensive wall featured a stone wall, in most places preserved only fragmentarily. Its width reached up to two metres and it organically changed into a wood and clay body. The wood and clay body was reinforced with a timber grillage (oak and exceptionally pine were represented). Up to 14 levels of the timber grillage were documented. The space between the pieces of timber was filled up with earth and accumulations of marlstone occurred in places. The marlstone was quarried in the upper part of the Petřín Hill or in the area of Strahov, so it had to be transported over a distance of about 1 km. In the inner part of the wall's body, next to its inner side, a chamber structure was occasionally used instead of the grillage one. The wall's body, including its outer side, was erected during one construction phase. The inner wooden side consisted of oak and pine boards. They were secured in place with massive perpendicular posts. The wall's width was 7m, the preserved height ranged from 1.5m (feature no. 249) to 2.4m (feature no. 261). The minimum width of the ditch, whose northern side was partially unearthed in house no. 249, amounted to 16m and the depth to at least 5.5m. It cannot be ruled out that the ditch reached a width of up to 30m.
When it comes to the type of construction and dimensions of the defensive wall, it is possible to highlight its unified building form. The same type of wood and clay wall was discovered not only in nearby Tržiště Street, but also in Mostecká Street, house no. 276, Josefská Street, house no. 42, and Nebovidská Street, house no. 459. The total length of the individual stretches of the Prague agglomeration fortification might have amounted to 4km at its maximum extent. From the viewpoint of dating the fortification's construction, the absence chal¬ice-shaped rims is of crucial importance. They are missing both in the ceramic assemblages recovered from the wall's body and earlier settlement situations which had been buried beneath the wall. The commencement of this pottery type in Prague is usually sought in the 920s–940s. The ceramic assemblage recovered from the wall's body and earlier situations can be characterized as advanced Middle Hillfort period pottery falling into the second half of the 9th to the first half of the 10th centuries. It can be believed on the basis of the recovered finds that the construction of the defensive wall surrounding the Lesser Town's outer bailey, in particular of its section oriented west-east, whose parts were discovered between Narudova Street, Tržiště Street and Břetislavova Street, took place during the first third of the 10th century. Around the mid-10th century, the rear wooden part of the wall's body was repaired. This is attested by the felling of the oak tree from which a post had been made was dendrochronologically dated as 940+x.
New finds associated with the existence of early medieval fortifications surrounding the Lesser Town's bailey allow us to address other questions too, such as the question of its continuity or discontinuity during the early medieval development of the Prague settlement agglomeration. One of these important questions is the appearance and operation of the Lesser Town's defensive wall between the late 11th and mid-13th centuries (Fig. 55). It is this period which is illuminated by recent findings proving that, beginning with the 11th century, the wood and clay defensive wall with a ditch gradually declined and there are no signs of its renewal. It is sig-nificant that the above process happened during a period when the area on the right bank of the Vltava River, between the ford and Vyšehrad, was intensely settled. The period of the 11th and 12th centuries therefore repre¬sents a time for the Prague settlement agglomeration between Prague Castle and Vyšehrad which was associated with maximum expansion of the settled area, an increase in the number of inhabitants and their social strati¬fication, economic diversity with the development of non-agrarian activities, as well as intensive building ac¬tivities, including the advent of masonry architecture. Under the reign of two extraordinarily successful rulers from the Přemyslid dynasty, Vratislaus II (ruled 1061–1092) and Vladislaus II (1140–1172), the hinterland of Prague castles was transformed into the largest proto-urban complex in the territory of the Czech Republic, over the course of just one century. It was exactly at that time that, according to all available archaeological ev¬idence, the attitude to the protection of the outer bailey in the Prague Basin must have changed. For the time being it cannot be proven archaeologically whether this change was also accompanied by a departure from the traditional concept of a generally protected hinterland of Prague Castle in favour of new forms of defensive works surrounding smaller residential areas (such as the commandery of the Knights Hospitallers and the bishop's residence) and the strategic road across the Vltava River (Judith Bridge). Complex protection of the left bank outer bailey might also have been temporarily neglected in order to better protect the dynamically developing right-bank part of Prague. Another significant and perceptible change came with the legal privileges associated with the urbanization of Prague Castle's outer bailey, foundations of new towns and the construction of their defensive walls during the 13th century (the Old Town of Prague in the 1230s, the Lesser Town of Prague after 1257 with certainty).
The article summarizes basic data on the heritage value of the historical underground of one of the most important squares in Prague. Information on this summary is provided by several dozen salvage archaeological excavations carried out in its immediate area or in the vicinity. The underground of the square (archaeological stratified formation and other components such as buildings, structures, graves, etc.) is of high heritage value and contains a wealth of important information about not only the emergence of the high medieval public area with its buildings, but also about significantly older heritage properties that precede the origin of the city as we know it today. The archaeological view is supplemented by a consideration of the heritage potential of the historical underground of the locality and the risks that threaten it. Its concept follows up on an article on Old Town Square in Prague published in previous Reports of Heritage Care.
50. mezinárodní konference archeologie středověku "Archaeologia historica" konané na státním zámku Valtice od 17. do 21. září 2018.
jámy, jímky nebo studny, druhotně využité k ukládání odpadu. Z jejich obsahu byl získán bohatý soubor materiální kultury časově spadající do širšího časového období od vzniku Nového Města v roce 1348 až na práh industriální éry na sklonku 18. století. Vedle keramiky reprezentované rozličnými nádobami se jako druhá nejpočetnější skupina výrobků určených ke stolování uplatnily nádoby ze skla. Jejich přítomnost ve výplni odpadních objektů svědčí o jejich oblibě u široké vrstvy obyvatel města již od počátků novoměstské obce a schopnosti výrobců a prodejců uspokojit postupně rostoucí poptávku po uvedené kategorii výrobků. Analýza nálezového fondu společně se sledováním prostorové distribuce jednotlivých skupin předmětů tak otvírá možnosti studia i sociálního kontextu sledovaného prostoru v závislosti na množství a kvalitě jednotlivých typů nálezů. Celkové vyhodnocení nálezového souboru z výzkumu nebylo dosud dokončeno a stále probíhá.