Papers by Goran Stojanovic
IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement , 2025
A simple and cost-effective resonance-based method for capacitance measurement is presented. The ... more A simple and cost-effective resonance-based method for capacitance measurement is presented. The proposed method utilizes voltage measurement using the internal analog-to-digital converter (ADC) of a microcontroller and detects resonance by estimating the frequency at which the measured voltage reaches its maximum value. The proposed circuit topology includes a microcontroller (ATMega4809), a direct digital synthesizer (AD9850), and a low-cost peak detector built with an operational amplifier (ADA4891) and a diode (1N4148). Simulations and experimental validation with 6 capacitors ranging from 1 nF to 10 nF showed that the proposed method is capable of measuring capacitance across a dynamic range spanning more than one decade, with average measurement error of only 1.34%. An exponential fit using a single-phase decay equation produced an R2 value of 0.9968, indicating strong agreement between the measured resonant frequency and estimated capacitance. Compared to existing solutions, the main advantages of the proposed system are its low complexity and cost, as it eliminates the need for high-speed, high-resolution ADCs. Moreover, the automated, microcontroller-based operation is particularly advantageous for portable and handheld readout electronics, applicable in various practical scenarios such as object detection, proximity sensing, and electric capacitance tomography.
IEEE Sensors journal, 2025
Flexible, screen-printed electrode systems offer significant advantages in biomedical application... more Flexible, screen-printed electrode systems offer significant advantages in biomedical applications due to their rapid fabrication capability and adaptability to irregular surfaces. Despite this, no flexible, screen-printed biosensors for pH measurement are readily available on the market. This paper introduces an innovative fabrication technique for integrating flexible screen-printed electrode (SPE) systems with multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). These SPE systems feature flexible screen-printed working electrodes functionalized with f-MWCNT for pH sensing, achieving a fabrication success rate of 78.57%. Furthermore, these SPE systems have been optimized to improve voltage changes and thoroughly characterized for performance using pH buffer solutions. This was done utilizing open-circuit potentiometry. The results demonstrate that the SPE systems can detect pH ranges from 4.0 to 8.9 with an average sensitivity of 33.66 mV/pH, an output range of 202.62 mV, a settling time of 19.71 s, and stability for up to 72 hours. Additionally, the SPE systems have been tested with artificial saliva within the pH range of 5.0 to 8.3, achieving a sensitivity of 44.86 mV/pH and an output range of 192.90 mV. These findings pave the way for further exploration in pH sensing research, particularly utilizing SPE systems coated with MWCNTs
PLoS ONE , 2025
Virtual reality (VR) provides a unique opportunity to simulate various environments, enabling the... more Virtual reality (VR) provides a unique opportunity to simulate various environments, enabling the observation of human behavior in a manner that closely resembles real-world scenarios. This study aimed to explore the effects of anticipating reward or punishment, personality traits, and physiological arousal on risky decision-making within a VR context. A custom VR game was developed to simulate real-life experiences. The sample comprised 52 students (63.46% female) from the University of Novi Sad, Serbia. The study assessed four parameters within the VR environment: elapsed game time, number of steps taken, average score, and decision-making time. Three physiological signals, heart rate, skin conductance, and respiratory rate, were recorded. Results indicated that personality traits, specifically Fight (β =-0.33, p = 0.024) and Freeze (β = 0.431, p = 0.009), were significantly related to behavior in the VR environment (R = 0.572, R 2 _adj = 0.227, RMSE = 23.12, F(6, 40) = 3.25, p = 0.011). However, these effects were not significant after negative feedback. Emotional arousal, measured by respiratory rate amplitude (β = 0.276, p = 0.045), showed a more pronounced role after feedback (β = 0.337, p = 0.028). These findings indicate that personality traits primarily influence behavior in a VR environment prior to the actual threat, whereas environmental characteristics become more important afterwards. The results offer valuable insights for experimental and personality psychologists by revealing how risk-taking is influenced by situational, emotional, and personality factors. Additionally, they provide guidance for VR designers in creating more ecologically valid environments, highlighting VR's potential as a tool for psychological research, while also underscoring the critical importance of selecting objective VR measures to accurately capture the complexities of human behavior in immersive environments.
BioMedical Engineering OnLine , 2025
Background: Facial expression muscles serve a fundamental role in the orofacial system, significa... more Background: Facial expression muscles serve a fundamental role in the orofacial system, significantly influencing the overall health and well-being of an individual. They are essential for performing basic functions such as speech, chewing, and swallowing. The purpose of this study was to determine whether surface electromyography could be used to evaluate the health, function, or dysfunction of three facial muscles by measuring their electrical activity in healthy people. Additionally, to ascertain whether pattern recognition and artificial intelligence may be used for tasks that differ from one another. Results: The study included 24 participants and examined three muscles (m. Orbicularis Oris, m. Zygomaticus Major, and m. Mentalis) during five different facial expressions. Prior to thorough statistical analysis, features were extracted from the acquired electromyographs. Finally, classification was done with the use of logistic regression, random forest classifier and linear discriminant analysis. A statistically significant difference in muscle activity amplitudes was demonstrated between muscles, enabling the tracking of individual muscle activity for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Additionally other time domain and frequency domain features were analyzed, showing statistical significance in differentiation between muscles as well. Examples of pattern recognition showed promising avenues for further research and development. Conclusion: Surface electromyography is a useful method for assessing the function of facial expression muscles, significantly contributing to the diagnosis and treatment of oral motor function disorders. Results of this study show potential for further research and development in this field of research.
Advanced Engineering Materials , 2025
Herein, edible solenoids are introduced, which are realized by coating spaghetti
with edible gol... more Herein, edible solenoids are introduced, which are realized by coating spaghetti
with edible gold leaves, creating fully edible and functional radio frequency (RF)
electronic components. As a proof-of-principle of their use in RF circuits, a
completely edible passive inductor-capacitor (LC) resonator at ≈200 MHz is
demonstrated. The results significantly expand the applications of edible
electronics to RF regime, supporting future developments in edible sensing
and edible robotic systems, emerging fields with a high grade of sustainability.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules , 2024
Tissue engineering is an advanced and potential biomedical approach to treat patients suffering f... more Tissue engineering is an advanced and potential biomedical approach to treat patients suffering from lost or failed an organ or tissue to repair and regenerate damaged tissues that increase life expectancy. The biopolymers have been used to fabricate smart hydrogels to repair damaged tissue as they imitate the extracellular matrix
(ECM) with intricate structural and functional characteristics. These hydrogels offer desired and controllable qualities, such as tunable mechanical stiffness and strength, inherent adaptability and biocompatibility, swellability, and biodegradability, all crucial for tissue engineering. Smart hydrogels provide a superior cellular
environment for tissue engineering, enabling the generation of cutting-edge synthetic tissues due to their special qualities, such as stimuli sensitivity and reactivity. Numerous review articles have presented the exceptional potential of hydrogels for various biomedical applications, including drug delivery, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering. Still, it is essential to write a comprehensive review article on smart hydrogels that successfully addresses the essential challenging issues in tissue engineering. Hence, the recent development on smart hydrogel for state-of-the-art tissue engineering conferred progress, highlighting significant challenges and future perspectives. This review discusses recent advances in smart hydrogels fabricated from biological macromolecules
and their use for advanced tissue engineering. It also provides critical insight, emphasizing future research directions and progress in tissue engineering.
IEEE Access , 2024
The Cole-impedance model is extensively utilized for modelling the electrical impedance of biolog... more The Cole-impedance model is extensively utilized for modelling the electrical impedance of biological samples, including agricultural goods (e.g. fruits and vegetables). The conventional methods for estimating parameters of the Cole-impedance model rely on processing multi-frequency impedance datasets using non-linear least squares methods. The quality of the initial value used in these methods has a direct impact on the convergence and estimation accuracy, while requirement for complex processing units lowers portability and in-situ applications. This paper introduces method not dependent on a particular platform to estimate parameters of the Cole-impedance model that best represent an impedance dataset, eliminating the need for the specific toolbox within the software package, and it does not necessitate the user to supply initial values. The proposed method is validated using synthetic datasets (with and without noise) and experimental bioimpedance of carrot, potato, and pear samples. Further, it is implemented on a low-cost embedded hardware with execution time <7 seconds (for an impedance dataset with 256 datapoints) and estimation accuracy comparable to PC-based estimations. The embedded hardware is interfaced wirelessly to a smartphone application to demonstrate the in-situ graphical evaluation and reporting available using the proposed system.
Arabian Journal of Chemistry , 2024
Hydrogels are three-dimensional structures that serve as substitutes for the extracellular matrix... more Hydrogels are three-dimensional structures that serve as substitutes for the extracellular matrix (ECM) and possess outstanding physicochemical and biochemical characteristics. They are gaining importance in regenerative medicine because of their similarity to the natural extracellular matrix in terms of moisture content and
wound and tissue healing permeability. Tissue engineering advancements have resulted in the development of flexible hydrogels that mimic the dynamic characteristics of the ECM. Several approaches have been applied to produce hydrogels from biopolymers with enhanced functional and structural characteristics for different applications
in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM). This review provides a comprehensive overview of hydrogel in wound healing, tissue engineering, and drug delivery systems. We outline different types
of hydrogels based on the physical and chemical crosslinking, fundamental properties, and their applications in
TERM. This review article provided the recent literature on hydrogels for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine within five years. Recent developments in biopolymer-based hydrogels for state-of-the-art tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have been discussed, emphasizing their significant challenges and future perspectives.
The global demand for an enhanced quality of life and extended lifespan has driven significant ad... more The global demand for an enhanced quality of life and extended lifespan has driven significant advancements in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. These fields utilize a range of interdisciplinary theories and techniques to repair structurally impaired or damaged tissues and organs, as well as restore their normal functions. Nevertheless, the clinical efficacy of medications, materials, and potent cells used at the laboratory level is always constrained by technological limitations. A novel platform known as adaptable microneedles has been developed to address the abovementioned issues. These microneedles offer a solution for the localized distribution of various cargos while minimizing invasiveness. Microneedles provide favorable patient compliance in clinical settings due to their effective administration and ability to provide a painless and convenient process. In this review article, we summarized the most recent development of microneedles, and we started by classifying various microneedle systems, advantages, and fundamental properties. Subsequently, it provides a comprehensive overview of different types of microneedles, the material used to fabricate microneedles, the fundamental properties of ideal microneedles, and their applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, primarily focusing on preserving and restoring impaired tissues and organs. The limitations and perspectives have been discussed by concluding their future therapeutic applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicines.
IEEE Sensors Journal, 2024
Accurate and consistent measurement of plantar
pressure and gait analysis holds significant impor... more Accurate and consistent measurement of plantar
pressure and gait analysis holds significant importance
in guiding gait training for neurologically injured patients
and others undergoing gait rehabilitation at home. In this
article, the fabrication of cost-effective force sensing resistors
(FSRs) using rattan as a substrate and aluminum foil
for sensing purposes is shown. A total of six unique combinations
were generated by combining two types of rattan
surfaces and three dissimilar materials (Kapton, blue cotton
fabric, and white cotton fabric) for printing the carbon layer
to create FSRs to print the carbon layer by an unconventional
subtractive xurographic technique using a conductive layer
of aluminum (foil). The sensitivity of all types of sensors was
determined and compared using a compression test. All produced sensors showed the same characteristic diagram of
the FSRs’ dependence resistance as commercial sensors. Two FSRs were selected to measure the pressure applied
at the first metatarsal heads and the heel during the gait test. The test involved five subjects of different ages taking
100 steps and wearing a custom insole created using the 3-D printing fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique. The
sensors successfully detected the force during the subjects’ walking and were not damaged even after the tests
Biomicrofluidics, 2024
Textile-based microfluidic biosensors represent an innovative fusion of various multidisciplinary... more Textile-based microfluidic biosensors represent an innovative fusion of various multidisciplinary fields, including bioelectronics, material
sciences, and microfluidics. Their potential in biomedicine is significant as they leverage textiles to achieve high demands of biocompatibility
with the human body and conform to the irregular surfaces of the body. In the field of microfluidics, fabric coated with hydrophobic materials
serves as channels through which liquids are transferred in precise amounts to the sensing element, which in this case is a biosensor.
This paper presents a condensed overview of the current developments in textile-based microfluidics and biosensors in biomedical applications
over the past 20 years (2005–2024). A literature search was performed using the Scopus database. The fabrication techniques and materials
used are discussed in this paper, as these will be key in various modifications and advancements in textile-based microfluidics.
Furthermore, we also address the gaps in the application of textile-based microfluidic analytical devices in biomedicine and discuss the
potential solutions. Advances in textile-based microfluidics are enabled by various printing and fabric manufacturing techniques, such as
screen printing, embroidery, and weaving. Integration of these devices into everyday clothing holds promise for future vital sign monitoring,
such as glucose, albumin, lactate, and ion levels, as well as early detection of hereditary diseases through gene detection. Although most
testing currently takes place in a laboratory or controlled environment, this field is rapidly evolving and pushing the boundaries of biomedicine,
improving the quality of human life.
International Journal of Pharmaceutics , 2024
Melanoma is a prevalent and concerning form of skin cancer affecting millions of individuals worl... more Melanoma is a prevalent and concerning form of skin cancer affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Unfortunately, traditional treatments can be invasive and painful, prompting the need for alternative therapies with improved efficacy and patient outcomes. Nanosystems offer a promising solution to these obstacles through the rational design of nanoparticles (NPs) which are structured into nanocomposite forms, offering efficient approaches to cancer treatment procedures. A range of NPs consisting of polymeric, metallic and metal oxide, carbon-based, and virus-like NPs have been studied for their potential in treating skin cancer. This review summarizes the latest developments in functional nanosystems aimed at enhancing melanoma treatment. The fundamentals of these nanosystems, including NPs and the creation of various functional nanosystem types, facilitating melanoma treatment are introduced. Then, the advances in the applications of functional nanosystems for melanoma treatment are summarized, outlining both their benefits and the challenges encountered in implementing nanosystem therapies.
Advanced Science, 2024
Edible electronics is emerging in recent years motivated by a diverse number of healthcare applic... more Edible electronics is emerging in recent years motivated by a diverse number of healthcare applications, where sensors can be safely ingested without the need for any medical supervision. However, the current lack of stable and well-performing edible semiconductors needs to be addressed to reach technological maturity and allow the surge of a new generation of edible circuits. In the quest for good-performing edible semiconductors, this study has explored the possibility of considering materials that are not regulated for intentional ingestion, yet are daily swallowed with no adverse reactions, such as pigments contained in toothpaste. This work first elaborates on the basis of inadvertent ingestion data to estimate the quantity of daily ingested Copper(II)Phthalocyanine (CuPc), a whitening pigment and well-known organic semiconductor. Subsequently, CuPc is employed in the first demonstration of fully edible electrolyte-gated transistors operating at low voltage (<1 V), displaying good reproducibility and stable performance for over a year. The results indicate that, with the daily ingested quantity of CuPc from toothpaste, more than 104 edible transistors can be realized, thus paving the way to edible circuits, a critical component of future edible electronic systems.
PeerJ Life & Environment, 2024
Abnormal lower limb muscle activity is the most common cause of the alterative pattern of gait in... more Abnormal lower limb muscle activity is the most common cause of the alterative pattern of gait in stroke survivors, resulting from spastic and paralytic muscles around the hip, knee, and ankle joints. However, the activity of the major lower limb muscles that control the legs to facilitate walking in stroke patients have not been clearly understood
in each subphase of the gait. This study differentiated the characteristics of surface electromyography (sEMG) signals of lower limb muscles during four subphases of gait cycle between stroke patients and healthy subjects. Sixteen chronic stroke patients and sixteen healthy subjects were recruited. All participants completed three walking trials
with a self-selected walking speed. The sEMG signals were recorded on the gluteus medius, rectus femoris, long head of biceps femoris, medial gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, and peroneus longus muscles. The characteristics of sEMG signals were processed and analyzed in the time and frequency features, considering the first double
support, single support, second double support, and swing phases of the gait cycle. The stroke patients had altered sEMG characteristics on both paretic and non-paretic sides compared to healthy subjects across the sub-phases of gait cycle for all six muscles. All time domain features of sEMG signal showed that the medial gastrocnemius muscle
has the most significant impaired activity (p < 0:05) and affected gait disturbance during all four subphases of the gait cycle. The findings demonstrated that the medial gastrocnemius muscle had impaired activity and was most affected during all four sub-phases of the gait cycle. This indicates that sEMG of medial gastrocnemius muscle can be used to measure the improvement of gait rehabilitation.
BioMedical Engineering OnLine , 2024
The study demonstrated significant variations in impedance across different REO concentrations an... more The study demonstrated significant variations in impedance across different REO concentrations and their mixtures with AS. Higher impedance was observed in REO mixtures, particularly at lower frequencies, indicating distinct electrical properties
compared to pure AS. The impedance of REO was influenced by its concentration, with a 1% REO solution showing higher impedance than a 4% solution, possibly due to micelle formation and changes in dielectric properties. Additionally, microfluidic devices enabled precise control over fluid interactions and real-time monitoring, offering valuable insights into REO’s behavior in a simulated oral environment. The impedance data demonstrated significant differences in REO–AS mixtures, highlighting
potential interactions critical for oral care applications.
IEEE Sensors Letters , 2024
Edible electronics present a blossoming path to a greener and eco-friendly future for electronics... more Edible electronics present a blossoming path to a greener and eco-friendly future for electronics, whilst being biocompatible with living beings. With this characteristic, edible electronics has been recently proposed for the design and fabrication of edible and digestible sensors. More precisely, it has become a strong and sustainable candidate for continuous and in vivo monitoring and diagnosis of patients. Yet, the field is in constant search for new functional materials satisfying the stringent and contrasting requirements of safe edibility and performing electronics. With this in mind, a novel edible substrate, based entirely on cookie dough is presented in this letter. An extensive mechanical and electrical characterization of the edible substrate is provided, aside from a clear step-by-step guide for its fabrication. Additionally, to prove the use of the cookie-dough substrate for food-based electronics, we demonstrate a voltage divider and a resonant circuit fabricated on it. Tests have been conducted in dry and wet conditions, simulating intraoral environment. Sensing capabilities have been also investigated, with variations of temperature and pH. These findings push the boundaries of edible electronics, enabling a growing community of researchers to utilize the proposed substrate and circuits in a broad range of sensor technologies and applications.
Journal of Materials Science , 2024
Nowadays, CO2 detection has become significant in many applications such as monitoring of air qua... more Nowadays, CO2 detection has become significant in many applications such as monitoring of air quality and human health. CO2
sensors are majorly based on solid-state materials, but they require high operating temperatures. Recently, two-dimensional materials have been explored to achieve room-temperature CO2 detection. Among them, graphene and MXene gained attraction owing to their outstanding chemical and electronic properties. Sensing materials’ properties
such as surface and electrical properties are very crucial to achieve highly sensitive gas sensors. In this work, we comprehensively investigate and compare the impact of surface-electrical properties of graphene and MXene on their CO2 sensors’ performance. Initially, we synthesize and characterize the surface-electrical properties of functionalized graphene (FG) and Ti3C2Tx MXene. Later, chemiresistive CO2
gas sensors are fabricated with these materials as sensing layers and
their performance is examined. From material characterizations, we find that MXene surface is more hydrophilic, showing 1.5-fold higher interfacial energy, and has ~ 1.2-fold higher electrical conductivity than FG, whereas FG demonstrates lower surface roughness and outstanding stability over the period. The sensing behavior of both sensors is found to be repeatable, selective, and reproducible. The CO2 sensor with the MXene layer reveals a lower response/recovery time (12/17 s) than that of FG (32/43 s). Also, MXene-based sensor exhibits a 25% response, revealing a 6% higher gas response than FG-based sensor.
IEEE Access , 2024
The performance of a Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) depends on the Quality of Service (QoS) an... more The performance of a Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) depends on the Quality of Service (QoS) and energy efficiency. The traffic generated by WBAN is heterogeneous in nature, and consists of both periodic and emergency events. One crucial challenge in designing a WBAN Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol is guaranteeing high-reliability transmission while satisfying diverse QoS requirements.
Therefore, this paper proposes a QoS-aware MAC protocol named the Adaptive MAC (ADT-MAC) that accommodates dynamic medical traffic by addressing emergency and periodic traffic requirements. ADTMAC
utilizes a hybrid and adaptive superframe structure based on the IEEE 802.15.6 standard. Additionally, an M/M/1 queuing algorithm with a non-preemptive priority is modeled using SimEvents in MATLAB to
validate the packet delay of the priority queues. The proposed ADT-MAC protocol is simulated using Castalia and OMNeT++ to evaluate its performance against state-of-the-art MAC protocols. Simulation findings
reveal that ADT-MAC achieves lower packet delay, higher PDR, and increased network throughput while reducing energy consumption compared to its benchmarks. Furthermore, the result of packet delay from
priority queues validates the accuracy of the proposed ADT-MAC and queueing algorithm. The two-fold simulation approach using Castalia and SimEvents demonstrated that the packet delay for each priority level
remains below the 125 ms threshold set by the IEEE 802.15.6 specifications
Rapid Prototyping Journal , 2024
Purpose – This study aims to use an additive process for the first time to develop a microfluidic... more Purpose – This study aims to use an additive process for the first time to develop a microfluidic device that uses centrifugal technique for precise
and repeatable generation of microdroplets. Droplets have versatile applications in life sciences, but so far centrifugal devices for their production
have been made mainly using standard subtractive techniques. This study focused on evaluating the applicability of 3D printing technology in the
development of centrifugal microfluidic devices and investigating their properties and future applications.
Design/methodology/approach – First, the background of this interdisciplinary research, including the principle of droplet microfluidics and the centrifugal
technique, is explained. The developed device has the form of a disc (similar to an audio CD), containing an integrated microfluidic system for droplet
generation. The disc is rotated at a specific spin profile to induce controlled liquid flow and accurate production of oil-in-water microdroplets. The device was
fabricated using material jetting technology. The design, operation principles, printing process parameters and post-processing steps are explained in detail.
Findings – The device was thoroughly characterised, including its mechanical properties, the impact of chemical treatment and the flow
measurement of the liquids. The study confirms that the disc can be applied to produce various emulsions using centrifugal force alone. 3D printing
technology enables potential mass production and other applications of the device.
Originality/value – The 3D printing process allowed for easy design, fabrication and duplication of the device. Compared to standard PMMA discs,
a simpler fabrication protocol and a more flexible and monolithic structure were obtained. The device can be adapted to other microfluidic processes
in a lab with high potential for point-of-care applications.
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Papers by Goran Stojanovic
with edible gold leaves, creating fully edible and functional radio frequency (RF)
electronic components. As a proof-of-principle of their use in RF circuits, a
completely edible passive inductor-capacitor (LC) resonator at ≈200 MHz is
demonstrated. The results significantly expand the applications of edible
electronics to RF regime, supporting future developments in edible sensing
and edible robotic systems, emerging fields with a high grade of sustainability.
(ECM) with intricate structural and functional characteristics. These hydrogels offer desired and controllable qualities, such as tunable mechanical stiffness and strength, inherent adaptability and biocompatibility, swellability, and biodegradability, all crucial for tissue engineering. Smart hydrogels provide a superior cellular
environment for tissue engineering, enabling the generation of cutting-edge synthetic tissues due to their special qualities, such as stimuli sensitivity and reactivity. Numerous review articles have presented the exceptional potential of hydrogels for various biomedical applications, including drug delivery, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering. Still, it is essential to write a comprehensive review article on smart hydrogels that successfully addresses the essential challenging issues in tissue engineering. Hence, the recent development on smart hydrogel for state-of-the-art tissue engineering conferred progress, highlighting significant challenges and future perspectives. This review discusses recent advances in smart hydrogels fabricated from biological macromolecules
and their use for advanced tissue engineering. It also provides critical insight, emphasizing future research directions and progress in tissue engineering.
wound and tissue healing permeability. Tissue engineering advancements have resulted in the development of flexible hydrogels that mimic the dynamic characteristics of the ECM. Several approaches have been applied to produce hydrogels from biopolymers with enhanced functional and structural characteristics for different applications
in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM). This review provides a comprehensive overview of hydrogel in wound healing, tissue engineering, and drug delivery systems. We outline different types
of hydrogels based on the physical and chemical crosslinking, fundamental properties, and their applications in
TERM. This review article provided the recent literature on hydrogels for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine within five years. Recent developments in biopolymer-based hydrogels for state-of-the-art tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have been discussed, emphasizing their significant challenges and future perspectives.
pressure and gait analysis holds significant importance
in guiding gait training for neurologically injured patients
and others undergoing gait rehabilitation at home. In this
article, the fabrication of cost-effective force sensing resistors
(FSRs) using rattan as a substrate and aluminum foil
for sensing purposes is shown. A total of six unique combinations
were generated by combining two types of rattan
surfaces and three dissimilar materials (Kapton, blue cotton
fabric, and white cotton fabric) for printing the carbon layer
to create FSRs to print the carbon layer by an unconventional
subtractive xurographic technique using a conductive layer
of aluminum (foil). The sensitivity of all types of sensors was
determined and compared using a compression test. All produced sensors showed the same characteristic diagram of
the FSRs’ dependence resistance as commercial sensors. Two FSRs were selected to measure the pressure applied
at the first metatarsal heads and the heel during the gait test. The test involved five subjects of different ages taking
100 steps and wearing a custom insole created using the 3-D printing fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique. The
sensors successfully detected the force during the subjects’ walking and were not damaged even after the tests
sciences, and microfluidics. Their potential in biomedicine is significant as they leverage textiles to achieve high demands of biocompatibility
with the human body and conform to the irregular surfaces of the body. In the field of microfluidics, fabric coated with hydrophobic materials
serves as channels through which liquids are transferred in precise amounts to the sensing element, which in this case is a biosensor.
This paper presents a condensed overview of the current developments in textile-based microfluidics and biosensors in biomedical applications
over the past 20 years (2005–2024). A literature search was performed using the Scopus database. The fabrication techniques and materials
used are discussed in this paper, as these will be key in various modifications and advancements in textile-based microfluidics.
Furthermore, we also address the gaps in the application of textile-based microfluidic analytical devices in biomedicine and discuss the
potential solutions. Advances in textile-based microfluidics are enabled by various printing and fabric manufacturing techniques, such as
screen printing, embroidery, and weaving. Integration of these devices into everyday clothing holds promise for future vital sign monitoring,
such as glucose, albumin, lactate, and ion levels, as well as early detection of hereditary diseases through gene detection. Although most
testing currently takes place in a laboratory or controlled environment, this field is rapidly evolving and pushing the boundaries of biomedicine,
improving the quality of human life.
in each subphase of the gait. This study differentiated the characteristics of surface electromyography (sEMG) signals of lower limb muscles during four subphases of gait cycle between stroke patients and healthy subjects. Sixteen chronic stroke patients and sixteen healthy subjects were recruited. All participants completed three walking trials
with a self-selected walking speed. The sEMG signals were recorded on the gluteus medius, rectus femoris, long head of biceps femoris, medial gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, and peroneus longus muscles. The characteristics of sEMG signals were processed and analyzed in the time and frequency features, considering the first double
support, single support, second double support, and swing phases of the gait cycle. The stroke patients had altered sEMG characteristics on both paretic and non-paretic sides compared to healthy subjects across the sub-phases of gait cycle for all six muscles. All time domain features of sEMG signal showed that the medial gastrocnemius muscle
has the most significant impaired activity (p < 0:05) and affected gait disturbance during all four subphases of the gait cycle. The findings demonstrated that the medial gastrocnemius muscle had impaired activity and was most affected during all four sub-phases of the gait cycle. This indicates that sEMG of medial gastrocnemius muscle can be used to measure the improvement of gait rehabilitation.
compared to pure AS. The impedance of REO was influenced by its concentration, with a 1% REO solution showing higher impedance than a 4% solution, possibly due to micelle formation and changes in dielectric properties. Additionally, microfluidic devices enabled precise control over fluid interactions and real-time monitoring, offering valuable insights into REO’s behavior in a simulated oral environment. The impedance data demonstrated significant differences in REO–AS mixtures, highlighting
potential interactions critical for oral care applications.
sensors are majorly based on solid-state materials, but they require high operating temperatures. Recently, two-dimensional materials have been explored to achieve room-temperature CO2 detection. Among them, graphene and MXene gained attraction owing to their outstanding chemical and electronic properties. Sensing materials’ properties
such as surface and electrical properties are very crucial to achieve highly sensitive gas sensors. In this work, we comprehensively investigate and compare the impact of surface-electrical properties of graphene and MXene on their CO2 sensors’ performance. Initially, we synthesize and characterize the surface-electrical properties of functionalized graphene (FG) and Ti3C2Tx MXene. Later, chemiresistive CO2
gas sensors are fabricated with these materials as sensing layers and
their performance is examined. From material characterizations, we find that MXene surface is more hydrophilic, showing 1.5-fold higher interfacial energy, and has ~ 1.2-fold higher electrical conductivity than FG, whereas FG demonstrates lower surface roughness and outstanding stability over the period. The sensing behavior of both sensors is found to be repeatable, selective, and reproducible. The CO2 sensor with the MXene layer reveals a lower response/recovery time (12/17 s) than that of FG (32/43 s). Also, MXene-based sensor exhibits a 25% response, revealing a 6% higher gas response than FG-based sensor.
Therefore, this paper proposes a QoS-aware MAC protocol named the Adaptive MAC (ADT-MAC) that accommodates dynamic medical traffic by addressing emergency and periodic traffic requirements. ADTMAC
utilizes a hybrid and adaptive superframe structure based on the IEEE 802.15.6 standard. Additionally, an M/M/1 queuing algorithm with a non-preemptive priority is modeled using SimEvents in MATLAB to
validate the packet delay of the priority queues. The proposed ADT-MAC protocol is simulated using Castalia and OMNeT++ to evaluate its performance against state-of-the-art MAC protocols. Simulation findings
reveal that ADT-MAC achieves lower packet delay, higher PDR, and increased network throughput while reducing energy consumption compared to its benchmarks. Furthermore, the result of packet delay from
priority queues validates the accuracy of the proposed ADT-MAC and queueing algorithm. The two-fold simulation approach using Castalia and SimEvents demonstrated that the packet delay for each priority level
remains below the 125 ms threshold set by the IEEE 802.15.6 specifications
and repeatable generation of microdroplets. Droplets have versatile applications in life sciences, but so far centrifugal devices for their production
have been made mainly using standard subtractive techniques. This study focused on evaluating the applicability of 3D printing technology in the
development of centrifugal microfluidic devices and investigating their properties and future applications.
Design/methodology/approach – First, the background of this interdisciplinary research, including the principle of droplet microfluidics and the centrifugal
technique, is explained. The developed device has the form of a disc (similar to an audio CD), containing an integrated microfluidic system for droplet
generation. The disc is rotated at a specific spin profile to induce controlled liquid flow and accurate production of oil-in-water microdroplets. The device was
fabricated using material jetting technology. The design, operation principles, printing process parameters and post-processing steps are explained in detail.
Findings – The device was thoroughly characterised, including its mechanical properties, the impact of chemical treatment and the flow
measurement of the liquids. The study confirms that the disc can be applied to produce various emulsions using centrifugal force alone. 3D printing
technology enables potential mass production and other applications of the device.
Originality/value – The 3D printing process allowed for easy design, fabrication and duplication of the device. Compared to standard PMMA discs,
a simpler fabrication protocol and a more flexible and monolithic structure were obtained. The device can be adapted to other microfluidic processes
in a lab with high potential for point-of-care applications.
with edible gold leaves, creating fully edible and functional radio frequency (RF)
electronic components. As a proof-of-principle of their use in RF circuits, a
completely edible passive inductor-capacitor (LC) resonator at ≈200 MHz is
demonstrated. The results significantly expand the applications of edible
electronics to RF regime, supporting future developments in edible sensing
and edible robotic systems, emerging fields with a high grade of sustainability.
(ECM) with intricate structural and functional characteristics. These hydrogels offer desired and controllable qualities, such as tunable mechanical stiffness and strength, inherent adaptability and biocompatibility, swellability, and biodegradability, all crucial for tissue engineering. Smart hydrogels provide a superior cellular
environment for tissue engineering, enabling the generation of cutting-edge synthetic tissues due to their special qualities, such as stimuli sensitivity and reactivity. Numerous review articles have presented the exceptional potential of hydrogels for various biomedical applications, including drug delivery, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering. Still, it is essential to write a comprehensive review article on smart hydrogels that successfully addresses the essential challenging issues in tissue engineering. Hence, the recent development on smart hydrogel for state-of-the-art tissue engineering conferred progress, highlighting significant challenges and future perspectives. This review discusses recent advances in smart hydrogels fabricated from biological macromolecules
and their use for advanced tissue engineering. It also provides critical insight, emphasizing future research directions and progress in tissue engineering.
wound and tissue healing permeability. Tissue engineering advancements have resulted in the development of flexible hydrogels that mimic the dynamic characteristics of the ECM. Several approaches have been applied to produce hydrogels from biopolymers with enhanced functional and structural characteristics for different applications
in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM). This review provides a comprehensive overview of hydrogel in wound healing, tissue engineering, and drug delivery systems. We outline different types
of hydrogels based on the physical and chemical crosslinking, fundamental properties, and their applications in
TERM. This review article provided the recent literature on hydrogels for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine within five years. Recent developments in biopolymer-based hydrogels for state-of-the-art tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have been discussed, emphasizing their significant challenges and future perspectives.
pressure and gait analysis holds significant importance
in guiding gait training for neurologically injured patients
and others undergoing gait rehabilitation at home. In this
article, the fabrication of cost-effective force sensing resistors
(FSRs) using rattan as a substrate and aluminum foil
for sensing purposes is shown. A total of six unique combinations
were generated by combining two types of rattan
surfaces and three dissimilar materials (Kapton, blue cotton
fabric, and white cotton fabric) for printing the carbon layer
to create FSRs to print the carbon layer by an unconventional
subtractive xurographic technique using a conductive layer
of aluminum (foil). The sensitivity of all types of sensors was
determined and compared using a compression test. All produced sensors showed the same characteristic diagram of
the FSRs’ dependence resistance as commercial sensors. Two FSRs were selected to measure the pressure applied
at the first metatarsal heads and the heel during the gait test. The test involved five subjects of different ages taking
100 steps and wearing a custom insole created using the 3-D printing fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique. The
sensors successfully detected the force during the subjects’ walking and were not damaged even after the tests
sciences, and microfluidics. Their potential in biomedicine is significant as they leverage textiles to achieve high demands of biocompatibility
with the human body and conform to the irregular surfaces of the body. In the field of microfluidics, fabric coated with hydrophobic materials
serves as channels through which liquids are transferred in precise amounts to the sensing element, which in this case is a biosensor.
This paper presents a condensed overview of the current developments in textile-based microfluidics and biosensors in biomedical applications
over the past 20 years (2005–2024). A literature search was performed using the Scopus database. The fabrication techniques and materials
used are discussed in this paper, as these will be key in various modifications and advancements in textile-based microfluidics.
Furthermore, we also address the gaps in the application of textile-based microfluidic analytical devices in biomedicine and discuss the
potential solutions. Advances in textile-based microfluidics are enabled by various printing and fabric manufacturing techniques, such as
screen printing, embroidery, and weaving. Integration of these devices into everyday clothing holds promise for future vital sign monitoring,
such as glucose, albumin, lactate, and ion levels, as well as early detection of hereditary diseases through gene detection. Although most
testing currently takes place in a laboratory or controlled environment, this field is rapidly evolving and pushing the boundaries of biomedicine,
improving the quality of human life.
in each subphase of the gait. This study differentiated the characteristics of surface electromyography (sEMG) signals of lower limb muscles during four subphases of gait cycle between stroke patients and healthy subjects. Sixteen chronic stroke patients and sixteen healthy subjects were recruited. All participants completed three walking trials
with a self-selected walking speed. The sEMG signals were recorded on the gluteus medius, rectus femoris, long head of biceps femoris, medial gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, and peroneus longus muscles. The characteristics of sEMG signals were processed and analyzed in the time and frequency features, considering the first double
support, single support, second double support, and swing phases of the gait cycle. The stroke patients had altered sEMG characteristics on both paretic and non-paretic sides compared to healthy subjects across the sub-phases of gait cycle for all six muscles. All time domain features of sEMG signal showed that the medial gastrocnemius muscle
has the most significant impaired activity (p < 0:05) and affected gait disturbance during all four subphases of the gait cycle. The findings demonstrated that the medial gastrocnemius muscle had impaired activity and was most affected during all four sub-phases of the gait cycle. This indicates that sEMG of medial gastrocnemius muscle can be used to measure the improvement of gait rehabilitation.
compared to pure AS. The impedance of REO was influenced by its concentration, with a 1% REO solution showing higher impedance than a 4% solution, possibly due to micelle formation and changes in dielectric properties. Additionally, microfluidic devices enabled precise control over fluid interactions and real-time monitoring, offering valuable insights into REO’s behavior in a simulated oral environment. The impedance data demonstrated significant differences in REO–AS mixtures, highlighting
potential interactions critical for oral care applications.
sensors are majorly based on solid-state materials, but they require high operating temperatures. Recently, two-dimensional materials have been explored to achieve room-temperature CO2 detection. Among them, graphene and MXene gained attraction owing to their outstanding chemical and electronic properties. Sensing materials’ properties
such as surface and electrical properties are very crucial to achieve highly sensitive gas sensors. In this work, we comprehensively investigate and compare the impact of surface-electrical properties of graphene and MXene on their CO2 sensors’ performance. Initially, we synthesize and characterize the surface-electrical properties of functionalized graphene (FG) and Ti3C2Tx MXene. Later, chemiresistive CO2
gas sensors are fabricated with these materials as sensing layers and
their performance is examined. From material characterizations, we find that MXene surface is more hydrophilic, showing 1.5-fold higher interfacial energy, and has ~ 1.2-fold higher electrical conductivity than FG, whereas FG demonstrates lower surface roughness and outstanding stability over the period. The sensing behavior of both sensors is found to be repeatable, selective, and reproducible. The CO2 sensor with the MXene layer reveals a lower response/recovery time (12/17 s) than that of FG (32/43 s). Also, MXene-based sensor exhibits a 25% response, revealing a 6% higher gas response than FG-based sensor.
Therefore, this paper proposes a QoS-aware MAC protocol named the Adaptive MAC (ADT-MAC) that accommodates dynamic medical traffic by addressing emergency and periodic traffic requirements. ADTMAC
utilizes a hybrid and adaptive superframe structure based on the IEEE 802.15.6 standard. Additionally, an M/M/1 queuing algorithm with a non-preemptive priority is modeled using SimEvents in MATLAB to
validate the packet delay of the priority queues. The proposed ADT-MAC protocol is simulated using Castalia and OMNeT++ to evaluate its performance against state-of-the-art MAC protocols. Simulation findings
reveal that ADT-MAC achieves lower packet delay, higher PDR, and increased network throughput while reducing energy consumption compared to its benchmarks. Furthermore, the result of packet delay from
priority queues validates the accuracy of the proposed ADT-MAC and queueing algorithm. The two-fold simulation approach using Castalia and SimEvents demonstrated that the packet delay for each priority level
remains below the 125 ms threshold set by the IEEE 802.15.6 specifications
and repeatable generation of microdroplets. Droplets have versatile applications in life sciences, but so far centrifugal devices for their production
have been made mainly using standard subtractive techniques. This study focused on evaluating the applicability of 3D printing technology in the
development of centrifugal microfluidic devices and investigating their properties and future applications.
Design/methodology/approach – First, the background of this interdisciplinary research, including the principle of droplet microfluidics and the centrifugal
technique, is explained. The developed device has the form of a disc (similar to an audio CD), containing an integrated microfluidic system for droplet
generation. The disc is rotated at a specific spin profile to induce controlled liquid flow and accurate production of oil-in-water microdroplets. The device was
fabricated using material jetting technology. The design, operation principles, printing process parameters and post-processing steps are explained in detail.
Findings – The device was thoroughly characterised, including its mechanical properties, the impact of chemical treatment and the flow
measurement of the liquids. The study confirms that the disc can be applied to produce various emulsions using centrifugal force alone. 3D printing
technology enables potential mass production and other applications of the device.
Originality/value – The 3D printing process allowed for easy design, fabrication and duplication of the device. Compared to standard PMMA discs,
a simpler fabrication protocol and a more flexible and monolithic structure were obtained. The device can be adapted to other microfluidic processes
in a lab with high potential for point-of-care applications.