Humanities and Social Sciences

An observation, often overlooked by the scholars of Colson Whitehead's novel John Henry , is that it uses metarepresentational abilities of the characters to navigate mutually incompatible representations of John Henry, a real-life nineteenth-century black railway worker and a legendary figure in American folklore. 1 Metarepresentation is a human cognitive endowment, which helps to keep track of who said what to whom and sometimes where or when it was said and for what purpose (Zunshine 6). Weighing information in this way can sometimes be aided through recollection and self-assessment, which leads the protagonist of the novel, J. Sutter, to develop his perspective and offer a critical look at the ways histories are written. 2 J. Sutter, a twentieth-century black freelance journalist, set out to write a report on the John Henry Days festival, is initially indifferent to the story of John Henry. However, by evaluating information he gathers on John Henry's legend and by keeping track of his own evolving perception, he gradually changes his opinion and ascribes meaning to the folkloric architecture of the John Henry story.

At the outset this paper deals with how the companys' philosophy effects on corporate governance. The Corporate Governance becomes a buzzword all over the world due to debacles and scams occurred in various gigantic concerns like Enron, the Houston, and WorldCom etc. These scams are alarming the respective governments to propose a strong corporate governance policy for transparency, trust-worthiness, accountability and practising good business ethics. These practices are providing long-term benefits to the concerns and create an healthy atmosphere among the stakeholders. Corporate Governance can be traced back to early nineties when due to a series of corporate mismanagement and failures were reported in UK that led to the formation of Adrian Cadbury Committee who came out with first document, laid the foundation stone of the present day format of the corporate governance. In India, the government has recognised the importance and role of corporate governance on Indian Corporate Sector especially post globalization. Besides there are many scams like Harshad Mehtha, Kethan Fareak, Global Trust Bank, UTI, and recently Satyam has been tilted the Indian Corporate Sector Image and philosophy. The Confederation of Indian Industries (CII), the Associated Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ASSOCHAM) and the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) constituted committees to recommend initiatives in Corporate Governance. The recommendations of the Kumara Mangalam Birla committee, constituted by SEBI, led to the addition of Clause 49 in the Listing Agreement. The clause 49 in the listing agreement denotes various codes for effective governance practises in Indian corporate sector. Among them one of the basic code of conduct which also makes highly impacts on various corporate houses i.e. companys' philosophy on corporate governance. Basically the companys' philosophy has played its own role and practised by so many companies since its inception. Most of the Indian companies have emerged with their own philosophy, ethics, codes, and their own corporate social responsibility methods. Besides that the companies are attaining such a growth and development, image, reliability, charisma, long term vision, goals and objects are only due to strongly adhered to their own undisputed vision and philosophy.

Organized Retailing is one of India’s most revenue generating Industry and also good contributor to our G.D.P. There are significant reasons for the researchers to find out the reasons behind consistent growth to this Industry in India during the last one decade and of course there is still a lot untapped potential opportunity for growth in this market. Besides that, through this paper we have put our efforts to understand the influencing factors of Customer Satisfaction in Organized Retail out lets in India with special reference to Guntur City , Andhra Pradesh. We have made our study by taking important points like educational qualifications, Income levels and environmental conditions of
customers. Basing on the results arrived; we have come to a conclusion that there is more satisfaction in the case of customers who have higher educational qualifications, higher income levels and are residing in urban areas.
Keywords: Customer satisfaction, Educational qualifications, Environmental influence, income.

The broad objective of this study is to assess the public expenditure management with specific references to resource utilization in Benishangul-Gumuz Regional state. Thus, this book tries much to show the level of resource utilization in BGRS of regional public bodies and between three of expenditure categories in line with expenditure management responsibilities, financial rules, powers and duties vested to public bodies. In addition, this research has an aim to identify the main causes those have undermined the achievement of prudent expenditure management, specifically resource utilization and thereby to indicate the basis to effective and responsible utilization of scarce resource. To achieve this broad objective two hypotheses and one research question were developed. The principal data sources to this end were survey, in-depth interview, group discussion and documentary analysis. Data collected through survey includes five years’ time serious data of consolidated budget vs. expenditure annual report that was extracted from IBEX and data that collected through self-administered questioner. In addition, source of data that collected through in-depth interview was conducted to budget and finance standing Committee of Regional Council and BoFED experts. Moreover, group discussion and documentary analysis were made to triangulate data obtained from survey. Both primary and secondary sources of data were used. Data that collected from primary and secondary sources were analyzed and presented by using statistical tools like charts, tables and figures. The study adopted mixed method research approach. Regarding sampling method, both probability and non-probability sampling techniques were applied to select a representative sample to meet the objective of the study. The latest statistical package (SPSS) software, dependent paired t-test and chi-square test, were used to analyze the data collected from consolidated budget Vs expenditure report. The results of paired t-test confirmed that there has been under utilization of the resource/budget, as illustrated in the study of PBs. This implies that, the deviation or under utilization mean value of budget before utilization and utilized budget for the period EFY (2003 to 2007) was significant. In addition, an output of chi-square test confirmed that expenditure category of Administrative and General Services has high level of budget utilization rate compared to Economic Service and Social Services in BGRS of PBs. Moreover, utilization rate of budget for Administrative and General Services has been increasing trends from low to high utilization rate. However, budget utilization rate of Economic Services and Social Services indicates that decreasing trend from low to high utilization rate. Finally, from the findings what the paper generally conclude that, though there have been considerable attempts and progresses to improve utilization of resources in BGRS, there are significant limitations that needs improvement. Unless these strains are resolved there might not be changed the wise utilization of resource and in general public expenditure management in the region.

Ethiopian Government continues to spend on large infrastructural projectshydro-power facilities, telecoms and road and rail networkswhich form part of the highly ambitious fiveyear Growth and Transformation Plan. However, there are genuine concerns that the high level of public spendingthe third highest in the worldare crowding out the private sector and contributing to macroeconomic difficulties including foreign exchange shortages, increasing external debt and inflation. Even the IMF has urged the government to reconsider the scale of infrastructure investment. Literature review suggests that the combined effects of new public management and good governance with globalization playing a catalytic role have resulted in change in the focus from administration to management, limiting the role of the government from provider to facilitator and coordinator. Experiments in new models of administration, wherein the advantages of public administration and the efficiencies of the private management would be combined, are being tried. One such relatively new model is Public-Private Partnership (PPP), which offers a blend of the coercive power of the state, large clientele base of the public administration together with the managerial efficiency of private (business) administration. Although, there is a great deal of talk about how the private sector could work with African governments to fill the huge infrastructural gap, very little in terms of regulation is actually happening. India on the contrary has institutionalized the idea of PPP almost twenty years ago and has also gained substantially in terms of improved economic growth and infrastructural development. This paper focuses on the need to expand the idea of PPP for accelerated development of Africa, in general, and Ethiopia, in particular. In Ethiopia, PPPs are in infancy stage and presently occur in an institutional vacuum. It is, therefore, proposed that a dedicated institutional capacity, on the lines of India be created for Ethiopia.

As most of the developing countries do, Ethiopia was highly dependent on external financial resources to finance its development activities. For many decades, the tax contribution to GDP was very less and this needs an improvement. The government needs dependable and sustainable domestic revenue so as to run its function. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis has focused on addressing issues relating to assessments of VAT collection challenges in Gondar city administration revenue office. In order to attain the stated objective, the study has raised major research questions related to the challenges for low VAT collection performance, the compliance level of VAT payer’s and the VAT payer’s awareness level about VAT rules and regulations. The researcher used descriptive type of research design using quantitative and qualitative approach and purposive and systematic random sampling technique were employed to gather the data from the sample size of 146 VAT payers and 12 concerned tax officials. The researcher also used questionnaires and interviews to collect primary data and the last five years (2010/11-2014/15) annual report of revenue office and relevant documents to collect secondary data from data sources. In order to analyze the collected data, Percentages, table, pie charts and graphs were used. The result from descriptive analysis of primary and secondary data consistently reveals that: - poor tax collection enforcement capacity, poor performance of penalty for non compliance, high tax evasion, low level of voluntary compliance, ineffective VAT audit practice, taxpayer’s lack of awareness about VAT, submitting of illegal invoice, not participatory planning system, absence of continuous tax education program, inconvenience of the tax office location are the main constraints. The researcher recommended that: - effective tax collection enforcement, effective VAT audit practice, develops participatory planning system, enforce taxpayers that are eligible to VAT but not registered and develop continuous tax education program for VAT payers.

The researcher management. The researcher evaluates this banks credit risk management practice by the credit risk management principles Basel committee on bank supervision. Because if the credit risk the availability of finance will be better and initiate the investors to invest more. The researcher tailored the methodology well framed and persistent to the objective. Normative natured comparative study was conducted planned to be from primary and secondary sources by wise use of purposive sampling. To find better practice that suit the country's economy and market the author compare two banks and identified good practices and their gaps, and tip them with best practice of Central bank of Malaysia. The researcher learns there is even lesson to learn from one bank to other more than going outside to get best practices. And it seems NBE is playing a cruci their performance. The increase and volatility of NPL indicates there is lack of skill and knowledge in the banks to shape their strategy. And the increase in NPL exposes the bank to deterioration of their profit because NBE obliged them to hold provision by different percent in each classification of NPL. The banks are better to evaluate the payback culture and ability of borrowers rather than relying on collateral. The researcher recommend the banks to tailo manual according to their banks complexity.

Every real-world scenario is now digitally replicated in order to reduce paperwork and human labor costs. Machine Learning (ML) models are also being used to make predictions in these applications. Accurate forecasting requires knowledge of these machine learning models and their distinguishing features. The datasets we use as input for each of these different types of ML models, yielding different results. The choice of an ML model for a dataset is critical. A loan risk model is used to show how ML models for a dataset can be linked together. The purpose of this study is to look into how we could use machine learning to quantify or forecast mortgage credit risk. This phrase refers to the process of evaluating massive amounts of data in order to derive useful information for making decisions in a variety of fields. If credit risk is considered, a method based on an examination of what caused and how mortgage credit risk affected credit defaults during the still-current economic crisis of 2021 will be tried. Various approaches to credit risk calculation will be examined, ranging from the most basic to the most complex. In addition, we will conduct a case study on a sample of mortgage loans and compare the results of three different analytical approaches, logistic regression, decision tree, and gradient boost to see which one produced the most commercially useful insights.

The objective of this paper is to provide a better rendition of Generation Z purchase intentions of retail products through Facebook. The study gyrated around the favorable attitude formation of Generation Z translating into intentions to purchase retail products through Facebook. The role of antecedents of attitude, namely enjoyment, credibility, and peer communication was also explored. The main purpose was to analyze the F-commerce pervasiveness (retail purchases through Facebook) among Generation Z in India and how could it be materialized effectively. A conceptual façade was proposed after trotting out germane and urbane literature. The study focused exclusively on Generation Z population. The data were statistically analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modelling. The study found the proposed conceptual model had a high prediction power of Generation Z intentions to purchase retail products through Facebook verifying the materialization of F-commerce. Enjoyment, credibility, and peer communication were proved to be good predictors of attitude (R 2 =0.589) and furthermore attitude was found to be a stellar antecedent to purchase intentions (R 2 =0.540).

Every real-world scenario is now digitally replicated in order to reduce paperwork and human labor costs. Machine Learning (ML) models are also being used to make predictions in these applications. Accurate forecasting requires knowledge of these machine learning models and their distinguishing features. The datasets we use as input for each of these different types of ML models, yielding different results. The choice of an ML model for a dataset is critical. A loan risk model is used to show how ML models for a dataset can be linked together. The purpose of this study is to look into how we could use machine learning to quantify or forecast mortgage credit risk. This phrase refers to the process of evaluating massive amounts of data in order to derive useful information for making decisions in a variety of fields. If credit risk is considered, a method based on an examination of what caused and how mortgage credit risk affected credit defaults during the still-current economic crisis of 2021 will be tried. Various approaches to credit risk calculation will be examined, ranging from the most basic to the most complex. In addition, we will conduct a case study on a sample of mortgage loans and compare the results of three different analytical approaches, logistic regression, decision tree, and gradient boost to see which one produced the most commercially useful insights.

The objective of this paper is to provide a better rendition of Generation Z purchase intentions of retail products through Facebook. The study gyrated around the favorable attitude formation of Generation Z translating into intentions to purchase retail products through Facebook. The role of antecedents of attitude, namely enjoyment, credibility, and peer communication was also explored. The main purpose was to analyze the F-commerce pervasiveness (retail purchases through Facebook) among Generation Z in India and how could it be materialized effectively. A conceptual façade was proposed after trotting out germane and urbane literature. The study focused exclusively on Generation Z population. The data were statistically analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modelling. The study found the proposed conceptual model had a high prediction power of Generation Z intentions to purchase retail products through Facebook verifying the materialization of F-commerce. Enjoyment, credibility, and peer communication were proved to be good predictors of attitude (R 2 =0.589) and furthermore attitude was found to be a stellar antecedent to purchase intentions (R 2 =0.540).

The development of corporate governance's efficacy has elevated in importance in light of the current global economic climate and several company scandals. The composition of a board has a significant impact on its efficacy. This study analysed the roles, experiences, and expectations of male CEOs in male-dominated corporate boards from businesses in various industries with relation to female board membership. This study looks at the significant and evaluative factors that are harder to scientifically measure but are connected to how much women are now encouraged to aspire to board membership in the future. We examine the research on gender diversity on boards and its effects on corporate governance in the first section. The study questions are presented in the next section, which is followed by a description of the survey technique employing tropes. a powerful text analysis for distilling texts down to their core. The last part summarizes the findings and proposes topics for more investigation.