[{"content":"\u51c6\u5907\u9762\u8bd5\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u82b1\u4e86\u70b9\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u628a RocksDB \u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u539f\u7406\u4ece\u5934\u5230\u5c3e\u5b66\u4e86\u4e00\u904d\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u5f15\u64ce\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u5199\u8fdb\u53bb\u3001\u53c8\u600e\u4e48\u8bfb\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002RocksDB\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u80cc\u540e\u7684 LSM-Tree\uff09\u662f\u90a3\u79cd\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u542c\u8fc7\u3001\u4f46\u771f\u8981\u8bb2\u6e05\u695a\u5c31\u5bb9\u6613\u5361\u58f3\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u4ee5\u524d\u4e5f\u662f\u3002\u7b49\u771f\u7684\u641e\u61c2\u4e86\uff0c\u5c31\u628a\u91cc\u9762\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u601d\u8def\u6574\u7406\u6210\u8fd9\u4efd\u7b14\u8bb0\uff0c\u5206\u4eab\u7ed9\u540c\u6837\u60f3\u5f04\u660e\u767d\u5b83\u7684\u4eba\u3002\n\u6211\u4e0d\u6562\u8bf4\u8bb2\u5f97\u6709\u591a\u4e13\u4e1a\u3001\u591a\u5168\u9762\uff0c\u4f46\u5e0c\u671b\u8bfb\u5b8c\uff0c\u4f60\uff08\u8fd8\u6709\u672a\u6765\u7684\u6211\uff09\u80fd\u5bf9\u300cRocksDB \u5927\u6982\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u8f6c\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u300d\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u5370\u8c61\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u4e9b\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6211\u5c3d\u91cf\u4fdd\u7559\u539f\u6837\uff08LSM-Tree\u3001MemTable\u3001SST\u3001WAL\u3001compaction\u2026\u2026\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u9762\u8bd5\u548c\u6587\u6863\u91cc\u5927\u5bb6\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e48\u8bf4\u7684\uff0c\u786c\u7ffb\u6210\u4e2d\u6587\u53cd\u800c\u522b\u626d\u3002\nRocksDB \u662f\u4ec0\u4e48 \u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u5d4c\u5165\u7684\u3001\u6301\u4e45\u5316\u7684\u952e\u503c\uff08key-value\uff09\u5b58\u50a8\u5f15\u64ce\u3002\n\u53ef\u5d4c\u5165\uff08embedded\uff09\uff1a\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u50cf MySQL \u90a3\u6837\u5355\u72ec\u8dd1\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e93\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u7f16\u8fdb\u4f60\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u91cc\uff0c\u7701\u6389\u4e86\u8fdb\u7a0b\u95f4\u901a\u4fe1\u7684\u5f00\u9500\u3002 \u6301\u4e45\u5316\uff1a\u6570\u636e\u843d\u5728\u78c1\u76d8\u4e0a\uff0c\u5d29\u4e86\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4e22\u3002 2012 \u5e74\u4ece Google \u7684 LevelDB fork \u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u7528 C++ \u5199\u7684\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u4e3a SSD \u548c\u5199\u591a\u7684\u573a\u666f\u505a\u4e86\u4f18\u5316\u3002Meta\u3001Microsoft\u3001Netflix\u3001Uber \u90fd\u5728\u7528\u3002 \u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u7684\u2014\u2014\u526f\u672c\u3001\u5206\u7247\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f97\u4f60\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u4e0a\u5c42\u505a\u3002 \u5b83\u5bf9\u5916\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u5f88\u6734\u7d20\uff1aput(key, value) \u5199\u3001get(key) \u8bfb\u3001delete(key) \u5220\u3001merge(key, value) \u5408\u5e76\u3001\u8fd8\u6709 iterator.seek() \u505a\u8303\u56f4\u626b\u63cf\u3002\n\u6838\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\uff1aLSM-Tree RocksDB \u7684\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u5efa\u7acb\u5728 LSM-Tree\uff08Log-Structured Merge-Tree\uff0c\u65e5\u5fd7\u7ed3\u6784\u5408\u5e76\u6811\uff09 \u4e0a\u3002\n\u5b83\u8981\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u77db\u76fe\u662f\uff1a\u78c1\u76d8\u6700\u6015\u968f\u673a\u5199\uff0c\u6700\u559c\u6b22\u987a\u5e8f\u5199\u3002LSM \u6811\u7684\u601d\u8def\u5c31\u662f\u2014\u2014\u5148\u628a\u5199\u6512\u5728\u5185\u5b58\u91cc\u6392\u597d\u5e8f\uff0c\u518d\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u987a\u5e8f\u5730\u5237\u5230\u78c1\u76d8\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u628a\u5927\u91cf\u968f\u673a\u5199\u300c\u6512\u300d\u6210\u4e86\u987a\u5e8f\u5199\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u5b83\u5199\u5f97\u5feb\u7684\u6839\u672c\u539f\u56e0\u3002\n\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0a\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6210\u5f88\u591a\u5c42\uff1a\u6700\u4e0a\u9762\u4e00\u5c42\u5728\u5185\u5b58\u91cc\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u4e00\u5c42\u5c42\u5728\u78c1\u76d8\u4e0a\uff0c\u7f16\u53f7 L0\u3001L1\u3001L2\u2026\u2026\u8d8a\u5f80\u4e0b\u7684\u6570\u636e\u8d8a\u8001\u3001\u5bb9\u91cf\u8d8a\u5927\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u4e0b\u4e00\u5c42\u662f\u4e0a\u4e00\u5c42\u7684\u7ea6 10 \u500d\uff09\u3002\n\u5185\u5b58 \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \u2502 MemTable\uff08\u53ef\u5199\uff0c\u5185\u90e8\u6709\u5e8f\uff09 \u2502 \u2190 \u65b0\u6570\u636e\u5148\u8fdb\u8fd9\u91cc \u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - flush\uff08\u5237\u76d8\uff09 \u78c1\u76d8 L0 [SST] [SST] [SST] \u2190 \u6700\u65b0\uff1b\u6587\u4ef6\u4e4b\u95f4 key \u8303\u56f4\u53ef\u80fd\u91cd\u53e0 L1 [SST][SST][SST][SST] \u2190 \u6bcf\u5c42\u5185\u90e8 key \u4e0d\u91cd\u53e0\uff0c\u4e14\u66f4\u5927 L2 [SST][SST] ...... \u2190 \u8d8a\u5f80\u4e0b\u8d8a\u8001\u3001\u8d8a\u5927\uff08\u7ea6 \u00d710\uff09 ... \u8fd9\u5957\u7ed3\u6784 1996 \u5e74\u5c31\u63d0\u51fa\u6765\u4e86\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u4f18\u5316\u5199\u5bc6\u96c6\u7684\u8d1f\u8f7d\u3002\u9664\u4e86 RocksDB\uff0cBigtable\u3001HBase\u3001Cassandra\u3001MongoDB \u7684 WiredTiger \u5f15\u64ce\u7528\u7684\u4e5f\u90fd\u662f LSM \u6811\u3002\n\u5199\uff1a\u6570\u636e\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u8fdb\u53bb\u7684 \u4e00\u6b21\u5199\u5165\uff0c\u4f1a\u540c\u65f6\u843d\u5230\u4e24\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\uff1a\nput(key, value) \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500\u25ba WAL \uff08\u987a\u5e8f\u8ffd\u52a0\u5230\u78c1\u76d8\uff0c\u9632\u5d29\u6e83\uff09 \u2502 \u2514\u2500\u2500\u25ba MemTable\uff08\u5728\u5185\u5b58\u91cc\u6392\u597d\u5e8f\uff09 \u2502 \u5199\u6ee1\u7ea6 64MB \u25bc \u8f6c\u4e3a\u53ea\u8bfb\uff0c\u540e\u53f0\u7ebf\u7a0b\u5237\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a SST \u6587\u4ef6 \u2192 \u843d\u5230 L0 MemTable\uff1a\u5185\u5b58\u91cc\u7684\u5199\u7f13\u51b2\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u589e\u5220\u6539\u90fd\u5148\u5230\u8fd9\u3002\u5b83\u5185\u90e8\u662f\u6309 key \u6392\u597d\u5e8f\u7684\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7528\u8df3\u8868 skip list \u5b9e\u73b0\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u540e\u9762\u5237\u76d8\u548c\u8303\u56f4\u67e5\u8be2\u624d\u9ad8\u6548\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec6\u8282\uff1a\u5220\u9664\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u7684\u628a\u6570\u636e\u62b9\u6389\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5199\u4e00\u6761\u5893\u7891\uff08tombstone\uff09\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u300c\u8fd9\u4e2a key \u5220\u4e86\u300d\u2014\u2014\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6e05\u7406\u7559\u7ed9\u540e\u9762\u7684 compaction\u3002\nWAL\uff08Write-Ahead Log\uff0c\u9884\u5199\u65e5\u5fd7\uff09\uff1aMemTable \u5728\u5185\u5b58\u91cc\uff0c\u65ad\u7535\u5c31\u6ca1\u4e86\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6bcf\u6b21\u5199\u4e5f\u4f1a\u987a\u5e8f\u8ffd\u52a0\u4e00\u6761\u8bb0\u5f55\u5230\u78c1\u76d8\u4e0a\u7684 WAL \u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u91cc\u9762\u6709 key\u3001value\u3001\u64cd\u4f5c\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u6821\u9a8c\u548c\uff08checksum\uff09\u3002\u5d29\u6e83\u91cd\u542f\u540e\uff0c\u9760\u91cd\u653e WAL \u628a MemTable \u6062\u590d\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u6ce8\u610f WAL \u662f\u6309\u5199\u5165\u987a\u5e8f\u8ffd\u52a0\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u6392\u5e8f\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u56fe\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u4e2a\u5feb\u3002\nFlush\uff08\u5237\u76d8\uff09\uff1aMemTable \u5199\u6ee1\u540e\u4f1a\u53d8\u6210\u53ea\u8bfb\uff0c\u6362\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u7ee7\u7eed\u63a5\u5ba2\uff1b\u540e\u53f0\u7ebf\u7a0b\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53ea\u8bfb\u7684 MemTable \u5237\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a SST \u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u843d\u5728 L0\u3002\u5237\u5b8c\uff0c\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684 WAL \u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e22\u4e86\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a MemTable \u672c\u6765\u5c31\u662f\u6709\u5e8f\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5237\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u987a\u5e8f\u5199\u2014\u2014LSM \u6811\u7684\u7cbe\u9ad3\u5c31\u5728\u8fd9\u513f\u3002\nSST \u6587\u4ef6\u957f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837 SST\uff08Static Sorted Table\uff0c\u9759\u6001\u6709\u5e8f\u8868\uff09 \u662f\u78c1\u76d8\u4e0a\u771f\u6b63\u5b58\u6570\u636e\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u5199\u597d\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u4fee\u6539\u3002\u5b83\u91cc\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u5806\u6392\u597d\u5e8f\u7684 key-value\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e3a\u4e86\u67e5\u8be2\u65b9\u4fbf\u505a\u4e86\u7cbe\u5fc3\u7684\u5206\u5757\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff08block\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4 4KB\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528 Snappy\u3001LZ4\u3001ZSTD \u7b49\u538b\u7f29\uff09\u3002\n\u4e00\u4e2a SST \u5927\u81f4\u5206\u51e0\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\n\u6570\u636e\u5757\uff08data\uff09\uff1a\u6709\u5e8f\u7684 key-value\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u76f8\u90bb key \u5f88\u50cf\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53ea\u5b58\u5dee\u5f02\uff08delta encoding\uff09\u7701\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002 \u7d22\u5f15\uff08index\uff09\uff1a\u8bb0\u5f55\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u5757\u300c\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a key \u2192 \u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u91cc\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u300d\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u67e5\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u80fd\u4e8c\u5206\u76f4\u63a5\u5b9a\u4f4d\u5230\u67d0\u4e2a\u5757\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u7528\u626b\u6574\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 \u5e03\u9686\u8fc7\u6ee4\u5668\uff08Bloom filter\uff0c\u53ef\u9009\uff09\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u7387\u578b\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u80fd\u6781\u5feb\u5730\u56de\u7b54\u300c\u8fd9\u4e2a key \u4e00\u5b9a\u4e0d\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u91cc\u300d\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u8bef\u62a5\u300c\u5728\u300d\uff0c\u4f46\u7edd\u4e0d\u6f0f\u62a5\u300c\u4e0d\u5728\u300d\u2014\u2014\u6240\u4ee5\u7279\u522b\u9002\u5408\u5728\u8bfb\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5148\u6321\u6389\u4e00\u5927\u6279\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u7528\u67e5\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 \u8bfb\uff1a\u6570\u636e\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u627e\u51fa\u6765\u7684 \u8bfb\u4e00\u4e2a key\uff0c\u8981\u4ece\u65b0\u5230\u8001\u4e00\u5c42\u5c42\u627e\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u65b0\u5199\u7684\u503c\u5728\u4e0a\u5c42\u3001\u65e7\u503c\u5728\u4e0b\u5c42\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u627e\u5230\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u6700\u65b0\u7684\uff1a\n\u5148\u67e5\u6b63\u5728\u5199\u7684 MemTable\uff1b \u518d\u67e5\u8fd8\u6ca1\u5237\u5b8c\u7684\u53ea\u8bfb MemTable\uff1b \u518d\u67e5 L0 \u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a SST \u6587\u4ef6\uff08L0 \u6587\u4ef6\u4e4b\u95f4 key \u8303\u56f4\u4f1a\u91cd\u53e0\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5f97\u6328\u4e2a\u770b\uff0c\u4ece\u65b0\u5230\u65e7\uff09\uff1b L1 \u53ca\u4ee5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6bcf\u5c42\u5185\u90e8 key \u4e0d\u91cd\u53e0\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6bcf\u5c42\u53ea\u9700\u5b9a\u4f4d\u5e76\u67e5\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 \u800c\u5728\u5355\u4e2a SST \u6587\u4ef6\u91cc\u627e\uff0c\u53c8\u662f\u4e09\u6b65\u8d70\uff1a\u5148\u7528 Bloom filter \u95ee\u4e00\u53e5\u300ckey \u5728\u4e0d\u5728\u300d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5728\u5c31\u76f4\u63a5\u8df3\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\uff1b\u5728\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u7528 index \u4e8c\u5206\u5b9a\u4f4d\u5230\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5757\uff1b\u6700\u540e\u628a\u90a3\u4e2a\u5757\u8bfb\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u5728\u5757\u5185\u627e\u5230 key\u3002\n\u6240\u4ee5\u8bfb\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7\uff0c\u5173\u952e\u770b\u8981\u7ffb\u591a\u5c11\u5c42\u3001\u591a\u5c11\u6587\u4ef6\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e5f\u5f15\u51fa\u4e86\u4e0b\u4e00\u8282\u8981\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\nCompaction\uff1a\u540e\u53f0\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u300c\u6253\u626b\u300d \u524d\u9762\u8bf4\u4e86\uff0c\u5220\u9664\u53ea\u662f\u5199\u5893\u7891\u3001\u66f4\u65b0\u4e5f\u53ea\u662f\u5199\u65b0\u503c\u76d6\u5728\u65e7\u503c\u4e0a\u9762\u3002\u65f6\u95f4\u4e00\u957f\uff0c\u78c1\u76d8\u4e0a\u5c31\u4f1a\u5806\u6ee1\u8fc7\u671f\u7684\u65e7\u7248\u672c\u548c\u5893\u7891\uff1a\u65e2\u767d\u5360\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u53c8\u8ba9\u8bfb\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u8981\u7ffb\u8d8a\u66f4\u591a\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\nCompaction\uff08\u538b\u7f29\u5408\u5e76\uff09 \u5c31\u662f\u540e\u53f0\u5e72\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6e05\u7406\u6d3b\u7684\uff1a\u628a\u67d0\u4e00\u5c42\u7684\u82e5\u5e72 SST \u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u548c\u4e0b\u4e00\u5c42\u6709\u91cd\u53e0\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u4e22\u6389\u90a3\u4e9b\u88ab\u8986\u76d6\u7684\u65e7\u503c\u548c\u88ab\u5220\u7684 key\uff0c\u518d\u5199\u6210\u65b0\u7684\u3001\u5e72\u51c0\u7684 SST \u653e\u5230\u4e0b\u4e00\u5c42\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u672c\u6765\u90fd\u6709\u5e8f\uff0c\u5408\u5e76\u7528\u7684\u662f\u591a\u8def\u5f52\u5e76\uff08k-way merge\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5f52\u5e76\u6392\u5e8f\u91cc\u300c\u5408\u5e76\u300d\u90a3\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u653e\u5927\u7248\u3002\u6574\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5728\u540e\u53f0\u7ebf\u7a0b\u8dd1\uff0c\u4e0d\u6321\u524d\u53f0\u7684\u8bfb\u5199\u3002\nRocksDB \u9ed8\u8ba4\u7528 leveled compaction\uff08\u5206\u5c42\u5408\u5e76\uff09\uff1a\nL0 \u6bd4\u8f83\u7279\u6b8a\uff0c\u6587\u4ef6\u4e4b\u95f4 key \u8303\u56f4\u5141\u8bb8\u91cd\u53e0\uff08\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u662f MemTable \u76f4\u63a5\u5237\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\uff09\uff1b\u5f53 L0 \u6587\u4ef6\u6570\u6512\u5230\u9608\u503c\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4 4 \u4e2a\uff09\u5c31\u89e6\u53d1\u5408\u5e76\u3002 L1 \u53ca\u4ee5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u5c42\u5185\u90e8\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u7684 key \u8303\u56f4\u4e92\u4e0d\u91cd\u53e0\u3001\u6574\u4f53\u6709\u5e8f\uff1b\u5f53\u67d0\u5c42\u7684\u603b\u5927\u5c0f\u8d85\u8fc7\u8bbe\u5b9a\u503c\uff0c\u5c31\u628a\u8d85\u51fa\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5f80\u4e0b\u4e00\u5c42\u5408\u5e76\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u4f1a\u4e00\u8def\u8fde\u9501\u5f80\u4e0b\u538b\u597d\u51e0\u5c42\u3002 \u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u662f\u6743\u8861\uff1a\u4e09\u79cd\u300c\u653e\u5927\u300d \u7406\u89e3 RocksDB\uff08\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u6240\u6709 LSM \u5f15\u64ce\uff09\u8c03\u4f18\u7684\u5173\u952e\uff0c\u662f\u4e09\u4e2a\u653e\u5927\uff08amplification\uff09\u6307\u6807\uff1a\n\u7a7a\u95f4\u653e\u5927\uff08space amplification\uff09\uff1a\u5b9e\u9645\u5360\u7684\u78c1\u76d8\u7a7a\u95f4 \u00f7 \u6570\u636e\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u3002\u65e7\u7248\u672c\u548c\u5893\u7891\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u653e\u5927\u8d8a\u5927\u3002 \u8bfb\u653e\u5927\uff08read amplification\uff09\uff1a\u8bfb\u4e00\u6761\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5e95\u5c42\u5b9e\u9645\u8981\u505a\u51e0\u6b21 I\/O\u3002\u8981\u7ffb\u7684\u5c42\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u8bfb\u653e\u5927\u8d8a\u5927\u3002 \u5199\u653e\u5927\uff08write amplification\uff09\uff1a\u5199\u4e00\u6761\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5e95\u5c42\u5b9e\u9645\u5199\u4e86\u51e0\u6b21\u3002\u540c\u4e00\u6761\u6570\u636e\u4f1a\u5728 compaction \u91cc\u88ab\u53cd\u590d\u91cd\u5199\u5230\u66f4\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u5c42\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5199\u653e\u5927\u4f1a\u5f88\u5927\u3002 \u8fd9\u4e09\u8005\u6309\u4e0b\u846b\u82a6\u6d6e\u8d77\u74e2\uff1acompaction \u8d8a\u52e4\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u8bfb\u653e\u5927\u8d8a\u5c0f\uff0c\u4f46\u5199\u653e\u5927\u8d8a\u5927\uff1b\u53cd\u4e4b\u4ea6\u7136\u3002\u600e\u4e48\u5e73\u8861\u5168\u770b\u4f60\u7684\u8d1f\u8f7d\uff0c\u53c2\u6570\u6781\u591a\u4e14\u4e92\u76f8\u5f71\u54cd\u2014\u2014\u8fde RocksDB \u5b98\u65b9\u90fd\u5766\u8a00\u5f88\u96be\u8bb2\u6e05\u6bcf\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u786e\u5207\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u591a\u505a benchmark\uff0c\u76ef\u7740\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u653e\u5927\u6307\u6807\u8c03\u3002\n\u987a\u5e26\u4e00\u63d0\uff1amerge \u64cd\u4f5c\n\u9664\u4e86 put \u548c delete\uff0cRocksDB \u8fd8\u6709\u4e2a merge\u3002\u5f53\u4f60\u8981\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u505a\u5927\u91cf\u300c\u589e\u91cf\u66f4\u65b0\u300d\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u4e0d\u505c\u5f80\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ba1\u6570\u5668\u6216\u5217\u8868\u4e0a\u8ffd\u52a0\uff09\u65f6\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u505a\u6cd5\u662f read-modify-write\uff1a\u8bfb\u51fa\u6765\u3001\u6539\u3001\u518d\u5199\u56de\u53bb\uff0c\u5f88\u8d39\u52b2\u3002merge \u8ba9\u4f60\u53ea\u5199\u300c\u589e\u91cf\u300d\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u628a\u600e\u4e48\u5408\u5e76\u4ea4\u7ed9\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f60\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684 merge \u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5230\u8bfb\u53d6\u6216 compaction \u65f6\u518d\u771f\u6b63\u7b97\u51fa\u6700\u7ec8\u503c\u3002\u597d\u5904\u662f\u7701\u5199\u653e\u5927\u3001\u8fd8\u7ebf\u7a0b\u5b89\u5168\uff1b\u4ee3\u4ef7\u662f\u8bfb\u53d8\u8d35\u4e86\u2014\u2014\u6ca1\u5408\u5e76\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u8bfb\u90fd\u5f97\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u589e\u91cf\u91cd\u65b0\u7b97\u4e00\u904d\u3002\n\u8bb0\u4f4f\u8fd9\u51e0\u70b9\u5c31\u591f\u4e86 \u5982\u679c\u53ea\u7559\u4e00\u5f20\u300c\u8111\u56fe\u300d\uff0c\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\uff1a\nRocksDB = \u53ef\u5d4c\u5165\u7684\u6301\u4e45\u5316 KV \u5b58\u50a8\uff0c\u6e90\u81ea LevelDB\uff0c\u6838\u5fc3\u662f LSM-Tree\uff1b \u5199\uff1a\u5148\u8fdb\u5185\u5b58\u7684 MemTable\uff08\u6709\u5e8f\uff09+ \u987a\u5e8f\u5199 WAL\uff08\u9632\u5d29\u6e83\uff09\u2192 \u6512\u6ee1\u540e\u5237\u6210 SST \u6587\u4ef6\u843d\u5230 L0 \u2192 \u540e\u53f0 compaction \u6162\u6162\u5f80\u4e0b\u6574\u7406\uff1b \u8bfb\uff1a\u4ece\u65b0\u5230\u8001\u4e00\u5c42\u5c42\u627e\uff0c\u9760 Bloom filter + index \u8df3\u8fc7\u548c\u5b9a\u4f4d\uff0c\u5c11\u8bfb\u51a4\u6789\u6587\u4ef6\uff1b \u672c\u8d28\uff1a\u7528\u300c\u5199\u653e\u5927\u300d\u6362\u300c\u628a\u968f\u673a\u5199\u53d8\u6210\u987a\u5e8f\u5199\u300d\u7684\u9ad8\u541e\u5410\u2014\u2014\u7a7a\u95f4\u3001\u8bfb\u3001\u5199\u4e09\u79cd\u653e\u5927\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u6c38\u8fdc\u662f\u6743\u8861\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u514d\u8d39\u7684\u5348\u9910\u3002 \u628a\u8fd9\u51e0\u53e5\u8bb0\u4f4f\uff0cRocksDB \u7684\u5927\u6846\u67b6\u5c31\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\u4e86\u3002\u66f4\u7ec6\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u2014\u2014skip list\u3001delta encoding\u3001\u5404\u79cd compaction \u7b56\u7565\u3001\u53c2\u6570\u5230\u5e95\u600e\u4e48\u8c03\u2014\u2014\u7b49\u771f\u6b63\u7528\u5230\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u518d\u5f80\u91cc\u94bb\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8fdf\u3002\n\u8fd9\u4efd\u7b14\u8bb0\u91cc\u4e0d\u5c11\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u6765\u81ea Artem Krylysov \u7684 How RocksDB Works\u2014\u2014\u539f\u6587\u8bb2\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u7ec6\u81f4\uff0c\u60f3\u5f80\u6df1\u91cc\u8d70\u7684\u8bdd\u5f88\u63a8\u8350\u8bfb\u4e00\u8bfb\u3002\n","permalink":"https:\/\/neilmin.com\/zh\/posts\/how-rocksdb-works\/","summary":"\u51c6\u5907\u9762\u8bd5\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u82b1\u4e86\u70b9\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u628a RocksDB \u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u539f\u7406\u4ece\u5934\u5230\u5c3e\u5b66\u4e86\u4e00\u904d\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u5f15\u64ce\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u5199\u8fdb\u53bb\u3001\u53c8\u600e\u4e48\u8bfb\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002RocksDB\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u80cc\u540e\u7684 LSM-Tree\uff09\u662f\u90a3\u79cd\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u542c\u8fc7\u3001\u4f46\u771f\u8981\u8bb2\u6e05\u695a\u5c31\u5bb9\u6613\u5361\u58f3\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u4ee5\u524d\u4e5f\u662f\u3002\u7b49\u771f\u7684\u641e\u61c2\u4e86\uff0c\u5c31\u628a\u91cc\u9762\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u601d\u8def\u6574\u7406\u6210\u8fd9\u4efd\u7b14\u8bb0\uff0c\u5206\u4eab\u7ed9\u540c\u6837\u60f3\u5f04\u660e\u767d\u5b83\u7684\u4eba\u3002\n","tags":["Databases","RocksDB","LSM-Tree","Interview"],"title":"RocksDB \u662f\u600e\u4e48\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\uff1a\u4e00\u4efd LSM-Tree \u7684\u6781\u7b80\u7b14\u8bb0"},{"content":"\u6700\u8fd1\u5728\u51c6\u5907 coding \u9762\u8bd5\uff0c\u628a\u6392\u5e8f\u7b97\u6cd5\u53c8\u4ece\u5934\u634b\u4e86\u4e00\u904d\u3002\u634b\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u91cc\u6211\u6709\u70b9\u88ab\u81ea\u5df1\u5413\u5230\uff1a\u5f88\u591a\u4e1c\u897f\u4e94\u5e74\u524d\u6211\u662f\u771f\u7684\u8bb0\u5f97\u7684\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5feb\u6392\u7684 partition \u5230\u5e95\u600e\u4e48\u5199\u3001\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u9000\u5316\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u5374\u8981\u6123\u4e00\u4e0b\u624d\u80fd\u60f3\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u7b49\u7ffb\u5230\u975e\u6bd4\u8f83\u6392\u5e8f\u90a3\u4e00\u5757\u2014\u2014\u8ba1\u6570\u6392\u5e8f\u3001\u57fa\u6570\u6392\u5e8f\u3001\u6876\u6392\u5e8f\u2014\u2014\u6211\u53d1\u73b0\u90a3\u5df2\u7ecf\u57fa\u672c\u662f\u4e00\u7247\u7a7a\u767d\u4e86\u3002\n\u4e8e\u662f\u5e72\u8106\u628a\u8fd9\u4e00\u904d\u590d\u4e60\u5199\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u7ed9\u540e\u6765\u51c6\u5907\u9762\u8bd5\u7684\u4eba\u5f53\u4e2a reference\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4e5f\u662f\u7ed9\u672a\u6765\u7684\u81ea\u5df1\u7559\u4e2a\u5b58\u6863\uff1a\u7b49\u4e0b\u6b21\u518d\u8981\u9762\u8bd5\uff0c\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u56de\u5230\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u7167\u7740\u626b\u4e00\u904d\uff0c\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u77e5\u9053\u300c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6211\u8fd8\u4f1a\u3001\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6211\u5fd8\u4e86\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u770b\u4e00\u4e0b\u300d\u3002\n\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\uff1a\n\u5148\u770b\u4e0b\u9762\u90a3\u5f20\u901f\u67e5\u8868\uff0c\u626b\u4e00\u773c\u5c31\u80fd\u81ea\u68c0\u54ea\u4e9b\u7b97\u6cd5\u4f60\u5df2\u7ecf\u5fd8\u4e86\uff1b \u60f3\u7ec6\u770b\u54ea\u4e2a\uff0c\u7528\u53f3\u4fa7\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\uff08TOC\uff09\u76f4\u63a5\u8df3\u8fc7\u53bb\uff1b \u6bcf\u4e2a\u7b97\u6cd5\u90fd\u6309\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u677f\u5199\uff1a\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u601d\u8def \u2192 Python \u5b9e\u73b0 \u2192 \u590d\u6742\u5ea6 \u2192 \u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u662f\u5426\u539f\u5730 \u2192 \u9762\u8bd5\u8981\u70b9\uff0c\u65b9\u4fbf\u5bf9\u7167\u3002 \u4ee3\u7801\u5168\u90e8\u7528 Python \u5199\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u6700\u63a5\u8fd1\u4f2a\u4ee3\u7801\u3001\u6700\u5bb9\u6613\u770b\u6e05\u903b\u8f91\u3002\n\u4e00\u9875\u901f\u67e5\u8868 \u5148\u628a\u7ed3\u8bba\u6446\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u5f20\u8868\u8986\u76d6\u4e86\u672c\u6587\u7684\u5168\u90e8 11 \u79cd\u6392\u5e8f\uff0c\u9762\u8bd5\u91cc\u88ab\u95ee\u5230\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u3001\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u8111\u5b50\u91cc\u5e94\u8be5\u80fd\u7acb\u523b\u6d6e\u73b0\u51fa\u8fd9\u5f20\u8868\u3002\n\u7b97\u6cd5 \u6700\u597d \u5e73\u5747 \u6700\u574f \u7a7a\u95f4 \u7a33\u5b9a \u539f\u5730 \u5192\u6ce1 Bubble O(n) O(n\u00b2) O(n\u00b2) O(1) \u2705 \u2705 \u9009\u62e9 Selection O(n\u00b2) O(n\u00b2) O(n\u00b2) O(1) \u274c \u2705 \u63d2\u5165 Insertion O(n) O(n\u00b2) O(n\u00b2) O(1) \u2705 \u2705 \u5e0c\u5c14 Shell O(n log n) \u2248O(n^1.3) O(n\u00b2) O(1) \u274c \u2705 \u5f52\u5e76 Merge O(n log n) O(n log n) O(n log n) O(n) \u2705 \u274c \u5feb\u6392 Quick O(n log n) O(n log n) O(n\u00b2) O(log n) \u274c \u2705 \u5806\u6392 Heap O(n log n) O(n log n) O(n log n) O(1) \u274c \u2705 \u8ba1\u6570 Counting O(n+k) O(n+k) O(n+k) O(n+k) \u2705 \u274c \u57fa\u6570 Radix O(d\u00b7(n+k)) O(d\u00b7(n+k)) O(d\u00b7(n+k)) O(n+k) \u2705 \u274c \u6876 Bucket O(n+k) O(n+k) O(n\u00b2) O(n+k) \u2705* \u274c Timsort O(n) O(n log n) O(n log n) O(n) \u2705 \u274c \u51e0\u70b9\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u514d\u5f97\u8fd9\u5f20\u8868\u9a97\u5230\u4f60\uff1a\n\u5e0c\u5c14\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u300c\u589e\u91cf\u5e8f\u5217\u300d\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u60c5\u51b5\u968f\u7528\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u4e0d\u540c\u800c\u53d8\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u53ea\u662f\u5e38\u89c1\u91cf\u7ea7\u3002 \u5feb\u6392\u6807\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u662f\u5e73\u5747\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7684\u9012\u5f52\u6808\u6df1\u5ea6 O(log n)\uff0c\u6700\u574f\u4f1a\u9000\u5316\u5230 O(n)\uff1b\u5b83\u662f\u539f\u5730\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u4f46\u9012\u5f52\u672c\u8eab\u8981\u5360\u6808\u3002 \u6876\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u6253\u4e86\u661f\u53f7\uff1a\u6876\u5185\u7528\u7a33\u5b9a\u6392\u5e8f\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f\uff09\u5b83\u624d\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002 k \u662f\u6570\u636e\u7684\u53d6\u503c\u8303\u56f4\uff0cd \u662f\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u4f4d\u6570\u2014\u2014\u975e\u6bd4\u8f83\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u90fd\u548c\u6570\u636e\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u7ed1\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u8fd9\u70b9\u540e\u9762\u4f1a\u7ec6\u8bf4\u3002 \u5199\u5728\u524d\u9762\uff1a\u51e0\u4e2a\u7ed5\u4e0d\u5f00\u7684\u6982\u5ff5 \u5728\u9010\u4e2a\u770b\u7b97\u6cd5\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6709\u56db\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u51e0\u4e4e\u6bcf\u9053\u6392\u5e8f\u9762\u8bd5\u9898\u90fd\u4f1a\u7528\u5230\u3002\u628a\u5b83\u4eec\u5148\u8bb2\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u540e\u9762\u5c31\u4e0d\u7528\u53cd\u590d\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u3002\n\u6bd4\u8f83\u6392\u5e8f vs \u975e\u6bd4\u8f83\u6392\u5e8f \u6bd4\u8f83\u6392\u5e8f\u53ea\u901a\u8fc7\u300c\u4e24\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u8c01\u5927\u8c01\u5c0f\u300d\u8fd9\u4e00\u79cd\u64cd\u4f5c\u6765\u51b3\u5b9a\u987a\u5e8f\u2014\u2014\u5192\u6ce1\u3001\u63d2\u5165\u3001\u5f52\u5e76\u3001\u5feb\u6392\u3001\u5806\u6392\u90fd\u662f\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5171\u540c\u70b9\u662f\uff1a\u7406\u8bba\u4e0b\u754c\u5c31\u662f O(n log n)\uff0c\u8c01\u4e5f\u5feb\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff08\u539f\u56e0\u89c1\u4e0b\u9762\uff09\u3002\n\u975e\u6bd4\u8f83\u6392\u5e8f\u4e0d\u9760\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5229\u7528\u5143\u7d20\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u503c\u53bb\u300c\u7b97\u300d\u51fa\u5b83\u8be5\u653e\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u2014\u2014\u8ba1\u6570\u3001\u57fa\u6570\u3001\u6876\u90fd\u662f\u3002\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u7ed5\u5f00\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u80fd\u505a\u5230\u7ebf\u6027\u65f6\u95f4 O(n)\uff0c\u4f46\u4ee3\u4ef7\u662f\u5bf9\u6570\u636e\u6709\u989d\u5916\u8981\u6c42\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u8303\u56f4\u6709\u9650\u7684\u6574\u6570\uff09\u3002\n\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\uff08stability\uff09 \u5982\u679c\u4e24\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u6392\u5e8f\u952e\u76f8\u7b49\uff0c\u6392\u5b8c\u5e8f\u540e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u5148\u540e\u987a\u5e8f\u4e0d\u53d8\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6392\u5e8f\u5c31\u662f\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\n\u4e3e\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u6709\u4e00\u6279\u8ba2\u5355\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u6309\u4e0b\u5355\u65f6\u95f4\u6392\u597d\u4e86\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u8981\u518d\u6309\u91d1\u989d\u6392\u5e8f\uff1a\n\u6392\u5e8f\u524d\uff08\u5df2\u6309\u65f6\u95f4\uff09\uff1a (100\u5143, 9:00) (50\u5143, 9:01) (100\u5143, 9:02) \u7a33\u5b9a\u6392\u5e8f\u540e\uff08\u6309\u91d1\u989d\uff09\uff1a(50\u5143, 9:01) (100\u5143, 9:00) (100\u5143, 9:02) \u2190 \u4e24\u4e2a 100 \u5143\u4ecd\u4fdd\u6301\u65f6\u95f4\u5148\u540e \u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u6392\u5e8f\u540e\uff1a (50\u5143, 9:01) (100\u5143, 9:02) (100\u5143, 9:00) \u2190 \u4e24\u4e2a 100 \u5143\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u88ab\u6253\u4e71 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9762\u8bd5\u7231\u95ee\uff1f\u56e0\u4e3a\u591a\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u6392\u5e8f\u4f9d\u8d56\u5b83\uff1a\u5148\u6309\u6b21\u8981\u952e\u6392\uff0c\u518d\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a33\u5b9a\u6392\u5e8f\u6309\u4e3b\u8981\u952e\u6392\uff0c\u6b21\u8981\u952e\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u5c31\u88ab\u4fdd\u7559\u4e0b\u6765\u4e86\u3002\u8bb0\u4f4f\u54ea\u4e9b\u7a33\u5b9a\uff08\u5192\u6ce1\u3001\u63d2\u5165\u3001\u5f52\u5e76\u3001\u8ba1\u6570\u3001\u57fa\u6570\u3001Timsort\uff09\u3001\u54ea\u4e9b\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\uff08\u9009\u62e9\u3001\u5e0c\u5c14\u3001\u5feb\u6392\u3001\u5806\u6392\uff09\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u5fc5\u8003\u70b9\u3002\n\u539f\u5730\u6392\u5e8f\uff08in-place\uff09 \u53ea\u7528 O(1) \u6216 O(log n) \u7684\u989d\u5916\u7a7a\u95f4\u5c31\u80fd\u5b8c\u6210\u6392\u5e8f\uff0c\u53eb\u539f\u5730\u3002\u5f52\u5e76\u6392\u5e8f\u8981\u989d\u5916\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a O(n) \u7684\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u662f\u539f\u5730\uff1b\u5feb\u6392\u3001\u5806\u6392\u53ea\u5728\u539f\u6570\u7ec4\u4e0a\u5012\u817e\uff0c\u662f\u539f\u5730\u7684\u3002\u5f53\u9762\u8bd5\u5b98\u8ffd\u95ee\u300c\u5185\u5b58\u5f88\u7d27\u5f20\u600e\u4e48\u529e\u300d\uff0c\u95ee\u7684\u5f80\u5f80\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u3002\n\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5206\u6700\u597d\/\u5e73\u5747\/\u6700\u574f \u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u8f93\u5165\u8868\u73b0\u53ef\u80fd\u5929\u5dee\u5730\u522b\u3002\u6700\u5178\u578b\u7684\u662f\u5feb\u6392\uff1a\u8f93\u5165\u968f\u673a\u65f6\u662f O(n log n)\uff0c\u4f46\u8f93\u5165\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u5e8f\u3001\u53c8\u6070\u597d\u6bcf\u6b21\u90fd\u6311\u5230\u6700\u5dee\u7684 pivot \u65f6\uff0c\u4f1a\u9000\u5316\u6210 O(n\u00b2)\u3002\u9762\u8bd5\u91cc\u62a5\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u987a\u5e26\u8bf4\u6e05\u662f\u54ea\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u6070\u6070\u662f\u4f53\u73b0\u4f60\u7406\u89e3\u6df1\u5ea6\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\n\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6bd4\u8f83\u6392\u5e8f\u5feb\u4e0d\u8fc7 O(n log n)\uff1f \u4efb\u4f55\u6bd4\u8f83\u6392\u5e8f\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u753b\u6210\u4e00\u68f5\u300c\u51b3\u7b56\u6811\u300d\uff1a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5185\u90e8\u8282\u70b9\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u53f6\u5b50\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u6392\u5217\u3002n \u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u5171\u6709 n! \u79cd\u6392\u5217\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6811\u81f3\u5c11\u8981\u6709 n! \u4e2a\u53f6\u5b50\u3002\u4e00\u68f5\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4e3a h \u7684\u4e8c\u53c9\u6811\u6700\u591a\u6709 2\u02b0 \u4e2a\u53f6\u5b50\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f 2\u02b0 \u2265 n!\uff0c\u5373 h \u2265 log\u2082(n!)\u3002\u7531\u65af\u7279\u6797\u516c\u5f0f\uff0clog\u2082(n!) \u2248 n log n\u3002\u6811\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5c31\u662f\u6700\u574f\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u6b21\u6570\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0b\u754c\u662f \u03a9(n log n)\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u60f3\u66f4\u5feb\uff0c\u5c31\u53ea\u80fd\u7ed5\u5f00\u300c\u6bd4\u8f83\u300d\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u2014\u2014\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u975e\u6bd4\u8f83\u6392\u5e8f\u3002\n\u597d\uff0c\u6982\u5ff5\u94fa\u57ab\u5b8c\u4e86\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u9010\u4e2a\u770b\u3002\n\u6bd4\u8f83\u7c7b\u6392\u5e8f \u5192\u6ce1\u6392\u5e8f Bubble Sort \u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u601d\u8def\uff1a\u76f8\u90bb\u4e24\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u4e24\u4e24\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u9006\u5e8f\u5c31\u4ea4\u6362\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u8f6e\u90fd\u628a\u5f53\u524d\u6700\u5927\u7684\u300c\u5192\u6ce1\u300d\u5230\u672b\u5c3e\u3002\ndef bubble_sort(arr): n = len(arr) for i in range(n - 1): swapped = False # \u6bcf\u4e00\u8f6e\u628a\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u533a\u95f4\u91cc\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u5192\u6ce1\u5230\u53f3\u7aef for j in range(n - 1 - i): if arr[j] > arr[j + 1]: arr[j], arr[j + 1] = arr[j + 1], arr[j] swapped = True if not swapped: # \u4e00\u6574\u8f6e\u90fd\u6ca1\u4ea4\u6362\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u5e8f\uff0c\u63d0\u524d\u6536\u5de5 break return arr \u590d\u6742\u5ea6\uff1a\u6700\u574f\u3001\u5e73\u5747\u90fd\u662f O(n\u00b2)\uff1b\u52a0\u4e86 swapped \u63d0\u524d\u9000\u51fa\u540e\uff0c\u5bf9\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u5e8f\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u662f O(n)\u3002\u7a7a\u95f4 O(1)\u3002 \u7a33\u5b9a\u6027 \/ \u539f\u5730\uff1a\u7a33\u5b9a\uff08\u53ea\u5728\u4e25\u683c\u5927\u4e8e\u65f6\u624d\u4ea4\u6362\uff09\uff0c\u539f\u5730\u3002 \u9762\u8bd5\u8981\u70b9\uff1a\u5b9e\u6218\u91cc\u57fa\u672c\u4e0d\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u662f\u300c\u7a33\u5b9a + \u63d0\u524d\u9000\u51fa\u80fd\u5230 O(n)\u300d\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u6ce8\u610f\u90a3\u4e2a swapped \u4f18\u5316\uff0c\u5e38\u88ab\u62ff\u6765\u8003\u3002 LeetCode \u4f8b\u9898\uff1a912. \u6392\u5e8f\u6570\u7ec4 \u2014\u2014 LeetCode \u6ca1\u6709\u4e13\u95e8\u8003\u5192\u6ce1\u7684\u9898\uff0c\u8fd9\u9053\u901a\u7528\u6392\u5e8f\u9898\u53ef\u4ee5\u62ff\u6765\u7ec3\u624b\u5b9e\u73b0\uff08\u7eaf O(n\u00b2) \u5728\u5927\u6570\u636e\u4e0b\u4f1a\u8d85\u65f6\uff0c\u4ec5\u4f5c\u7ec3\u4e60\uff09\u3002 \u9009\u62e9\u6392\u5e8f Selection Sort \u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u601d\u8def\uff1a\u6bcf\u4e00\u8f6e\u4ece\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u533a\u95f4\u91cc\u6311\u51fa\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\uff0c\u653e\u5230\u5df2\u6392\u5e8f\u533a\u95f4\u7684\u672b\u5c3e\u3002\ndef selection_sort(arr): n = len(arr) for i in range(n - 1): min_idx = i # \u5728\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u533a\u95f4 [i+1, n) \u91cc\u627e\u6700\u5c0f\u503c\u7684\u4e0b\u6807 for j in range(i + 1, n): if arr[j] < arr[min_idx]: min_idx = j arr[i], arr[min_idx] = arr[min_idx], arr[i] return arr \u590d\u6742\u5ea6\uff1a\u65e0\u8bba\u8f93\u5165\u957f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u90fd\u662f O(n\u00b2)\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4e0d\u4f1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u6570\u636e\u6709\u5e8f\u800c\u53d8\u5feb\u3002\u7a7a\u95f4 O(1)\u3002 \u7a33\u5b9a\u6027 \/ \u539f\u5730\uff1a\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u539f\u5730\u3002\u6bd4\u5982 [5a, 5b, 2]\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u8f6e\u628a 2 \u548c 5a \u4ea4\u6362\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a 5 \u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u987a\u5e8f\u5c31\u53cd\u4e86\u3002 \u9762\u8bd5\u8981\u70b9\uff1a\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u4eae\u70b9\u662f\u4ea4\u6362\u6b21\u6570\u6700\u5c11\uff08\u6700\u591a n\u22121 \u6b21\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u300c\u5199\u64cd\u4f5c\u5f88\u8d35\u300d\u7684\u573a\u666f\u4e0b\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u5b83\u662f\u300c\u6700\u597d\u60c5\u51b5\u4e5f\u6551\u4e0d\u56de\u6765\u300d\u7684\u53cd\u4f8b\uff0c\u5e38\u548c\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f\u5bf9\u6bd4\u7740\u8003\u3002 LeetCode \u4f8b\u9898\uff1a912. \u6392\u5e8f\u6570\u7ec4 \u2014\u2014 \u540c\u6837\u7528\u8fd9\u9053\u901a\u7528\u9898\u7ec3\u624b\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u4f53\u4f1a\u5b83\u300c\u4ea4\u6362\u5c11\u3001\u4f46\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0d\u5c11\u300d\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u3002 \u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f Insertion Sort \u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u601d\u8def\uff1a\u50cf\u7406\u6251\u514b\u724c\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u5de6\u5230\u53f3\uff0c\u628a\u6bcf\u5f20\u65b0\u724c\u63d2\u5230\u5de6\u8fb9\u5df2\u7ecf\u6392\u597d\u7684\u724c\u4e2d\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\ndef insertion_sort(arr): for i in range(1, len(arr)): key = arr[i] j = i - 1 # \u628a\u6bd4 key \u5927\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u6574\u4f53\u53f3\u79fb\u4e00\u4f4d\uff0c\u7ed9 key \u817e\u51fa\u4f4d\u7f6e while j >= 0 and arr[j] > key: arr[j + 1] = arr[j] j -= 1 arr[j + 1] = key return arr \u590d\u6742\u5ea6\uff1a\u6700\u574f\u3001\u5e73\u5747 O(n\u00b2)\uff1b\u5bf9\u51e0\u4e4e\u6709\u5e8f\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u63a5\u8fd1 O(n)\u3002\u7a7a\u95f4 O(1)\u3002 \u7a33\u5b9a\u6027 \/ \u539f\u5730\uff1a\u7a33\u5b9a\uff08while \u6761\u4ef6\u7528 > \u4e0d\u662f >=\uff09\uff0c\u539f\u5730\u3002 \u9762\u8bd5\u8981\u70b9\uff1a\u522b\u5c0f\u770b\u5b83\u3002\u6570\u636e\u91cf\u5c0f\u6216\u51e0\u4e4e\u6709\u5e8f\u65f6\uff0c\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f\u6bd4\u5feb\u6392\u8fd8\u5feb\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5b83\u6b63\u662f Timsort\u3001Introsort \u8fd9\u4e9b\u5de5\u4e1a\u7ea7\u6392\u5e8f\u5728\u300c\u5c0f\u5757\u300d\u4e0a\u56de\u9000\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002\u57fa\u7840\u4e09\u4ef6\u5957\u91cc\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u6700\u6709\u5b9e\u7528\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002 LeetCode \u4f8b\u9898\uff1a147. \u5bf9\u94fe\u8868\u8fdb\u884c\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f \u2014\u2014 \u4e13\u95e8\u4e3a\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f\u51c6\u5907\u7684\u9898\uff1a\u5728\u94fe\u8868\u4e0a\u539f\u5730\u63d2\u5165\u3002 \u5e0c\u5c14\u6392\u5e8f Shell Sort \u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u601d\u8def\uff1a\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u5347\u7ea7\u7248\u3002\u5148\u6309\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u300c\u95f4\u9694\u300d\u5206\u7ec4\u505a\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f\uff0c\u518d\u9010\u6b65\u7f29\u5c0f\u95f4\u9694\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u8f6e\u95f4\u9694\u4e3a 1\uff08\u5c31\u662f\u666e\u901a\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u6b64\u65f6\u6570\u7ec4\u5df2\u7ecf\u300c\u5927\u81f4\u6709\u5e8f\u300d\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5f88\u5feb\u3002\ndef shell_sort(arr): n = len(arr) gap = n \/\/ 2 while gap > 0: # \u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u95f4\u9694\u4e3a gap \u7684\u5b50\u5e8f\u5217\u505a\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f for i in range(gap, n): key = arr[i] j = i - gap while j >= 0 and arr[j] > key: arr[j + gap] = arr[j] j -= gap arr[j + gap] = key gap \/\/= 2 return arr \u590d\u6742\u5ea6\uff1a\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u589e\u91cf\u5e8f\u5217\u3002\u4e0a\u9762\u8fd9\u79cd n\/\/2 \u6298\u534a\u5e8f\u5217\u6700\u574f\u662f O(n\u00b2)\uff1b\u6362\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\uff08\u5982 Knuth \u7684 3k+1\u3001Sedgewick \u5e8f\u5217\uff09\u80fd\u5230 O(n^1.5) \u751a\u81f3\u66f4\u597d\u3002\u7a7a\u95f4 O(1)\u3002 \u7a33\u5b9a\u6027 \/ \u539f\u5730\uff1a\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\uff08\u8de8\u95f4\u9694\u4ea4\u6362\u4f1a\u6253\u4e71\u76f8\u7b49\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff09\uff0c\u539f\u5730\u3002 \u9762\u8bd5\u8981\u70b9\uff1a\u5b83\u662f\u300c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8ba9\u6570\u636e\u5148\u53d8\u5f97\u5927\u81f4\u6709\u5e8f\uff0c\u80fd\u8ba9\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f\u63d0\u901f\u300d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u3002\u9762\u8bd5\u4e0d\u5e38\u76f4\u63a5\u8003\uff0c\u4f46\u4f5c\u4e3a\u627f\u4e0a\u542f\u4e0b\u7684\u4e00\u73af\u503c\u5f97\u77e5\u9053\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u628a\u7b80\u5355\u7684 O(n\u00b2) \u6392\u5e8f\u5f80 O(n log n) \u7684\u65b9\u5411\u63a8\u4e86\u4e00\u628a\u3002 LeetCode \u4f8b\u9898\uff1a912. \u6392\u5e8f\u6570\u7ec4 \u2014\u2014 \u62ff\u5b83\u7ec3\u624b\u5b9e\u73b0\u5e0c\u5c14\u6392\u5e8f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bd5\u8bd5\u4e0d\u540c\u589e\u91cf\u5e8f\u5217\u5bf9\u8017\u65f6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002 \u5f52\u5e76\u6392\u5e8f Merge Sort \u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u601d\u8def\uff1a\u5206\u6cbb\u3002\u628a\u6570\u7ec4\u5bf9\u534a\u5207\u5230\u4e0d\u80fd\u518d\u5207\uff0c\u518d\u628a\u4e24\u4e2a\u5df2\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u5c0f\u6570\u7ec4\u5408\u5e76\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u7684\u6709\u5e8f\u6570\u7ec4\u3002\ndef merge_sort(arr): if len(arr) <= 1: return arr mid = len(arr) \/\/ 2 left = merge_sort(arr[:mid]) right = merge_sort(arr[mid:]) return merge(left, right) def merge(left, right): result = [] i = j = 0 # \u53cc\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u53d6\u4e24\u8fb9\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\uff1b\u7528 <= \u4fdd\u8bc1\u7a33\u5b9a while i < len(left) and j < len(right): if left[i] <= right[j]: result.append(left[i]) i += 1 else: result.append(right[j]) j += 1 result.extend(left[i:]) # \u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u63a5\u4e0a result.extend(right[j:]) return result \u590d\u6742\u5ea6\uff1a\u6700\u597d\u3001\u5e73\u5747\u3001\u6700\u574f\u5168\u662f O(n log n)\u2014\u2014\u975e\u5e38\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u8f93\u5165\u9000\u5316\u3002\u7a7a\u95f4 O(n)\uff08\u5408\u5e76\u65f6\u8981\u989d\u5916\u6570\u7ec4\uff09\u3002 \u7a33\u5b9a\u6027 \/ \u539f\u5730\uff1a\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u539f\u5730\u3002 \u9762\u8bd5\u8981\u70b9\uff1a\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u7a33\u5982\u78d0\u77f3\u3001\u5929\u7136\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u662f\u300c\u9700\u8981\u7a33\u5b9a + \u6700\u574f\u4e5f\u8981 O(n log n)\u300d\u65f6\u7684\u9996\u9009\u3002 LeetCode \u4f8b\u9898\uff1a148. \u6392\u5e8f\u94fe\u8868 \u2014\u2014 \u6392\u5e8f\u94fe\u8868\u7684\u6700\u4f18\u89e3\u5c31\u662f\u5f52\u5e76\uff1b\u60f3\u7ec3\u6570\u7ec4\u7248\u53ef\u7528 912. \u6392\u5e8f\u6570\u7ec4\u3002 \u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u9ad8\u9891\u5ef6\u4f38\uff1a\n\u6982\u5ff5\u8865\u5145\uff1a\u94fe\u8868\u6392\u5e8f\u548c\u5916\u90e8\u6392\u5e8f\n\u94fe\u8868\u6392\u5e8f\uff1a\u5f52\u5e76\u6392\u5e8f\u5bf9\u94fe\u8868\u7279\u522b\u53cb\u597d\u2014\u2014\u5408\u5e76\u94fe\u8868\u53ea\u8981\u6539\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u989d\u5916\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u80fd\u505a\u5230 O(1) \u989d\u5916\u7a7a\u95f4\uff08\u4e0d\u7b97\u9012\u5f52\u6808\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u300cO(n log n) \u6392\u5e8f\u4e00\u4e2a\u94fe\u8868\u300d\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u7b54\u6848\u662f\u5f52\u5e76\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5feb\u6392\u3002\n\u5916\u90e8\u6392\u5e8f\uff08external sort\uff09\uff1a\u5f53\u6570\u636e\u5927\u5230\u5185\u5b58\u88c5\u4e0d\u4e0b\uff08\u7ecf\u5178\u9762\u8bd5\u9898\uff1a\u300c1G \u5185\u5b58\u600e\u4e48\u6392 10G \u6587\u4ef6\uff1f\u300d\uff09\uff0c\u7b54\u6848\u5c31\u662f\u5916\u90e8\u5f52\u5e76\u6392\u5e8f\u2014\u2014\u628a\u5927\u6587\u4ef6\u5207\u6210\u5185\u5b58\u80fd\u88c5\u4e0b\u7684\u5c0f\u5757\uff0c\u9010\u5757\u8bfb\u8fdb\u6765\u6392\u597d\u5e8f\u5199\u56de\u78c1\u76d8\uff0c\u518d\u7528\u300c\u591a\u8def\u5f52\u5e76\u300d\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6709\u5e8f\u5c0f\u6587\u4ef6\u5408\u5e76\u6210\u6700\u7ec8\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u5f52\u5e76\u7684\u7cbe\u9ad3\u300c\u5408\u5e76\u591a\u4e2a\u6709\u5e8f\u5e8f\u5217\u300d\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u88ab\u7528\u5230\u4e86\u6781\u81f4\u3002\n\u5feb\u901f\u6392\u5e8f Quick Sort \u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u590d\u4e60\u65f6\u6700\u8be5\u91cd\u70b9\u6361\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u4e00\u8282\uff0cpartition \u7684\u7ec6\u8282\u4e94\u5e74\u6ca1\u78b0\u5c31\u6a21\u7cca\u4e86\u3002\u6162\u6162\u6765\u3002\n\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u601d\u8def\uff1a\u5206\u6cbb\u3002\u9009\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u51c6\u503c\uff08pivot\uff09\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u6b21\u5206\u533a\uff08partition\uff09\u628a\u6570\u7ec4\u62c6\u6210\u300c\u6bd4 pivot \u5c0f\u7684\u300d\u548c\u300c\u6bd4 pivot \u5927\u7684\u300d\u4e24\u90e8\u5206\uff0cpivot \u5f52\u4f4d\u540e\uff0c\u518d\u5bf9\u4e24\u8fb9\u9012\u5f52\u3002\n1. Lomuto \u5206\u533a\uff08\u6700\u597d\u80cc\u7684\u7248\u672c\uff09 def quick_sort(arr, low=0, high=None): if high is None: high = len(arr) - 1 if low < high: p = partition(arr, low, high) quick_sort(arr, low, p - 1) # \u9012\u5f52\u5de6\u534a quick_sort(arr, p + 1, high) # \u9012\u5f52\u53f3\u534a return arr def partition(arr, low, high): pivot = arr[high] # Lomuto\uff1a\u56fa\u5b9a\u53d6\u6700\u53f3\u5143\u7d20\u4f5c pivot i = low - 1 # i \u662f\u300c\u5c0f\u4e8e pivot \u533a\u300d\u7684\u53f3\u8fb9\u754c for j in range(low, high): if arr[j] < pivot: i += 1 arr[i], arr[j] = arr[j], arr[i] arr[i + 1], arr[high] = arr[high], arr[i + 1] # pivot \u5f52\u4f4d return i + 1 Lomuto \u7684\u597d\u5904\u662f\u53ea\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u9488 i \u63a8\u8fdb\uff0c\u903b\u8f91\u76f4\u89c2\u3001\u6700\u597d\u8bb0\u3002\u9762\u8bd5\u91cc\u624b\u5199\u5feb\u6392\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5199\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7248\u672c\u5c31\u884c\u3002\n2. \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u9000\u5316\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u600e\u4e48\u6551 \u56fa\u5b9a\u53d6\u6700\u53f3\u5143\u7d20\u5f53 pivot \u6709\u4e2a\u81f4\u547d\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u8f93\u5165\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u5e8f\uff08\u6216\u9006\u5e8f\uff09\u65f6\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u5206\u533a\u90fd\u628a\u6570\u7ec4\u5207\u6210 0 \u548c n\u22121 \u4e24\u5757\uff0c\u9012\u5f52\u6df1\u5ea6\u53d8\u6210 n\uff0c\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u9000\u5316\u5230 O(n\u00b2)\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u80fd\u7206\u6808\u3002\n\u6551\u6cd5\u662f\u522b\u8ba9 pivot \u7684\u9009\u62e9\u88ab\u8f93\u5165\u300c\u9884\u6d4b\u300d\u2014\u2014\u968f\u673a\u9009\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u53d6\u300c\u5934\u3001\u4e2d\u3001\u5c3e\u300d\u4e09\u4e2a\u6570\u7684\u4e2d\u4f4d\u6570\uff08median-of-three\uff09\uff1a\nimport random def partition(arr, low, high): rand = random.randint(low, high) arr[rand], arr[high] = arr[high], arr[rand] # \u968f\u673a\u9009 pivot\uff0c\u518d\u6362\u5230\u6700\u53f3\uff0c\u590d\u7528\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u903b\u8f91 pivot = arr[high] i = low - 1 for j in range(low, high): if arr[j] < pivot: i += 1 arr[i], arr[j] = arr[j], arr[i] arr[i + 1], arr[high] = arr[high], arr[i + 1] return i + 1 \u53ea\u52a0\u4e24\u884c\uff0c\u5c31\u628a\u300c\u6709\u5e8f\u8f93\u5165\u9000\u5316\u300d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u5751\u5835\u4e0a\u4e86\u3002\u9762\u8bd5\u5b98\u8ffd\u95ee\u300c\u5feb\u6392\u6700\u574f\u60c5\u51b5\u600e\u4e48\u529e\u300d\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6807\u51c6\u7b54\u6848\u3002\n3. \u4e09\u8def\u5feb\u6392\uff1a\u5bf9\u4ed8\u5927\u91cf\u91cd\u590d\u5143\u7d20 \u5982\u679c\u6570\u7ec4\u91cc\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u91cd\u590d\u503c\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u5168\u662f 0 \u548c 1\uff09\uff0c\u666e\u901a\u5feb\u6392\u8fd8\u662f\u4f1a\u505a\u5f88\u591a\u65e0\u8c13\u7684\u9012\u5f52\u3002\u4e09\u8def\u5feb\u6392\uff08\u57fa\u4e8e\u300c\u8377\u5170\u56fd\u65d7\u95ee\u9898\u300d\uff09\u628a\u6570\u7ec4\u5206\u6210 < pivot\u3001== pivot\u3001> pivot \u4e09\u6bb5\uff0c\u7b49\u4e8e pivot \u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u6574\u6bb5\u76f4\u63a5\u8df3\u8fc7\uff1a\ndef quick_sort_3way(arr, low=0, high=None): if high is None: high = len(arr) - 1 if low >= high: return arr pivot = arr[low] lt, i, gt = low, low, high # [low,lt)<pivot [lt,i)==pivot (gt,high]>pivot while i <= gt: if arr[i] < pivot: arr[lt], arr[i] = arr[i], arr[lt] lt += 1 i += 1 elif arr[i] > pivot: arr[gt], arr[i] = arr[i], arr[gt] gt -= 1 # \u6362\u8fc7\u6765\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u8fd8\u6ca1\u68c0\u67e5\uff0ci \u4e0d\u52a8 else: i += 1 quick_sort_3way(arr, low, lt - 1) quick_sort_3way(arr, gt + 1, high) return arr \u590d\u6742\u5ea6\uff1a\u5e73\u5747 O(n log n)\uff0c\u6700\u574f O(n\u00b2)\uff08\u7528\u968f\u673a pivot \u540e\u51e0\u4e4e\u9047\u4e0d\u5230\uff09\u3002\u7a7a\u95f4 O(log n)\uff0c\u662f\u9012\u5f52\u6808\u7684\u5f00\u9500\u3002 \u7a33\u5b9a\u6027 \/ \u539f\u5730\uff1a\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\uff08\u5206\u533a\u91cc\u7684\u8fdc\u8ddd\u79bb\u4ea4\u6362\u4f1a\u6253\u4e71\u76f8\u7b49\u5143\u7d20\uff09\uff0c\u539f\u5730\u3002 \u9762\u8bd5\u8981\u70b9\uff1a\u624b\u5199\u9ed8\u8ba4 Lomuto\uff1b\u88ab\u8ffd\u95ee\u6700\u574f\u60c5\u51b5\u5c31\u8bb2\u968f\u673a\/\u4e09\u6570\u53d6\u4e2d\uff1b\u88ab\u8ffd\u95ee\u5927\u91cf\u91cd\u590d\u5c31\u8bb2\u4e09\u8def\u5feb\u6392\u3002 LeetCode \u4f8b\u9898\uff1a912. \u6392\u5e8f\u6570\u7ec4 \u2014\u2014 \u63d0\u4ea4\u65f6\u8bb0\u5f97\u7528\u968f\u673a pivot\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u9047\u5230\u6709\u5e8f\u6216\u5927\u91cf\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u6570\u636e\u4f1a\u8d85\u65f6\u3001\u751a\u81f3\u9012\u5f52\u6808\u6ea2\u51fa\u3002 \u518d\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ad8\u9891\u5ef6\u4f38\u2014\u2014\n\u6982\u5ff5\u8865\u5145\uff1aQuickselect\uff08\u5feb\u901f\u9009\u62e9\uff09\n\u300c\u6c42\u7b2c k \u5927\/\u5c0f\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u300d\u662f\u9762\u8bd5\u5e38\u5ba2\u3002\u5982\u679c\u53ea\u662f\u8981\u7b2c k \u4e2a\uff0c\u6ca1\u5fc5\u8981\u5168\u6392\u5e8f\uff1a\u7528\u5feb\u6392\u7684 partition\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u5206\u533a\u540e\u770b pivot \u843d\u5728\u54ea\uff0c\u53ea\u9012\u5f52 k \u6240\u5728\u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u8fb9\u3002\u5e73\u5747 O(n)\uff0c\u6bd4\u5148\u6392\u5e8f\u518d\u53d6\uff08O(n log n)\uff09\u66f4\u5feb\u3002\ndef quickselect(arr, k): """\u8fd4\u56de\u7b2c k \u5c0f\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0ck \u4ece 1 \u5f00\u59cb\u8ba1\u6570""" low, high, target = 0, len(arr) - 1, k - 1 while low <= high: p = partition(arr, low, high) if p == target: return arr[p] elif p < target: low = p + 1 # \u76ee\u6807\u5728\u53f3\u8fb9 else: high = p - 1 # \u76ee\u6807\u5728\u5de6\u8fb9 \u7ec3\u624b\uff1a215. \u6570\u7ec4\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c K \u4e2a\u6700\u5927\u5143\u7d20 \u2014\u2014 \u7528\u5feb\u901f\u9009\u62e9\u5e73\u5747 O(n) \u89e3\uff0c\u6b63\u597d\u548c\u5806\u7684\u89e3\u6cd5\u5bf9\u7167\u3002\n\u5806\u6392\u5e8f Heap Sort \u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u601d\u8def\uff1a\u5148\u628a\u6570\u7ec4\u5efa\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u5927\u5806\uff08\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7236\u8282\u70b9\u90fd \u2265 \u5b50\u8282\u70b9\uff09\uff0c\u5806\u9876\u5c31\u662f\u6700\u5927\u503c\uff1b\u628a\u5806\u9876\u6362\u5230\u672b\u5c3e\uff0c\u5806\u7f29\u5c0f 1\uff0c\u518d\u8c03\u6574\u5806\u9876\u4e0b\u6c89\uff0c\u91cd\u590d\u76f4\u5230\u6392\u5b8c\u3002\ndef heap_sort(arr): n = len(arr) # 1. \u5efa\u5806\uff1a\u4ece\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u53f6\u5b50\u8282\u70b9\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u9010\u4e2a\u5411\u4e0b\u8c03\u6574 for i in range(n \/\/ 2 - 1, -1, -1): sift_down(arr, i, n) # 2. \u53cd\u590d\u628a\u5806\u9876\uff08\u6700\u5927\u503c\uff09\u6362\u5230\u672b\u5c3e\uff0c\u518d\u4fee\u590d\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u5806 for end in range(n - 1, 0, -1): arr[0], arr[end] = arr[end], arr[0] sift_down(arr, 0, end) return arr def sift_down(arr, root, size): while True: largest = root left, right = 2 * root + 1, 2 * root + 2 if left < size and arr[left] > arr[largest]: largest = left if right < size and arr[right] > arr[largest]: largest = right if largest == root: # \u7236\u8282\u70b9\u5df2\u7ecf\u6700\u5927\uff0c\u4e0b\u6c89\u7ed3\u675f break arr[root], arr[largest] = arr[largest], arr[root] root = largest \u590d\u6742\u5ea6\uff1a\u6700\u597d\u3001\u5e73\u5747\u3001\u6700\u574f\u5168\u662f O(n log n)\u3002\u5efa\u5806\u662f O(n)\uff08\u4e0d\u662f O(n log n)\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e2a\u5e38\u8003\u7684\u53cd\u76f4\u89c9\u70b9\uff09\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e n \u6b21\u4e0b\u6c89\u6bcf\u6b21 O(log n)\u3002\u7a7a\u95f4 O(1)\u3002 \u7a33\u5b9a\u6027 \/ \u539f\u5730\uff1a\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u539f\u5730\u3002 \u9762\u8bd5\u8981\u70b9\uff1a\u5b83\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u65e2\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6700\u574f O(n log n)\u3001\u53c8\u53ea\u7528 O(1) \u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u6392\u5e8f\u2014\u2014\u300c\u5185\u5b58\u6781\u7d27\u53c8\u4e0d\u80fd\u9000\u5316\u300d\u65f6\u9009\u5b83\u3002\u6ce8\u610f\u5b83\u548c\u4f18\u5148\u961f\u5217 \/ \u5806\uff08heap\uff09\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u5957\u673a\u5236\uff1aheapq\u3001Top-K \u95ee\u9898\u3001Dijkstra \u91cc\u7684\u5806\uff0c\u5168\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a sift_down \u7684\u53d8\u4f53\u3002\u7528\u6700\u5c0f\u5806\u7ef4\u62a4\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u5c0f\u4e3a k \u7684\u5806\u6c42 Top-K\uff0c\u662f\u5806\u8fd9\u5757\u7684\u8fde\u73af\u8003\u70b9\u3002 LeetCode \u4f8b\u9898\uff1a215. \u6570\u7ec4\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c K \u4e2a\u6700\u5927\u5143\u7d20 \u2014\u2014 \u5806\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u9898\uff08\u7ef4\u62a4\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u5c0f\u4e3a k \u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u5806\uff09\uff1b\u5b83\u4e5f\u80fd\u7528\u5feb\u901f\u9009\u62e9\u89e3\uff0c\u6b63\u597d\u5bf9\u7167\u4e24\u79cd\u601d\u8def\u3002 \u975e\u6bd4\u8f83\u7c7b\u6392\u5e8f \u524d\u9762\u6240\u6709\u7b97\u6cd5\u90fd\u9760\u300c\u6bd4\u8f83\u300d\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5361\u5728 O(n log n) \u8fd9\u6761\u7ebf\u4e0a\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u4e09\u4e2a\u7ed5\u5f00\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u7528\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u503c\u672c\u8eab\u5f53\u7d22\u5f15\u53bb\u5b9a\u4f4d\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u505a\u5230\u7ebf\u6027\u65f6\u95f4\u2014\u2014\u4ee3\u4ef7\u662f\u5bf9\u6570\u636e\u6709\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5757\u4e5f\u662f\u6211\u590d\u4e60\u65f6\u7a7a\u767d\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5199\u5f97\u7ec6\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\n\u8ba1\u6570\u6392\u5e8f Counting Sort \u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u601d\u8def\uff1a\u7edf\u8ba1\u6bcf\u4e2a\u503c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u51e0\u6b21\uff0c\u518d\u7528\u300c\u524d\u7f00\u548c\u300d\u7b97\u51fa\u6bcf\u4e2a\u503c\u5728\u7ed3\u679c\u91cc\u8be5\u653e\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u653e\u8fdb\u53bb\u3002\u9002\u5408\u53d6\u503c\u8303\u56f4 k \u4e0d\u5927\u7684\u6574\u6570\u3002\ndef counting_sort(arr): if not arr: return arr lo, hi = min(arr), max(arr) k = hi - lo + 1 count = [0] * k for x in arr: # 1. \u8ba1\u6570 count[x - lo] += 1 for i in range(1, k): # 2. \u524d\u7f00\u548c\uff1acount[i] \u53d8\u6210\u300c\u503c \u2264 i \u7684\u5143\u7d20\u4e2a\u6570\u300d count[i] += count[i - 1] result = [0] * len(arr) for x in reversed(arr): # 3. \u4ece\u540e\u5f80\u524d\u586b\uff0c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u7a33\u5b9a count[x - lo] -= 1 result[count[x - lo]] = x return result \u590d\u6742\u5ea6\uff1aO(n + k)\uff0cn \u662f\u5143\u7d20\u4e2a\u6570\uff0ck \u662f\u53d6\u503c\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u7a7a\u95f4 O(n + k)\u3002 \u7a33\u5b9a\u6027 \/ \u539f\u5730\uff1a\u7a33\u5b9a\uff08\u5173\u952e\u5c31\u5728\u7b2c 3 \u6b65\u4ece\u540e\u5f80\u524d\u904d\u5386\uff09\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u539f\u5730\u3002 \u9762\u8bd5\u8981\u70b9\uff1a\u5f53 k \u8fdc\u5c0f\u4e8e n\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u7ed9\u5341\u4e07\u4e2a 0\u2013100 \u7684\u5206\u6570\u6392\u5e8f\uff09\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u540a\u6253\u4efb\u4f55 O(n log n) \u6392\u5e8f\u3002\u4f46 k \u4e00\u65e6\u5f88\u5927\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u8981\u6392\u4efb\u610f 32 \u4f4d\u6574\u6570\uff09\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u5c31\u7206\u4e86\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u9002\u7528\u8fb9\u754c\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u57fa\u6570\u6392\u5e8f\u8981\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002 LeetCode \u4f8b\u9898\uff1a75. \u989c\u8272\u5206\u7c7b \u2014\u2014 \u53ea\u6709 0\u30011\u30012 \u4e09\u79cd\u503c\uff0c\u8ba1\u6570\u6392\u5e8f\uff08\u6216\u4e09\u8def\u5feb\u6392\uff09\u4e00\u8d9f\u641e\u5b9a\u3002 \u57fa\u6570\u6392\u5e8f Radix Sort \u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u601d\u8def\uff1a\u6309\u4f4d\u6392\u5e8f\u3002\u4ece\u6700\u4f4e\u4f4d\uff08\u4e2a\u4f4d\uff09\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e00\u4f4d\u7528\u4e00\u6b21\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u8ba1\u6570\u6392\u5e8f\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u6392\u5230\u6700\u9ad8\u4f4d\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e00\u8f6e\u90fd\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u6392\u5b8c\u6700\u9ad8\u4f4d\u65f6\u6574\u4f53\u5c31\u6709\u5e8f\u4e86\u3002\ndef radix_sort(arr): if not arr: return arr max_val = max(arr) exp = 1 # \u5f53\u524d\u5904\u7406\u7684\u4f4d\uff1a1=\u4e2a\u4f4d, 10=\u5341\u4f4d, 100=\u767e\u4f4d\u2026 while max_val \/\/ exp > 0: arr = counting_sort_by_digit(arr, exp) exp *= 10 return arr def counting_sort_by_digit(arr, exp): count = [0] * 10 # \u5341\u8fdb\u5236\uff0c\u6bcf\u4f4d\u53ea\u6709 0\u20139 for x in arr: count[(x \/\/ exp) % 10] += 1 for i in range(1, 10): count[i] += count[i - 1] result = [0] * len(arr) for x in reversed(arr): # \u4ece\u540e\u5f80\u524d\uff0c\u4fdd\u6301\u8fd9\u4e00\u4f4d\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\uff08\u57fa\u6570\u6392\u5e8f\u6b63\u786e\u6027\u7684\u5173\u952e\uff09 digit = (x \/\/ exp) % 10 count[digit] -= 1 result[count[digit]] = x return result \u590d\u6742\u5ea6\uff1aO(d\u00b7(n + k))\uff0cd \u662f\u6700\u5927\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u4f4d\u6570\uff0ck \u662f\u57fa\u6570\uff08\u8fd9\u91cc\u5341\u8fdb\u5236 k=10\uff09\u3002\u7a7a\u95f4 O(n + k)\u3002 \u7a33\u5b9a\u6027 \/ \u539f\u5730\uff1a\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u539f\u5730\u3002 \u9762\u8bd5\u8981\u70b9\uff1a\u5b83\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u8ba1\u6570\u6392\u5e8f\u300c\u53d6\u503c\u8303\u56f4\u4e00\u5927\u7a7a\u95f4\u5c31\u7206\u300d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u2014\u2014\u628a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u6574\u6570\u62c6\u6210\u51e0\u4f4d\u5c0f\u6570\u5b57\u6765\u6392\u3002\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u7248\u672c\u53ea\u5904\u7406\u975e\u8d1f\u6574\u6570\uff1b\u8981\u652f\u6301\u8d1f\u6570\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5148\u6574\u4f53\u5e73\u79fb\u6210\u975e\u8d1f\uff0c\u6216\u5bf9\u6b63\u8d1f\u5206\u522b\u5904\u7406\u3002\u9762\u8bd5\u5e38\u8003\u7684\u70b9\uff1a\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u4f4e\u4f4d\u6392\u5230\u9ad8\u4f4d\uff1f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6bcf\u4e00\u4f4d\u7684\u6392\u5e8f\u5fc5\u987b\u7a33\u5b9a\uff1f\uff08\u56e0\u4e3a\u9ad8\u4f4d\u6392\u5e8f\u65f6\u8981\u9760\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u4fdd\u7559\u4f4e\u4f4d\u5df2\u7ecf\u6392\u597d\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u3002\uff09 LeetCode \u4f8b\u9898\uff1a164. \u6700\u5927\u95f4\u8ddd \u2014\u2014 \u8981\u6c42\u7ebf\u6027\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u6807\u51c6\u89e3\u6cd5\u6b63\u662f\u57fa\u6570\u6392\u5e8f\u6216\u6876\u6392\u5e8f\u3002 \u6876\u6392\u5e8f Bucket Sort \u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u601d\u8def\uff1a\u628a\u6570\u636e\u6309\u503c\u57df\u5747\u5300\u5206\u5230\u82e5\u5e72\u4e2a\u300c\u6876\u300d\u91cc\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6876\u5185\u90e8\u5404\u81ea\u6392\u5e8f\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u6309\u6876\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u62fc\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u9002\u5408\u5747\u5300\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002\ndef bucket_sort(arr): if not arr: return arr n = len(arr) buckets = [[] for _ in range(n)] for x in arr: # \u5047\u8bbe\u5143\u7d20\u5747\u5300\u5206\u5e03\u5728 [0, 1) buckets[int(n * x)].append(x) result = [] for bucket in buckets: insertion_sort(bucket) # \u6876\u5185\u7528\u7a33\u5b9a\u6392\u5e8f\uff0c\u6574\u4f53\u624d\u7a33\u5b9a result.extend(bucket) return result \u590d\u6742\u5ea6\uff1a\u6570\u636e\u5747\u5300\u5206\u5e03\u65f6\u5e73\u5747 O(n + k)\uff1b\u6700\u574f\u60c5\u51b5\uff08\u6240\u6709\u5143\u7d20\u6324\u8fdb\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6876\uff09\u9000\u5316\u5230 O(n\u00b2)\u3002\u7a7a\u95f4 O(n + k)\u3002 \u7a33\u5b9a\u6027 \/ \u539f\u5730\uff1a\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6876\u5185\u6392\u5e8f\u2014\u2014\u7528\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f\u5c31\u7a33\u5b9a\uff1b\u4e0d\u662f\u539f\u5730\u3002 \u9762\u8bd5\u8981\u70b9\uff1a\u5b83\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u62bc\u5728\u300c\u6570\u636e\u5206\u5e03\u662f\u5426\u5747\u5300\u300d\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5b83\u548c\u8ba1\u6570\/\u57fa\u6570\u6700\u5927\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002\u8ba1\u6570\u548c\u57fa\u6570\u5bf9\u6570\u636e\u5f62\u6001\u4e0d\u654f\u611f\uff0c\u6876\u6392\u5e8f\u654f\u611f\u3002\u7ecf\u5178\u9002\u7528\u573a\u666f\uff1a\u628a\u4e00\u6279\u5747\u5300\u5206\u5e03\u5728 [0, 1) \u7684\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570\u6392\u5e8f\u3002 LeetCode \u4f8b\u9898\uff1a347. \u524d K \u4e2a\u9ad8\u9891\u5143\u7d20 \u2014\u2014 \u6309\u51fa\u73b0\u9891\u6b21\u5206\u6876\uff0c\u662f\u8fd9\u9053\u9898\u6700\u6f02\u4eae\u7684\u89e3\u6cd5\u3002 \u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u91cc\u7528\u7684\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1aTimsort \u524d\u9762\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u300c\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u7b97\u6cd5\u300d\u3002\u4f46\u4f60\u6bcf\u5929 sorted() \u4e00\u4e0b\uff0cPython \u80cc\u540e\u8dd1\u7684\u5176\u5b9e\u662f Timsort\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3a\u771f\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u6570\u636e\u7cbe\u5fc3\u8c03\u6821\u8fc7\u7684\u6df7\u5408\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u5355\u72ec\u8bf4\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u9762\u8bd5\u91cc\u80fd\u8bb2\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e2a\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u52a0\u5206\u9879\u3002\n\u6838\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\uff1a\u771f\u5b9e\u6570\u636e\u5f88\u5c11\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u968f\u673a\u7684\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u5c40\u90e8\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u5e8f\u3002Timsort \u6293\u4f4f\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff1a\n\u5148\u626b\u63cf\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u627e\u51fa\u5df2\u7ecf\u5929\u7136\u6709\u5e8f\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u7247\u6bb5\uff0c\u53eb run\uff1b \u592a\u77ed\u7684 run \u7528\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f\u8865\u9f50\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u5c0f\u957f\u5ea6\uff08minrun\uff0c\u901a\u5e38 32\u201364\uff09\u2014\u2014\u524d\u9762\u8bf4\u8fc7\uff0c\u5c0f\u6570\u7ec4\u4e0a\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f\u6700\u5feb\uff1b \u518d\u7528\u5f52\u5e76\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6309\u4e00\u5957\u89c4\u5219\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b run \u4e24\u4e24\u5408\u5e76\uff0c\u5408\u5e76\u65f6\u8fd8\u6709\u300cgalloping\uff08\u98de\u5954\uff09\u300d\u6a21\u5f0f\u6765\u52a0\u901f\u3002 \u6240\u4ee5 Timsort = \u5f52\u5e76\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u9aa8\u67b6 + \u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u5c0f\u5757\u4f18\u5316 + \u5bf9\u5df2\u6709\u5e8f\u6570\u636e\u7684\u7279\u5224\u3002\n\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\uff1a\u6700\u574f O(n log n)\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u51e0\u4e4e\u6709\u5e8f\u7684\u6570\u636e\u80fd\u5230 O(n)\u3002\u7a7a\u95f4 O(n)\u3002 \u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\uff1a\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48 Python \u7684 sorted() \u548c list.sort() \u4fdd\u8bc1\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002 \u51b7\u77e5\u8bc6\uff1aJava \u7ed9\u5bf9\u8c61\u6392\u5e8f\uff08Arrays.sort(Object[])\uff09\u7528\u7684\u4e5f\u662f Timsort \u7684\u53d8\u4f53\uff1b\u800c C++ \u7684 std::sort \u7528\u7684\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6df7\u5408\u7b97\u6cd5 Introsort\uff08\u5feb\u6392\u6253\u5e95\uff0c\u9012\u5f52\u592a\u6df1\u65f6\u5207\u6362\u5806\u6392\u907f\u514d\u9000\u5316\uff0c\u5c0f\u5757\u7528\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f\uff09\u3002\u300c\u5feb\u6392 + \u5806\u6392 + \u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f\u300d\u4e09\u5408\u4e00\uff0c\u601d\u8def\u548c Timsort \u5f02\u66f2\u540c\u5de5\uff1a\u6ca1\u6709\u94f6\u5f39\uff0c\u5de5\u4e1a\u7ea7\u6392\u5e8f\u90fd\u662f\u6df7\u5408\u7684\u3002 LeetCode \u4f8b\u9898\uff1a56. \u5408\u5e76\u533a\u95f4 \u2014\u2014 \u5148\u6392\u5e8f\u518d\u626b\u63cf\u5408\u5e76\uff1b\u5728 Python \u91cc\u90a3\u53e5 sorted() \u8dd1\u7684\u5c31\u662f Timsort\uff0c\u6b63\u597d\u4f53\u4f1a\u300c\u771f\u5b9e\u6570\u636e\u5c40\u90e8\u6709\u5e8f\u300d\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u52a0\u901f\u3002 \u9762\u8bd5\u91cc\u5230\u5e95\u600e\u4e48\u9009 \/ \u600e\u4e48\u7b54 \u628a\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u6d53\u7f29\u6210\u4e00\u5f20\u300c\u8be5\u7528\u54ea\u4e2a\u300d\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u6e05\u5355\uff1a\n\u6ca1\u6709\u7279\u6b8a\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u5c31\u8981\u5feb \u2192 \u5feb\u6392\uff08\u968f\u673a pivot\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5927\u591a\u6570\u573a\u666f\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u9009\u62e9\u3002 \u8981\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e14\u6700\u574f\u4e5f\u5f97 O(n log n) \u2192 \u5f52\u5e76\u6392\u5e8f\u3002 \u5185\u5b58\u6781\u7d27\uff08\u8981 O(1) \u7a7a\u95f4\uff09\u53c8\u4e0d\u80fd\u9000\u5316 \u2192 \u5806\u6392\u5e8f\u3002 \u6570\u636e\u91cf\u5f88\u5c0f\uff08\u51e0\u5341\u4e2a\uff09\u6216\u51e0\u4e4e\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u5e8f \u2192 \u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f\u3002 \u6392\u94fe\u8868 \u2192 \u5f52\u5e76\u6392\u5e8f\u3002 \u6574\u6570\u4e14\u53d6\u503c\u8303\u56f4\u4e0d\u5927 \u2192 \u8ba1\u6570\u6392\u5e8f\u3002 \u6574\u6570\u4f46\u8303\u56f4\u5f88\u5927\uff08\u5982\u5b9a\u957f\u6574\u6570 \/ \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff09 \u2192 \u57fa\u6570\u6392\u5e8f\u3002 \u6570\u636e\u5747\u5300\u5206\u5e03\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u533a\u95f4 \u2192 \u6876\u6392\u5e8f\u3002 \u53ea\u8981\u7b2c k \u5927 \/ \u4e2d\u4f4d\u6570\uff0c\u4e0d\u7528\u5168\u6392\u5e8f \u2192 Quickselect\u3002 \u6570\u636e\u5927\u5230\u5185\u5b58\u88c5\u4e0d\u4e0b \u2192 \u5916\u90e8\u5f52\u5e76\u6392\u5e8f\u3002 \u51e0\u4e2a\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u8fde\u73af\u8ffd\u95ee\uff0c\u63d0\u524d\u60f3\u597d\u7b54\u6848\uff1a\n\u300c\u54ea\u4e9b\u6392\u5e8f\u662f\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\uff1f\u300d \u2192 \u5192\u6ce1\u3001\u63d2\u5165\u3001\u5f52\u5e76\u3001\u8ba1\u6570\u3001\u57fa\u6570\u3001\u6876\uff08\u6876\u5185\u7a33\u5b9a\u65f6\uff09\u3001Timsort\u3002 \u300c\u5feb\u6392\u6700\u574f\u60c5\u51b5\u548c\u600e\u4e48\u907f\u514d\uff1f\u300d \u2192 \u6709\u5e8f\u8f93\u5165 + \u574f pivot \u9000\u5316\u6210 O(n\u00b2)\uff1b\u7528\u968f\u673a pivot \u6216\u4e09\u6570\u53d6\u4e2d\u3002 \u300c\u80fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u6bd4 O(n log n) \u66f4\u5feb\uff1f\u300d \u2192 \u6bd4\u8f83\u6392\u5e8f\u4e0d\u80fd\uff08\u51b3\u7b56\u6811\u4e0b\u754c\uff09\uff1b\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6570\u636e\u662f\u8303\u56f4\u6709\u9650\u7684\u6574\u6570\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u975e\u6bd4\u8f83\u6392\u5e8f\u5230 O(n)\u3002 \u300cO(n log n) \u53c8\u7a33\u5b9a\u53c8\u539f\u5730\u7684\u6392\u5e8f\u5b58\u5728\u5417\uff1f\u300d \u2192 \u4e00\u822c\u5b9e\u73b0\u91cc\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff1b\u5f52\u5e76\u7a33\u5b9a\u4f46\u4e0d\u539f\u5730\uff0c\u5806\u6392\u539f\u5730\u4f46\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u5feb\u6392\u539f\u5730\u4f46\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e2a\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u300c\u7406\u89e3\u6743\u8861\u300d\u7684\u8003\u70b9\u3002 \u51e0\u4e2a\u5e38\u89c1\u6613\u9519\u70b9 \u590d\u4e60\u65f6\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u8e29\u8fc7\u6216\u8005\u5dee\u70b9\u8e29\u7684\u5751\uff0c\u5217\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff1a\n\u9009\u62e9\u6392\u5e8f\u5bf9\u6709\u5e8f\u8f93\u5165\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d8\u5feb\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u300c\u63d0\u524d\u9000\u51fa\u300d\uff0c\u6c38\u8fdc O(n\u00b2)\u3002\u522b\u548c\u5192\u6ce1\/\u63d2\u5165\u641e\u6df7\u3002 \u5efa\u5806\u662f O(n) \u4e0d\u662f O(n log n)\u3002\u76f4\u89c9\u4e0a\u662f n \u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u5404 O(log n)\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed4\u7ec6\u7b97\uff08\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u8282\u70b9\u79bb\u5e95\u5f88\u8fd1\uff09\u662f O(n)\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e2a\u9ad8\u9891\u53cd\u76f4\u89c9\u8003\u70b9\u3002 \u8ba1\u6570 \/ \u57fa\u6570\u6392\u5e8f\u300c\u4ece\u540e\u5f80\u524d\u300d\u586b\u7ed3\u679c\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e00\u6b65\u662f\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u5199\u5c31\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u4e86\uff0c\u800c\u57fa\u6570\u6392\u5e8f\u4e00\u65e6\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u5c31\u76f4\u63a5\u9519\u4e86\u3002 \u5feb\u6392\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0d\u662f O(1)\u2014\u2014\u867d\u7136\u539f\u5730\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u4f46\u9012\u5f52\u6808\u5e73\u5747 O(log n)\u3001\u6700\u574f O(n)\u3002 \u6876\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u6700\u574f\u662f O(n\u00b2)\u2014\u2014\u522b\u53ea\u8bb0\u5e73\u5747 O(n)\uff0c\u5206\u5e03\u4e0d\u5747\u65f6\u4f1a\u9000\u5316\u3002 \u7a33\u5b9a \u2260 \u539f\u5730\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u7ef4\u5ea6\uff0c\u9762\u8bd5\u91cc\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u4e00\u8d77\u95ee\uff0c\u522b\u6df7\u4e3a\u4e00\u8c08\u3002 \u5c0f\u7ed3 \u6392\u5e8f\u8fd9\u5757\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u6846\u67b6\u5176\u5b9e\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\uff1a\n\u6bd4\u8f83\u6392\u5e8f\u5361\u5728 O(n log n)\uff0c\u91cc\u9762\u5feb\u6392\u6700\u5feb\u4f46\u4f1a\u9000\u5316\u3001\u5f52\u5e76\u7a33\u5b9a\u4f46\u8d39\u7a7a\u95f4\u3001\u5806\u6392\u539f\u5730\u4f46\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u2014\u2014\u6ca1\u6709\u5168\u80fd\u9009\u624b\uff0c\u5168\u662f\u6743\u8861\uff1b \u975e\u6bd4\u8f83\u6392\u5e8f\u9760\u6570\u636e\u7279\u5f81\u6362\u6765\u7ebf\u6027\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u6570\u636e\u6709\u8981\u6c42\uff1b \u5de5\u4e1a\u7ea7\u6392\u5e8f\uff08Timsort\u3001Introsort\uff09\u90fd\u662f\u6df7\u5408\u7684\uff0c\u628a\u51e0\u79cd\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u957f\u5904\u7f1d\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u548c\u6211\u4e00\u6837\u662f\u9694\u4e86\u51e0\u5e74\u91cd\u65b0\u6361\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u7167\u7740\u6700\u4e0a\u9762\u90a3\u5f20\u901f\u67e5\u8868\u8fc7\u4e00\u904d\uff1a\u80fd\u9ed8\u5199\u51fa\u5b9e\u73b0\u3001\u8bf4\u6e05\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u548c\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u5c31\u8df3\u8fc7\uff0c\u5361\u58f3\u7684\u5c31\u56de\u5230\u5bf9\u5e94\u7ae0\u8282\u7ec6\u770b\u3002\u7b49\u4e0b\u6b21\u518d\u51c6\u5907\u9762\u8bd5\uff0c\u56de\u5230\u8fd9\u91cc\u518d\u626b\u4e00\u904d\u5c31\u597d\u3002\n\u795d\u9762\u8bd5\u987a\u5229\u3002\n","permalink":"https:\/\/neilmin.com\/zh\/posts\/sorting-algorithms-interview-reference\/","summary":"\u6700\u8fd1\u5728\u51c6\u5907 coding \u9762\u8bd5\uff0c\u628a\u6392\u5e8f\u7b97\u6cd5\u53c8\u4ece\u5934\u634b\u4e86\u4e00\u904d\u3002\u634b\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u91cc\u6211\u6709\u70b9\u88ab\u81ea\u5df1\u5413\u5230\uff1a\u5f88\u591a\u4e1c\u897f\u4e94\u5e74\u524d\u6211\u662f\u771f\u7684\u8bb0\u5f97\u7684\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5feb\u6392\u7684 partition \u5230\u5e95\u600e\u4e48\u5199\u3001\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u9000\u5316\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u5374\u8981\u6123\u4e00\u4e0b\u624d\u80fd\u60f3\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u7b49\u7ffb\u5230\u975e\u6bd4\u8f83\u6392\u5e8f\u90a3\u4e00\u5757\u2014\u2014\u8ba1\u6570\u6392\u5e8f\u3001\u57fa\u6570\u6392\u5e8f\u3001\u6876\u6392\u5e8f\u2014\u2014\u6211\u53d1\u73b0\u90a3\u5df2\u7ecf\u57fa\u672c\u662f\u4e00\u7247\u7a7a\u767d\u4e86\u3002\n","tags":["Algorithms","Sorting","Interview","Python"],"title":"\u6392\u5e8f\u7b97\u6cd5\u9762\u8bd5\u590d\u76d8\uff1a\u4e00\u4efd\u4ece\u5192\u6ce1\u5230 Timsort \u7684 Python \u53c2\u8003"},{"content":"\u524d\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u6211\u8fde\u7eed\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u51e0\u4e2a\u5f88\u706b\u7684\u4eba\u683c\u6d4b\u8bd5\u9879\u76ee\u3002\n\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u5927\u5bb6\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f88\u719f\u6089\u7684 MBTI \u98ce\u683c\u7f51\u7ad9\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 16personalities\uff0c\u6574\u4f53\u505a\u5f97\u7279\u522b\u5b8c\u6574\uff0c\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u5f88\u50cf\u67d0\u79cd\u4e25\u8083\u7684\u4eba\u683c\u6d4b\u8bc4\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u50cf SBTI \u8fd9\u79cd\u66f4\u62bd\u8c61\u3001\u66f4\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u3001\u66f4\u9002\u5408\u5728\u793e\u4ea4\u5a92\u4f53\u4e0a\u4f20\u6765\u4f20\u53bb\u7684\u6d4b\u8bd5\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u8fd8\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u7248\u7684\u8111\u6d1e\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 B \u7ad9\u4e0a\u6709\u4eba\u5728\u73a9\u201c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458 MBTI\u201d\u7684\u6897\uff0c\u4e5f\u770b\u4e86\u50cf cbti-test \u8fd9\u79cd\u628a\u6d4b\u8bd5\u505a\u6210\u7eaf\u524d\u7aef\u5c0f\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u3002\n\u770b\u7740\u770b\u7740\uff0c\u6211\u8111\u5b50\u91cc\u5c31\u5192\u51fa\u6765\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u6734\u7d20\u7684\u5ff5\u5934\uff1a\n\u8981\u4e0d\u6211\u4e5f\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u4eba\u683c\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff1f\n\u800c\u4e14\u4e0d\u662f\u90a3\u79cd\u968f\u4fbf\u62fc\u51e0\u4e2a\u6897\u3001\u505a\u4e2a\u51e0\u5206\u949f\u5c31\u770b\u817b\u4e86\u7684\u9875\u9762\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u60f3\u8ba4\u771f\u4e00\u70b9\u505a\uff1a\u8ba9\u5b83\u5916\u8868\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u50cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u4e25\u8083\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u6d4b\u8bc4\u7f51\u7ad9\uff0c\u4f46\u9898\u76ee\u548c\u7ed3\u679c\u5168\u90fd\u5728\u5f71\u5c04\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u65e5\u5e38\u90a3\u4e9b\u5f88\u5177\u4f53\u3001\u5f88\u79bb\u8c31\u3001\u4f46\u53c8\u786e\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e60\u60ef\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\u72b6\u6001\u3002\n\u6211\u771f\u6b63\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u90a3\u79cd\u201c\u5916\u8868\u8ba4\u771f\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0d\u6b63\u7ecf\u201d\u7684\u53cd\u5dee \u5982\u679c\u53ea\u662f\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u7248 MBTI\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u505a\u6210\u90a3\u79cd\u4f60\u770b\u5b8c\u54c8\u54c8\u4e00\u7b11\u3001\u622a\u56fe\u53d1\u7ed9\u670b\u53cb\u3001\u7136\u540e\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5929\u5c31\u5fd8\u4e86\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\n\u6211\u4e0d\u592a\u60f3\u53ea\u505c\u5728\u90a3\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\u3002\n\u6211\u66f4\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u611f\u89c9\uff1a\n\u9875\u9762\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u8981\u50cf\u771f\u7684 \u4ea4\u4e92\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u8981\u50cf\u771f\u7684 \u7ed3\u679c\u9875\u4e5f\u8981\u50cf\u771f\u7684 \u4f46\u4f60\u8ba4\u771f\u505a\u5b8c\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u5b83\u6d4b\u7684\u5168\u662f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u7279\u6709\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u72b6\u6001 \u6bd4\u5982\uff1a\n\u4f60\u5199\u4ee3\u7801\u5230\u5e95\u66f4\u4f9d\u8d56 AI\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u66f4\u4f9d\u8d56\u81ea\u5df1\u624b\u6572\uff1f \u4f60\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u90a3\u79cd\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u9700\u6c42\u4e5f\u60f3\u5148\u8bb2\u4e00\u8f6e\u67b6\u6784\u7684\u4eba\uff1f \u4f60\u6392\u67e5 Bug \u5230\u5e95\u662f\u7ffb\u65e5\u5fd7\u770b\u6e90\u7801\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5148\u6253\u4e00\u6392 console.log \u518d\u8bf4\uff1f \u4f60\u505a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u70ed\u7231\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u8bf4\u767d\u4e86\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86 TC\u3001\u4e3a\u4e86\u522b\u88ab PIP\u3001\u4e3a\u4e86\u51c6\u70b9\u4e0b\u73ed\uff1f \u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u4e00\u65e6\u8ba4\u771f\u60f3\u4e00\u60f3\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u90fd\u5f88\u6709\u201c\u4eba\u683c\u6d4b\u8bd5\u201d\u7684\u5473\u9053\u3002\n\u771f\u6b63\u82b1\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u5199\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u628a\u65b9\u5411\u8bb2\u6e05\u695a \u8fd9\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5176\u5b9e\u975e\u5e38\u6a21\u7cca\u3002\n\u6700\u65e9\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u611f\u89c9\uff1a\n\u6211\u60f3\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u4eba\u683c\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6700\u597d\u4e0d\u662f\u6cdb\u6cdb\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u66f4\u8d34\u8fd1\u5317\u7f8e\u534e\u4eba\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u3001\u6e7e\u533a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u3001Tech \u516c\u53f8\u6253\u5de5\u4eba\u90a3\u79cd\u8bed\u5883\u3002\n\u4f46\u53ea\u8981\u771f\u5f00\u59cb\u505a\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u4f1a\u5f88\u5feb\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u91cc\u9762\u6709\u4e00\u5806\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u53e5\u201c\u505a\u4e2a\u6d4b\u8bd5\u201d\u80fd\u7cca\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u3002\n\u6bd4\u5982\uff1a\n\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u5148\u505a\u4e2d\u6587\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u505a\u4e2d\u82f1\u53cc\u8bed\uff1f \u5230\u5e95\u8981\u4e0d\u8981\u7ee7\u7eed\u501f\u4f20\u7edf MBTI \u7684 E\/I\u3001S\/N\u3001T\/F\u3001J\/P\uff1f \u7ed3\u679c\u9875\u5e94\u8be5\u66f4\u50cf\u6b63\u5f0f\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u66f4\u50cf\u65b9\u4fbf\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u6d77\u62a5\uff1f \u524d\u7aef\u8981\u4e0d\u8981\u4e0a Router\uff1f \u90e8\u7f72\u5230\u5e95\u6302\u4e3b\u7ad9\u5b50\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5e72\u8106\u5355\u72ec\u5f00\u5b50\u57df\u540d\uff1f \u82f1\u6587\u7248\u8981\u4e0d\u8981\u5f3a\u884c\u76f4\u8bd1\u4e2d\u6587\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u8ba9\u5b83\u81ea\u5df1\u8bf4\u4eba\u8bdd\uff1f \u8fd9\u79cd\u95ee\u9898\u8868\u9762\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u90fd\u4e0d\u5927\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u76f4\u63a5\u51b3\u5b9a\u4f60\u6700\u540e\u505a\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u80fd\u8dd1\u7684\u5c0f\u73a9\u5177\u201d\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u81f3\u5c11\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u50cf\u5b8c\u6574\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\n\u8fd9\u6b21\u6211\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u6df1\u7684\u611f\u53d7\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\n\u771f\u6b63\u82b1\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5f88\u591a\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u7684\u53d6\u820d\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u8f6e\u4e00\u8f6e\u6765\u56de\u63b0\u6e05\u695a\u3002\n\u6709\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e00\u53e5\u6587\u6848\u8be5\u4e0d\u8be5\u66f4\u72e0\u4e00\u70b9\u3001\u7ed3\u679c\u6807\u9898\u8be5\u4e0d\u8be5\u66f4\u50cf\u7f51\u6897\u3001\u9898\u76ee\u5230\u5e95\u8981\u66f4\u50cf\u5fc3\u7406\u6d4b\u8bc4\u8fd8\u662f\u66f4\u50cf\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u95ee\u5377\u3002\n\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u542c\u4e0a\u53bb\u5f88\u865a\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u540e\u90fd\u4f1a\u975e\u5e38\u5177\u4f53\u5730\u5f71\u54cd\u6574\u4e2a\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u5473\u9053\u3002\n\u6700\u540e\u6211\u5b9a\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u5957\u53eb SHIP \u7684\u56db\u7ef4\u6846\u67b6 \u540e\u6765\u6211\u6ca1\u6709\u7ee7\u7eed\u6cbf\u7528\u4f20\u7edf MBTI \u7684\u56db\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u91cd\u65b0\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u66f4\u8d34\u8fd1\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u65e5\u5e38\u7684\u56db\u7ef4\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u540d\u5b57\u53eb SHIP\u3002\n\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7f29\u5199\u672c\u8eab\u633a\u987a\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4e5f\u5f88\u7b26\u5408\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u8bed\u5883\uff1a\u4f60\u5f00\u4e86\u534a\u5929\u4f1a\u3001\u5199\u4e86\u534a\u5929\u4ee3\u7801\u3001\u753b\u4e86\u534a\u5929 Design Doc\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u4e0d\u8fd8\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u628a\u4e1c\u897f ship \u51fa\u53bb\u3002\n\u8fd9\u56db\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u5206\u522b\u662f\uff1a\n1. Source\uff1a\u4f60\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f C = Copilot T = Typecraft \u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4f60\u66f4\u50cf\u54ea\u4e00\u79cd\u4eba\uff1a\n\u4e00\u770b\u5230\u810f\u6d3b\u7d2f\u6d3b\u5c31\u5148\u8ba9 Gemini\u3001Claude\u3001Copilot \u7ed9\u4f60\u5410\u4e2a\u9aa8\u67b6 \u8fd8\u662f\u54ea\u6015 AI \u5df2\u7ecf\u5199\u51fa\u6765\u4e86\uff0c\u4f60\u4e5f\u60f3\u81ea\u5df1\u624b\u6572\u4e00\u904d\u624d\u653e\u5fc3 2. Hierarchy\uff1a\u4f60\u5bf9\u67b6\u6784\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u5230\u5e95\u6709\u591a\u4e0a\u5934\uff1f O = Overdesign A = ASAP \u6709\u4e9b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u666e\u901a CRUD \u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u8111\u5b50\u91cc\u7b2c\u4e00\u53cd\u5e94\u662f\uff1a\nDecoupling Scalability HA Backward compatibility Platform \u7ea7\u901a\u7528\u670d\u52a1 \u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u60f3\u5230\u7684\u5219\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u53e5\uff1a\n\u4eca\u665a\u80fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u5148 Push to Prod\u3002\n3. Investigation\uff1a\u4f60\u6392\u67e5\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5230\u5e95\u504f\u7406\u6027\u8fd8\u662f\u504f\u7384\u5b66\uff1f L = Logic P = Pray \u6709\u7684\u4eba\u4e00\u51fa\u95ee\u9898\u5148\u7ffb\u65e5\u5fd7\u3001\u770b trace\u3001\u987a\u7740\u6e90\u7801\u5f80\u91cc\u6316\u3002\n\u8fd8\u6709\u7684\u4eba\u7b2c\u4e00\u53cd\u5e94\u662f\uff1a\n\u5148\u52a0\u51e0\u4e2a print \u5148\u91cd\u542f\u8bd5\u8bd5 \u5148\u5199\u4e2a\u515c\u5e95\u811a\u672c \u53ea\u8981\u670d\u52a1\u5148\u6062\u590d\u4e86\uff0c\u6839\u56e0\u4ee5\u540e\u518d\u8bf4 4. Purpose\uff1a\u4f60\u505a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff0c\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u5728\u8ffd\u6c42\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f G = Geek W = Worker \u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u771f\u7684\u4f1a\u5728\u5468\u672b\u81ea\u613f\u6298\u817e side project\u3001\u770b\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u65b0\u6846\u67b6\u3002\n\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5219\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u60c5\u9a71\u52a8\uff1a\nperf review promo PIP H1B \/ PERM layoff \u7126\u8651 \u51c6\u70b9\u4e0b\u73ed \u6211\u540e\u6765\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u89c9\u5f97\uff0c\u8fd9\u51e0\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u867d\u7136\u542c\u4e0a\u53bb\u50cf\u5728\u6574\u6d3b\uff0c\u4f46\u843d\u5230\u5177\u4f53\u9898\u76ee\u91cc\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u90fd\u5f88\u201c\u50cf\u771f\u7684\u201d\u3002\n\u7b97\u6cd5\u6211\u6545\u610f\u505a\u5f97\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4e0d\u60f3\u88c5\u795e\u5f04\u9b3c \u8fd9\u6b21\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u5176\u5b9e\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u660e\u786e\u7684\u504f\u597d\uff1a\n\u4e0d\u8981\u4e3a\u4e86\u663e\u5f97\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u800c\u6545\u610f\u505a\u590d\u6742\u3002\n\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u683c\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4f1a\u7528\u5404\u79cd\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u5f88\u9ad8\u6df1\u7684\u5411\u91cf\u5339\u914d\u3001\u8ddd\u79bb\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u4e4d\u4e00\u770b\u5f88\u5389\u5bb3\uff0c\u4f46\u653e\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u91cc\u6211\u53cd\u800c\u89c9\u5f97\u6ca1\u5fc5\u8981\u3002\n\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u5957\u4ea7\u54c1\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u53ea\u6709 4 \u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u3001\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6 2 \u6781\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6700\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\n\u6bcf\u9053\u9898\u53ea\u6253\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6 7 \u70b9\u91cf\u8868\u6620\u5c04\u6210 +3 \u5230 -3 \u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u5404\u81ea\u7d2f\u8ba1\u5206\u6570 \u5206\u6570\u6b63\u8d1f\u51b3\u5b9a\u6700\u7ec8\u5b57\u6bcd \u56db\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bcd\u62fc\u8d77\u6765\u5c31\u662f\u7ed3\u679c\u7801\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 CAPW \u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u597d\u5904\u4e5f\u5f88\u76f4\u63a5\uff1a\n\u8db3\u591f\u900f\u660e \u8db3\u591f\u5bb9\u6613\u89e3\u91ca \u5f88\u9002\u5408\u7ed3\u679c\u9875\u4e0a\u7684\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u6761 \u540e\u9762\u505a\u4e2d\u82f1\u53cc\u8bed\u65f6\uff0c\u903b\u8f91\u5c42\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u7528\u53d8 \u6211\u540e\u6765\u628a README \u4e5f\u4e13\u95e8\u8865\u5f97\u5f88\u8be6\u7ec6\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\u8fd9\u79cd\u9879\u76ee\u6700\u6015\u7684\u662f\uff1a\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u53ea\u662f\u4e2a\u6574\u6d3b\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u91cc\u9762\u5982\u679c\u5806\u592a\u591a\u6ca1\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u201c\u795e\u79d8\u903b\u8f91\u201d\uff0c\u540e\u9762\u8fde\u81ea\u5df1\u90fd\u4e0d\u60f3\u7ef4\u62a4\u3002\n\u6280\u672f\u67b6\u6784\u6700\u540e\u4e5f\u88ab\u6211\u6536\u5f97\u5f88\u514b\u5236 \u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7f51\u7ad9\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u50cf\u4e2a\u5b8c\u6574\u4ea7\u54c1\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u540e\u6211\u7684\u6280\u672f\u8def\u7ebf\u5176\u5b9e\u975e\u5e38\u514b\u5236\u3002\n\u6211\u6ca1\u6709\u628a\u5b83\u585e\u8fdb\u4e3b\u535a\u5ba2 repo \u91cc\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5355\u72ec\u5f00\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u4ed3\u5e93\uff0c\u518d\u5355\u72ec\u6302\u5230\u4e86\u5b50\u57df\u540d\u4e0a\uff1a\n\u4ee3\u7801\u4ed3\u5e93\u72ec\u7acb \u524d\u7aef\u7528 Vite + React \u7eaf\u9759\u6001\u90e8\u7f72 GitHub Pages \u514d\u8d39\u6258\u7ba1 \u5b50\u57df\u540d\u662f mbti.neilmin.com \u7136\u540e\u6211\u523b\u610f\u6ca1\u6709\u505a\u51e0\u4ef6\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u201c\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u66f4\u9ad8\u7ea7\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5b9e\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u6ca1\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u4e8b\uff1a\n\u4e0d\u4e0a React Router \u4e0d\u4e0a\u5b8c\u6574 i18n \u6846\u67b6 \u4e0d\u505a\u540e\u7aef \u4e0d\u505a\u6570\u636e\u5e93 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0d\u4e0a Router\uff1f 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replacement\u3002\n\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u539f\u6765\u90a3\u5957 busuanzi_* \u7684 HTML ID \u4f60\u51e0\u4e4e\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u52a8\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u65f6\u5019\u76f4\u63a5\u628a\u5f15\u5165\u7684 JS \u6362\u6389\u5c31\u80fd\u7ee7\u7eed\u8dd1\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u5df2\u7ecf\u63a5\u8fdb\u9875\u9762\u3001\u4f46\u4f60\u53c8\u4e0d\u60f3\u628a\u6a21\u677f\u5168\u90e8\u63a8\u7ffb\u91cd\u5199\u7684\u573a\u666f\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u771f\u7684\u5f88\u7701\u4e8b\u3002\nGiscus \u8bc4\u8bba\u7cfb\u7edf \u8bc4\u8bba\u533a\u8fd9\u5757\uff0c\u6211\u6700\u540e\u63a5\u7684\u662f Giscus\u3002\n\u6211\u633a\u559c\u6b22\u5b83\u7684\u601d\u8def\uff1a\u4e0d\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u518d\u989d\u5916\u517b\u4e00\u5957\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff0c\u5e95\u5c42\u76f4\u63a5\u628a\u8bc4\u8bba\u5b58\u5230 GitHub Discussions \u91cc\u3002\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u672c\u6765\u5c31\u4ee5 GitHub 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\u6700\u5f00\u59cb\u6211\u53ea\u662f\u60f3\u53d1\u4e00\u7bc7\u6280\u672f\u6587\u7ae0\u3002\n\u7ed3\u679c\u6700\u540e\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\uff1a\n\u642d Hugo \u63a5 PaperMod \u914d\u53cc\u8bed \u914d\u641c\u7d22 \u914d GitHub Pages \u4e70\u57df\u540d \u63a5\u7edf\u8ba1 \u63a5\u8bc4\u8bba\u533a \u8c03\u80cc\u666f\u52a8\u753b \u8c03\u4ea4\u4e92\u624b\u611f 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\u7684\u6280\u672f\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u5df2\u7ecf\u771f\u7684\u53d1\u51fa\u6765\u4e86\u3002\n\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7f51\u7ad9\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u4e5f\u7b97\u662f\u90a3\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u987a\u624b\u5e26\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u526f\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002\n\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u6070\u597d\u5237\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u7bc7\u590d\u76d8\uff0c\u6b22\u8fce\u4f60\u6ed1\u5230\u6700\u4e0b\u9762\uff0c\u7528 GitHub \u8d26\u53f7\u767b\u5f55\u8bc4\u8bba\u533a\uff0c\u7ed9\u6211\u7559\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ddf\u6211\u6253\u4e2a\u62db\u547c\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u987a\u624b\u5e2e\u6211\u6d4b\u6d4b\u8fd9\u5957\u7cfb\u7edf\u5230\u5e95\u7a33\u4e0d\u7a33\u3002\n\u6bd5\u7adf\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ad9\u867d\u7136\u73b0\u5728\u5df2\u7ecf\u633a\u50cf\u6837\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u7684\u51fa\u8eab\uff0c\u8bf4\u5230\u5e95\u8fd8\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u6734\u7d20\uff1a\n\u6211\u53ea\u662f\u60f3\u627e\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u597d\u597d\u628a\u4e00\u7bc7\u503c\u5f97\u8bb0\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u53d1\u51fa\u53bb\u3002\n","permalink":"https:\/\/neilmin.com\/zh\/posts\/building-my-hugo-blog-with-github-pages\/","summary":"\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u8bf4\u767d\u4e86\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e70\u4e00\u76d8\u918b\uff0c\u5305\u4e86\u4e00\u987f\u997a\u5b50\u201d\u3002\n\u4e4b\u524d\u6211\u78b0\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u522b\u51b7\u95e8\u3001\u4e5f\u6bd4\u8f83\u96be\u89e3\u51b3\u7684 Bug\u3002Stack Overflow \u548c Google \u4e0a\u90fd\u7ffb\u4e0d\u51fa\u51e0\u6761\u771f\u6b63\u6709\u7528\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u6700\u540e\u8fd8\u662f\u786c\u9760\u81ea\u5df1\u4e00\u70b9\u4e00\u70b9\u6b7b\u78d5\uff0c\u624d\u7ec8\u4e8e\u628a\u95ee\u9898\u89e3\u51b3\u3002\n","tags":[],"title":"\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e00\u76d8\u918b\u5305\u987f\u997a\u5b50\uff1a\u6211\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u7528 Vibe Coding \u624b\u6413\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e2a\u535a\u5ba2\u7f51\u7ad9\u7684"},{"content":"\u4e4b\u524d\u6211\u4eec\u78b0\u5230\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u522b\u6709\u610f\u601d\u7684 customer issue\u3002\u5ba2\u6237\u90a3\u8fb9\u4e00\u7528 pg_dump \u751f\u6210 backup file\uff0c\u4efb\u52a1\u8dd1\u7740\u8dd1\u7740\u5c31\u4f1a\u76f4\u63a5\u62a5\u9519\uff1a\npg_dump: error: could not open output file: No space left on device \u521a\u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u62a5\u9519\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u5fc3\u91cc\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u5f88\u653e\u677e\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u592a\u50cf\u6807\u51c6\u9898\u4e86\uff0c\u65e0\u975e\u5c31\u662f\u78c1\u76d8\u4e0d\u591f\u5927\uff0c\u6269\u5bb9\u4e00\u4e0b\u5c31\u884c\u3002\n\u8be1\u5f02\u7684\u5f00\u7aef\uff1a\u6c38\u8fdc\u586b\u4e0d\u6ee1\u7684\u201c\u9ed1\u6d1e\u201d \u6700\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff1a\u5148\u52a0\u78c1\u76d8 \u5ba2\u6237\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a TB\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u56fe\u7701\u4e8b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\u6839\u672c\u6ca1\u591a\u60f3\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u628a\u76ee\u6807\u5907\u4efd\u78c1\u76d8\u6269\u5230 10 TB\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u8fd9\u79cd\u573a\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u5148\u770b\u4e00\u4e0b\u78c1\u76d8\u7a7a\u95f4\uff1a\ndf -h \u6211\u5f53\u65f6\u771f\u7684\u662f\u62b1\u7740\u201c\u8fd9\u4e0b\u603b\u8be5\u597d\u4e86\u5427\u201d\u7684\u5fc3\u6001\u53bb\u91cd\u65b0\u8dd1 pg_dump \u7684\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u5c45\u7136\u53c8\u5931\u8d25\u4e86\u3002\n\u8fd9\u65f6\u5019\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u6ca1\u5b8c\u5168\u8b66\u89c9\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u89c9\u5f97\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8 10 TB \u8fd8\u662f\u4e0d\u591f\uff1f\u4e8e\u662f\u53c8\u7ee7\u7eed\u52a0\uff0c\u4e00\u8def\u52a0\u5230\u4e86 20 \u591a TB\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u518d\u8dd1\u4e00\u6b21\u3002\n\u7ed3\u679c\u8fd8\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a error message\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5931\u8d25\u3002\n\u8fd9\u4e0b\u5c31\u4e0d\u5bf9\u52b2\u4e86\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u78c1\u76d8\u4e0d\u591f\u5927\u201d\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e86\u3002df -h \u660e\u660e\u663e\u793a\u8fd8\u6709\u5f88\u591a Free Space\uff0c\u4f46\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c31\u662f\u6267\u610f\u544a\u8bc9\u4f60\uff1aNo space left on device\u3002\n\u5230\u8fd9\u91cc\u6211\u57fa\u672c\u5c31\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u62a5\u9519\u4e00\u5b9a\u6ca1\u6709\u5b57\u9762\u4e0a\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u90a3\u4e48\u7b80\u5355\u3002\n\u987a\u85e4\u6478\u74dc\uff1a\u6f5c\u85cf\u7684 2 \u4ebf\u4e2a Large Object \u65e2\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u786c\u4ef6\u8d44\u6e90\u67af\u7aed\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u53ea\u80fd\u5f00\u59cb\u7ffb\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u672c\u8eab\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5148\u68c0\u67e5\u6570\u636e\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5176\u5b9e\u4e5f\u6ca1\u53d1\u73b0\u4ec0\u4e48\u7279\u522b\u5947\u602a\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff1a\u6ca1\u6709\u6781\u5ea6\u81a8\u80c0\u7684 TOAST data\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u5f02\u5e38\u7684 highly compressed data\u3002\n\u540e\u6765\u624d\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u4e0d\u5bfb\u5e38\u7684\u70b9\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5ba2\u6237\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u91cc\u6709\u6d77\u91cf\u7684 Large Object\u3002\n\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f PostgreSQL \u7684 Large Object\uff1f \u5728 PostgreSQL \u4e2d\uff0cLarge Object\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0 LO\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4e13\u95e8\u7528\u6765\u5b58\u50a8\u5927\u578b\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u56fe\u7247\u3001\u97f3\u9891\u3001\u6587\u6863\u7684\u673a\u5236\u3002\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u7c7b\u4f3c\u6587\u4ef6\u8bfb\u5199\u7684 API\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 open\u3001read\u3001write\u3001seek\u3002\n\u5f53\u4f60\u4f7f\u7528 pg_dump \u5e76\u6307\u5b9a Directory Format\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f -Fd \u65f6\uff0cpg_dump \u4f1a\u4e3a\u8868\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u6570\u636e\u751f\u6210\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8fd8\u4f1a\u4e3a\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a Large Object \u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u7684 dump file\u3002\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5 LO \u7684 OID\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\nblob_12345.dat \u6b63\u5e38\u4eba\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\u4e00\u822c\u662f\u5b58\u4e00\u4e9b\u5f88\u5927\u7684 object\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6570\u91cf\u4e0d\u4f1a\u592a\u5938\u5f20\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5ba2\u6237\u521a\u597d\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5b58\u4e86\u8d85\u8fc7 2 \u4ebf\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u5c0f\u7684 Large Object\u3002\n\u95ee\u9898\u4e5f\u5c31\u51fa\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u3002pg_dump \u663e\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u9488\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u6570\u91cf\u6781\u5927\u3001\u4f53\u79ef\u6781\u5c0f\u201d\u7684 LO \u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u5f0f\u505a\u7279\u6b8a\u4f18\u5316\uff0c\u5b83\u8fd8\u662f\u6cbf\u7528\u539f\u672c\u7684\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u8001\u8001\u5b9e\u5b9e\u5730\u7ed9\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a LO \u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\n\u672c\u5730\u590d\u73b0\uff1a\u7a81\u7834 1400 \u4e07\u7684\u7ed3\u754c \u6000\u7591\u662f\u8fd9 2 \u4ebf\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u5728\u672c\u5730\u5c3d\u91cf\u6a21\u62df\u5ba2\u6237\u73af\u5883\u5f00\u59cb\u6d4b\u8bd5\u3002\n\u7ed3\u679c\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u590d\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u4e86\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u590d\u73b0\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u76ef\u7740\u5907\u4efd\u8fdb\u7a0b\u8dd1\uff0c\u6162\u6162\u53d1\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u522b\u5173\u952e\u7684\u7ebf\u7d22\uff1a\u6bcf\u6b21\u62a5\u9519\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u8f93\u51fa\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u6570\u91cf\u90fd\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u505c\u5728 1400 \u4e07\u4e2a\u5de6\u53f3\u3002\n\u6211\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u76f4\u89c9\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u662f\u4e0d\u662f inode \u88ab\u7528\u5b8c\u4e86\uff1f\n\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728 Linux \u91cc\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u90fd\u8981\u5360\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a inode\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6587\u4ef6\u53c8\u591a\u53c8\u5c0f\uff0c\u5c31\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u51fa\u73b0\u201c\u78c1\u76d8\u5bb9\u91cf\u8fd8\u6ca1\u7528\u5b8c\uff0c\u4f46 inode \u5148\u8017\u5c3d\u201d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u7b2c\u4e00\u65f6\u95f4\u67e5\u4e86\uff1a\ndf -i \u7ed3\u679c\u4e00\u770b\uff0c\u4e0d\u5bf9\u3002inode \u8fd8\u5269\u5f88\u591a\u3002\n\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u4e00\u8def\u6392\u67e5\u522b\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff1a\u662f\u4e0d\u662f container \u7684\u9650\u5236\uff1f\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u8fdb\u7a0b\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 ulimit -a\uff1f\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u67d0\u79cd system-level resource \u88ab\u6084\u6084\u6253\u6ee1\u4e86\uff1f\n\u4f46\u67e5\u6765\u67e5\u53bb\uff0c\u5168\u90e8\u90fd\u6b63\u5e38\u3002\n\u552f\u4e00\u8ba9\u6211\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5728\u610f\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u90a3\u4e2a 1400 \u4e07\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u9608\u503c\u3002\u6bcf\u6b21\u90fd\u50cf\u649e\u5230\u4e00\u5835\u770b\u4e0d\u89c1\u7684\u5899\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u91cc\u5c31\u6b7b\u3002\n\u771f\u76f8\u5927\u767d\uff1aEXT4 \u7684 HTree \u4e0e\u54c8\u5e0c\u51b2\u7a81 \u5e26\u7740\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c1400 \u4e07\u6587\u4ef6\u7ed3\u754c\u201d\uff0c\u6211\u67e5\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u4e5f\u53bb\u95ee\u4e86\u66f4\u61c2 Linux \u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u7ec8\u4e8e\u628a root cause \u6316\u51fa\u6765\u4e86\uff1a\u95ee\u9898\u51fa\u5728 EXT4 \u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u7d22\u5f15\u673a\u5236\u4e0a\u3002\n\u6df1\u5165\u5e95\u5c42\uff1aEXT4 \u7684 HTree \u9650\u5236\u4e0e Hash Collision \u5728 Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u76ee\u5f55\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u91cc\u9762\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u5b83\u6240\u5305\u542b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5b50\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u79f0\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684 inode \u6307\u9488\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u542b\u6570\u767e\u4e07\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u5feb\u901f\u67e5\u627e\u5230\u7279\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0cEXT4 \u9ed8\u8ba4\u4f7f\u7528\u57fa\u4e8e\u54c8\u5e0c\u7684\u6811\u72b6\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f HTree\uff0c\u6765\u7ed9\u76ee\u5f55\u5efa\u7acb\u7d22\u5f15\u3002\n\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u7684 EXT4 HTree \u6df1\u5ea6\u662f\u6709\u9650\u7684\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u53ea\u6709 2 \u5c42\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u5f80\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u5939\u91cc\u65e0\u8111\u585e\u5165\u4e0a\u5343\u4e07\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u65f6\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u751f\u6210\u7684 hash \u503c\u7a7a\u95f4\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u5f00\u59cb\u53d1\u751f\u4e25\u91cd\u7684 hash collision\u3002\u5f53\u67d0\u4e2a hash bucket \u88ab\u586b\u6ee1\uff0c\u800c HTree \u53c8\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fbe\u5230\u6df1\u5ea6\u9650\u5236\u3001\u65e0\u6cd5\u7ee7\u7eed\u5206\u88c2\u65f6\uff0c\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c31\u4f1a\u62d2\u7edd\u5199\u5165\u65b0\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u5411\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd4\u56de ENOSPC\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f No space left on device\u3002\n\u8fd9\u5c31\u5b8c\u7f8e\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u6bcf\u6b21\u90fd\u5728 1400 \u4e07\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u65f6\u5d29\u6e83\uff1a\u56e0\u4e3a pg_dump \u6bcf\u6b21\u90fd\u662f\u6309\u987a\u5e8f\u751f\u6210\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u53c8\u662f\u7531 LO ID \u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u547d\u540d\u6a21\u5f0f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u751f\u6210\u5230\u67d0\u4e00\u7c7b\u7279\u5b9a\u540d\u5b57\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5b83\u90fd\u4f1a\u8d70\u8fdb\u540c\u4e00\u6761\u51b2\u7a81\u8def\u5f84\u91cc\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u975e\u5e38\u7a33\u5b9a\u5730\u649e\u5899\u3002\n\u8bf4\u5b9e\u8bdd\uff0c\u67e5\u5230\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u90a3\u79cd\u611f\u89c9\u8fd8\u633a\u723d\u7684\u3002\u524d\u9762\u4e00\u76f4\u50cf\u5728\u9ed1\u5c4b\u5b50\u91cc\u4e71\u6478\uff0c\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u523b\uff0c\u7ec8\u4e8e\u201c\u6886\u201d\u5730\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u73b0\u8c61\u5168\u90fd\u80fd\u5bf9\u4e0a\u4e86\u3002\n\u7834\u5c40\u4e4b\u9053\uff1a\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1f \u4e00\u65e6\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4e86 root cause\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u8d77\u6765\u5c31\u6709\u660e\u786e\u65b9\u5411\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u4e09\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\u5165\u624b\u3002\n1. \u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5907\u4efd\u5c42\u9762\uff1a\u5206\u79bb dump \u65e2\u7136 Directory Format \u4f1a\u628a\u6240\u6709 LO \u90fd\u585e\u8fdb\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u5939\u91cc\uff0c\u90a3\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u8868\u6570\u636e\u548c Large Object \u5206\u5f00\u5904\u7406\uff1a\n\u666e\u901a\u6570\u636e\u4f9d\u7136\u4f7f\u7528 Directory Format\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f -Fd\uff0c\u4f46\u6392\u9664 LO\u3002 Large Object \u5355\u72ec\u5bfc\u51fa\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4f7f\u7528 plain SQL \u6216 custom format\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5c31\u907f\u514d\u751f\u6210\u6570\u4ee5\u4ebf\u8ba1\u7684\u5c0f\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 \u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528 --no-blobs \u6392\u9664\u5927\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5355\u72ec\u5bfc\u51fa\u5927\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\n\u5f53\u65f6\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u662f\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848.\n2. OS \u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c42\u9762\uff1a\u5f00\u542f large_dir \u5176\u5b9e\u73b0\u5728\u7684 EXT4 \u5df2\u7ecf\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6781\u7aef\u573a\u666f\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u53eb large_dir \u7684 feature\u3002\u5f00\u542f\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5b83\u652f\u6301 3 \u5c42\u6df1\u5ea6\u7684 HTree\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5141\u8bb8\u76ee\u5f55\u5927\u5c0f\u7a81\u7834 2 GB\uff0c\u54c8\u5e0c\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u6982\u7387\u4f1a\u5927\u5927\u964d\u4f4e\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6d88\u9664\u5355\u76ee\u5f55 1400 \u4e07\u6587\u4ef6\u8fd9\u4e2a\u74f6\u9888\u3002\n\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u4e3a\u78c1\u76d8\u5f00\u542f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u80fd\u529b\uff1a\n# \u5f00\u542f\u524d\u5148 umount \u78c1\u76d8 umount \/dev\/sdX # \u5f00\u542f large_dir \u7279\u6027 tune2fs -O large_dir \/dev\/sdX # \u68c0\u67e5\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5e76\u91cd\u65b0\u6302\u8f7d e2fsck -f \/dev\/sdX mount \/dev\/sdX \/backup_dir 3. \u67b6\u6784\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5c42\u9762\uff1a\u76ee\u5f55\u5206\u7247 \u5982\u679c\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u5f00\u53d1\u4e2d\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e1a\u52a1\u786e\u5b9e\u9700\u8981\u5c06\u6570\u5343\u4e07\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u6587\u4ef6\u5b58\u653e\u5728\u78c1\u76d8\u4e0a\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u628a\u5b83\u4eec\u5168\u90e8\u585e\u8fdb\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u5939\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u5371\u9669\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5f00\u542f\u4e86 large_dir\uff0c\u50cf ls \u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u975e\u5e38\u5361\u3002\n\u4e1a\u754c\u66f4\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u662f\uff1a\u6839\u636e\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u7684 hash \u503c\u6216 ID \u8fdb\u884c\u76ee\u5f55\u5206\u7247\u3002\n\u4e3e\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u67d0\u4e2a Large Object \u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u53eb\uff1a\n1234567.dat \u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u5207\u5206\u8def\u5f84\uff1a\n\u524d\u4e24\u4f4d 12 \u4f5c\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u5c42\u76ee\u5f55 \u4e09\u56db\u4f4d 34 \u4f5c\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5c42\u76ee\u5f55 \u6700\u7ec8\u8def\u5f84\u5c31\u53d8\u6210\uff1a\n\/backup_dir\/12\/34\/1234567.dat \u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5343\u4e07\u7ea7\u6587\u4ef6\u4f1a\u88ab\u5747\u5300\u6253\u6563\u5230\u6210\u5343\u4e0a\u4e07\u4e2a\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u6570\u90fd\u80fd\u4fdd\u6301\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u4f4e\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u4ece\u6839\u6e90\u4e0a\u89c4\u907f\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u74f6\u9888\u3002\n\u6700\u540e \u56de\u5934\u770b\u8fd9\u6b21\u6392\u67e5\uff0c\u6211\u8fd8\u662f\u4f1a\u89c9\u5f97\u5b83\u7279\u522b\u50cf\u90a3\u79cd\u5f88\u5178\u578b\u7684 debug \u8fc7\u7a0b\uff1a\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u4f60\u89c9\u5f97\u8fd9\u9898\u592a\u7b80\u5355\u4e86\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6709\u70b9\u4e0d\u5c51\u4e00\u987e\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u8d8a\u67e5\u8d8a\u53d1\u73b0\u4e8b\u60c5\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f60\u60f3\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u3002\n\u6700\u5f00\u59cb\u6211\u4eec\u771f\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u60f3\u201c\u7ed9\u76d8\u52a0\u5927\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0d\u5c31\u597d\u4e86\u201d\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u4ece 10 TB \u52a0\u5230 20 \u591a TB\uff0c\u95ee\u9898\u8fd8\u539f\u5730\u4e0d\u52a8\u5730\u6446\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u3002\u7136\u540e\u4f60\u5f00\u59cb\u6000\u7591 inode\uff0c\u6000\u7591 container\uff0c\u6000\u7591 process limit\uff0c\u6000\u7591\u5404\u79cd system-level resource\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u90fd\u67e5\u4e86\u4e00\u904d\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u90fd\u4e0d\u50cf\u3002\n\u6700\u540e\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5c45\u7136\u85cf\u5728 EXT4 \u76ee\u5f55\u7d22\u5f15\u548c\u54c8\u5e0c\u51b2\u7a81\u8fd9\u79cd\u5e73\u65f6\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53bb\u60f3\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u90a3\u4e00\u523b\u5176\u5b9e\u8fd8\u633a\u6709\u610f\u601d\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u524d\u9762\u6240\u6709\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u5f88\u788e\u3001\u5f88\u4e71\u3001\u5f88\u83ab\u540d\u5176\u5999\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u7a81\u7136\u4e00\u4e0b\u5b50\u5c31\u90fd\u8fde\u8d77\u6765\u4e86\u3002\n\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u540e\u6765\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u89c9\u5f97\uff0c\u6392\u67e5\u8fd9\u79cd\u95ee\u9898\u6700\u6709\u610f\u601d\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u201c\u628a bug \u4fee\u6389\u4e86\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f60\u4f1a\u88ab\u903c\u7740\u91cd\u65b0\u7406\u89e3\u4e00\u4e9b\u539f\u6765\u89c9\u5f97\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u50cf\u8fd9\u6b21\u8fd9\u4e2a\u62a5\u9519\u5c31\u662f\u4e2a\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1aNo space left on device\uff0c\u542c\u8d77\u6765\u7279\u522b\u76f4\u63a5\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u771f\u6b63\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u53ef\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u662f\u4f60\u7b2c\u4e00\u773c\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u610f\u601d\u3002\n\u5982\u679c\u4ee5\u540e\u4f60\u4e5f\u9047\u5230\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u660e\u660e\u8fd8\u6709\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u5374\u600e\u4e48\u90fd\u5199\u4e0d\u8fdb\u53bb\u201d\u7684\u573a\u666f\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u4f60\u522b\u6025\u7740\u88ab error message \u5e26\u8dd1\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u90fd\u85cf\u5f97\u6bd4\u62a5\u9519\u672c\u8eab\u6df1\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\n","permalink":"https:\/\/neilmin.com\/zh\/posts\/linux-disk-bug-triage\/","summary":"\u4e4b\u524d\u6211\u4eec\u78b0\u5230\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u522b\u6709\u610f\u601d\u7684 customer issue\u3002\u5ba2\u6237\u90a3\u8fb9\u4e00\u7528 pg_dump \u751f\u6210 backup file\uff0c\u4efb\u52a1\u8dd1\u7740\u8dd1\u7740\u5c31\u4f1a\u76f4\u63a5\u62a5\u9519\uff1a\npg_dump: error: could not open output file: No space left on device \u521a\u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u62a5\u9519\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u5fc3\u91cc\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u5f88\u653e\u677e\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u592a\u50cf\u6807\u51c6\u9898\u4e86\uff0c\u65e0\u975e\u5c31\u662f\u78c1\u76d8\u4e0d\u591f\u5927\uff0c\u6269\u5bb9\u4e00\u4e0b\u5c31\u884c\u3002\n","tags":[],"title":"\u660e\u660e\u8fd8\u6709 20TB \u7a7a\u95f4\uff0cPostgreSQL \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8fd8\u5728\u62a5 \u201cNo space left on device\u201d\uff1f"},{"content":"\u4e00\u4e2a MBTI \u98ce\u683c\u7684\u5c0f\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff0c\u6d4b\u6d4b\u4f60\u662f\u54ea\u4e00\u79cd\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u4eba\u683c\u3002 Hugo GitHub Actions Web UI","permalink":"https:\/\/neilmin.com\/zh\/projects\/#programmer-mbti-test","summary":"\u4e00\u4e2a MBTI \u98ce\u683c\u7684\u5c0f\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff0c\u6d4b\u6d4b\u4f60\u662f\u54ea\u4e00\u79cd\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u4eba\u683c\u3002","tags":["Hugo","GitHub Actions","Web UI"],"title":"\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458 MBTI \u6d4b\u8bd5"},{"content":"\u7528\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u66ff\u6362\u539f\u5531\uff0c\u505a\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u4e00\u7ec4 AI \u7ffb\u5531\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002 Python PyTorch AI Tuning Audio Processing","permalink":"https:\/\/neilmin.com\/zh\/projects\/#ai-cover-songs","summary":"\u7528\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u66ff\u6362\u539f\u5531\uff0c\u505a\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u4e00\u7ec4 AI \u7ffb\u5531\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002","tags":["Python","PyTorch","AI Tuning","Audio Processing"],"title":"AI \u7ffb\u5531\u6b4c\u66f2"}]