M ost studies investigating the relationship between emotion and memory in adults have used colle... more M ost studies investigating the relationship between emotion and memory in adults have used college students as participants. However, the impact of emotion on memory may change across the adult life span. Compared with younger adults, older adults exhibit deficits in many ...
Abrupt industrialization, urbanization, and the emergence of the nuclear family have contributed ... more Abrupt industrialization, urbanization, and the emergence of the nuclear family have contributed to the increase of single-person households, placing an emphasis on individualization in society. Because of such changes, more people are living alone and feeling lonely, alienated from society and family. This research examined the association between loneliness and age-friendly environment, a community equipped with policies, settings, services, and structures that promote active ageing and aging-in-place, with the mediating roles of social support and sense of community. The study analyzed a total of 590 respondents aged 45 and above using data from the age integration survey conducted by the OO Research Institute of South Korea. Structural equation modelling and the bootstrapping method were applied. Age-friendly environment was positively associated with social support (β=0.310,p=0.000) and sense of community (β=0.486,p=0.000). Social support was negatively associated with loneliness (β=-0.195,p=0.000). The full mediation effect of social support was observed in the pathway from age-friendly environment to loneliness (95% CI = [̶ 0.112, -0.028]). Social support was fundamental in lowering loneliness, and age-friendly environment could only reduce loneliness by following a pathway that enhances social support. In other words, despite how well an agefriendly environment is established, it would not decrease an individual's loneliness unless it also enhances social support level. This finding sheds importance in maintaining satisfactory relationships that enable sharing of feelings, and fulfilling emotional and social needs in lowering loneliness. Measures to increase social support level within community are suggested.
Background and Objectives: As informal caregiving becomes prevalent, its consequences for caregiv... more Background and Objectives: As informal caregiving becomes prevalent, its consequences for caregivers' cognitive and socioemotional functioning gain more importance for society. There are inconsistent findings regarding the direction of the impact of caregiving-whether caregiving maintains or compromises functioning-and the impact of time-whether the effects accumulate or are stable. In this study, we elucidated 3 time effects of caregiving-concurrent, cumulative, and lagged effects-on cognitive and socioemotional functioning. Research Design and Methods: We used data from Wave 1 (2002)(2003) to Wave 8 (2016-2017) in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) and latent growth curve models with the time-varying predictor to investigate 3 time effects of caregiving on cognitive function (memory and executive function) and well-being (life satisfaction and quality of life). Results: Over and beyond age effects, current caregiving (concurrent effect) was related to worse well-being and better delayed recall. Little robust cumulative effect was found on cognition and well-being. In addition, there were significant and differential lagged effects of caregiving after controlling for concurrent and cumulative effects; that is, caregiving was related to worse well-being and better memory functioning 2-4 years later. Discussion and Implications: The differential concurrent and lagged effects of caregiving on cognitive and socioemotional functioning suggest separate mechanisms for different domains of functioning. The nonsignificant cumulative effects but significant lagged effects imply that even one-time caregiving has long-term (2-4 years) consequences for the caregiver's future functioning, and the mechanism of long-term caregiving effects may be more qualitative than quantitative.
Compromised Cognitive Functioning and Well-Being in Informal Caregiving? Caregiving Duration Matters!
Innovation in Aging, Nov 1, 2018
As the prevalence of informal caregiving increases, the consequences of long-term caregiving on c... more As the prevalence of informal caregiving increases, the consequences of long-term caregiving on caregivers’ cognitive and socioemotional functioning gain more importance for society. Consistent with the stress process model, caregivers tend to report poor health and socioemotional outcomes due to higher rates of stress. However, this negative view of caregiving was challenged by healthy caregiving hypothesis and recent data showing that caregiving might enhance or maintain cognitive functioning and decrease rates of mortality and functional health. Therefore, we theorize that the duration of caregiving–from the transition into caregiving to long-term caregiving–modulates the potential beneficial and detrimental effects. Using data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), caregiving was assessed in wave 2 (2004–2005) to wave 8 (2016–2017). MANOVAs and latent state models were used to investigate the impact of caregiving duration (0 years, 0–2 years, 2–4 years, >4 years) on cognitive function (i.e., memory and executive function) and well-being (i.e., life satisfaction and quality of life). As expected, caregiving for more than 4 years (p < .01) had a negative impact on well-being. In contrast, caregiving for 2–4 years was associated with better immediate (p < .05) and delayed recall (p < .05) than non-caregivers suggesting a U-shaped relation between caregiving duration and cognitive functioning. Consistent with expectations, caregiving duration had a differential impact on cognitive and emotional functioning suggesting that different mechanisms – such as stress, cognitive and physical engagement – may influence caregiving experiences. Future research may benefit from investigating its underlying mechanisms.
The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, May 21, 2022
Objectives: With advancing age, older drivers experience greater fatal crash risks due to age-rel... more Objectives: With advancing age, older drivers experience greater fatal crash risks due to age-related declines in cognitive and physical capabilities. Being informed of the age-related increased risks could help older drivers form compensatory strategies and determine when to seek further help to stay on the road safely for longer. Using a self-report assessment tool, the Attentional Failure during Driving Questionnaire (AFDQ), we examined older drivers' experience of various attentional failures during daily driving and how the measures could predict their crash risks. Methods: We used a new methodological approach distinguishing the occurrences of attentional failures during driving and the frequency of those occurrences. The individuals' AFDQ occurrence and frequency scores were compared with prior driving outcomes and simulated driving performance. Results: Unlike middle-aged drivers, frequency rather than occurrence of attentional failures was a significant predictor of prior traffic violations and crashes among older drivers. Also, attentional failures, but not chronological age, predicted older drivers' crash risks. AFDQ frequency was also associated with older drivers' poorer performance in simulated driving. Discussion: The findings suggest that the self-report assessment for attention-related driving failures can predict older drivers' crash risks. Furthermore, the two-part approach of AFDQ provides an opportunity to do a more comprehensive investigation of the associations between attentional declines and crash risks among older drivers.
International Journal of Science Education, Nov 3, 2019
This study explores the influence of cognitive (knowledge and certainty) and psychosocial (social... more This study explores the influence of cognitive (knowledge and certainty) and psychosocial (social norms and efficacy) variables on youth's climate change-related behaviour, with the aim to create an empirically supported theoretical model for youth's choice to take action to mitigate climate change. This surveybased research was conducted with 453 middle and high school students within a large urban area of the western United States. Through structural equation modelling, it was found that knowledge about climate change causes and effects was a weak predictor of behaviour. Whereas social norms accepting of climate change, and the paths from social norms via efficacy and certainty, were strong predictors of behaviour. Certainty of human attribution and efficacy were rather weak predictors, mediating the influence of knowledge and norms. Students' grade level, participation in clubs and number of science classes primarily affected knowledge and social norms. An implication of this study is that if action-taking is an intended outcome of climate change education efforts, then the learning activities should address efficacy and social norms.
Background and Objectives As informal caregiving becomes prevalent, its consequences for caregive... more Background and Objectives As informal caregiving becomes prevalent, its consequences for caregivers’ cognitive and socioemotional functioning gain more importance for society. There are inconsistent findings regarding the direction of the impact of caregiving—whether caregiving maintains or compromises functioning—and the impact of time—whether the effects accumulate or are stable. In this study, we elucidated 3 time effects of caregiving—concurrent, cumulative, and lagged effects—on cognitive and socioemotional functioning. Research Design and Methods We used data from Wave 1 (2002–2003) to Wave 8 (2016–2017) in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) and latent growth curve models with the time-varying predictor to investigate 3 time effects of caregiving on cognitive function (memory and executive function) and well-being (life satisfaction and quality of life). Results Over and beyond age effects, current caregiving (concurrent effect) was related to worse well-being and...
Objectives With advancing age, older drivers experience greater fatal crash risks due to age-rela... more Objectives With advancing age, older drivers experience greater fatal crash risks due to age-related declines in cognitive and physical capabilities. Being informed of the age-related increased risks could help older drivers form compensatory strategies and determine when to seek further help to stay on the road safely for longer. Using a self-report assessment tool, the Attentional Failure during Driving Questionnaire (AFDQ), we examined older drivers’ experience of various attentional failures during daily driving and how the measures could predict their crash risks. Methods We used a new methodological approach distinguishing the occurrences of attentional failures during driving and the frequency of those occurrences. The individuals’ AFDQ occurrence and frequency scores were compared with prior driving outcomes and simulated driving performance. Results Unlike middle-aged drivers, frequency rather than occurrence of attentional failures was a significant predictor of prior traf...
Moral Judgments and Social Stereotypes: Do the Age and Gender of the Perpetrator and the Victim Matter?
We investigated how moral judgments were influenced by (a) the age and gender of the moral perpet... more We investigated how moral judgments were influenced by (a) the age and gender of the moral perpetrator and victim, (b) the moral judge's benevolent ageism and benevolent sexism, and (c) the moral judge's gender. By systematically manipulating the age and gender of the perpetrators and victims in moral scenarios, participants in two studies made judgments about the moral transgressions. We found that (a) people made more negative judgments when the victims were old or female rather than young or male, (b) benevolent ageism influenced people's judgments about young versus old perpetrators, and (c) people had differential moral expectations of perpetrators who belonged to their same-gender group versus opposite-gender group. The findings suggest that age and gender stereotypes are so salient to bias people's moral judgments even when the transgression is undoubtedly intentional and hostile.
Objectives: As an inevitable part of daily life, solitude has both positive and negative conseque... more Objectives: As an inevitable part of daily life, solitude has both positive and negative consequences which are moderated by one’s motivation for solitude. Self-determined motivation correlates with few psychological risks, whereas other-determined motivation correlates with higher risks (e.g., loneliness, depression, lower well-being). However, little is known about the antecedents of different motivations for solitude. The purpose of this study is to investigate the antecedents of motivation for solitude in a sample with younger, middle-aged, and older adults. Methods: We recruited 468 participants from Amazon Mechanical Turk and Introduction to Psychology class (age range: 17-70, M = 30.7, 50.4 % females). Preference and motivation for solitude were measured with the Preference for Solitude Scale and Motivation for Solitude Scale-Short Form. Age, sex, marital status, education level, living arrangement, instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), civic engagement, social con...
M ost studies investigating the relationship between emotion and memory in adults have used colle... more M ost studies investigating the relationship between emotion and memory in adults have used college students as participants. However, the impact of emotion on memory may change across the adult life span. Compared with younger adults, older adults exhibit deficits in many ...
Abrupt industrialization, urbanization, and the emergence of the nuclear family have contributed ... more Abrupt industrialization, urbanization, and the emergence of the nuclear family have contributed to the increase of single-person households, placing an emphasis on individualization in society. Because of such changes, more people are living alone and feeling lonely, alienated from society and family. This research examined the association between loneliness and age-friendly environment, a community equipped with policies, settings, services, and structures that promote active ageing and aging-in-place, with the mediating roles of social support and sense of community. The study analyzed a total of 590 respondents aged 45 and above using data from the age integration survey conducted by the OO Research Institute of South Korea. Structural equation modelling and the bootstrapping method were applied. Age-friendly environment was positively associated with social support (β=0.310,p=0.000) and sense of community (β=0.486,p=0.000). Social support was negatively associated with loneliness (β=-0.195,p=0.000). The full mediation effect of social support was observed in the pathway from age-friendly environment to loneliness (95% CI = [̶ 0.112, -0.028]). Social support was fundamental in lowering loneliness, and age-friendly environment could only reduce loneliness by following a pathway that enhances social support. In other words, despite how well an agefriendly environment is established, it would not decrease an individual's loneliness unless it also enhances social support level. This finding sheds importance in maintaining satisfactory relationships that enable sharing of feelings, and fulfilling emotional and social needs in lowering loneliness. Measures to increase social support level within community are suggested.
Background and Objectives: As informal caregiving becomes prevalent, its consequences for caregiv... more Background and Objectives: As informal caregiving becomes prevalent, its consequences for caregivers' cognitive and socioemotional functioning gain more importance for society. There are inconsistent findings regarding the direction of the impact of caregiving-whether caregiving maintains or compromises functioning-and the impact of time-whether the effects accumulate or are stable. In this study, we elucidated 3 time effects of caregiving-concurrent, cumulative, and lagged effects-on cognitive and socioemotional functioning. Research Design and Methods: We used data from Wave 1 (2002)(2003) to Wave 8 (2016-2017) in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) and latent growth curve models with the time-varying predictor to investigate 3 time effects of caregiving on cognitive function (memory and executive function) and well-being (life satisfaction and quality of life). Results: Over and beyond age effects, current caregiving (concurrent effect) was related to worse well-being and better delayed recall. Little robust cumulative effect was found on cognition and well-being. In addition, there were significant and differential lagged effects of caregiving after controlling for concurrent and cumulative effects; that is, caregiving was related to worse well-being and better memory functioning 2-4 years later. Discussion and Implications: The differential concurrent and lagged effects of caregiving on cognitive and socioemotional functioning suggest separate mechanisms for different domains of functioning. The nonsignificant cumulative effects but significant lagged effects imply that even one-time caregiving has long-term (2-4 years) consequences for the caregiver's future functioning, and the mechanism of long-term caregiving effects may be more qualitative than quantitative.
Compromised Cognitive Functioning and Well-Being in Informal Caregiving? Caregiving Duration Matters!
Innovation in Aging, Nov 1, 2018
As the prevalence of informal caregiving increases, the consequences of long-term caregiving on c... more As the prevalence of informal caregiving increases, the consequences of long-term caregiving on caregivers’ cognitive and socioemotional functioning gain more importance for society. Consistent with the stress process model, caregivers tend to report poor health and socioemotional outcomes due to higher rates of stress. However, this negative view of caregiving was challenged by healthy caregiving hypothesis and recent data showing that caregiving might enhance or maintain cognitive functioning and decrease rates of mortality and functional health. Therefore, we theorize that the duration of caregiving–from the transition into caregiving to long-term caregiving–modulates the potential beneficial and detrimental effects. Using data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), caregiving was assessed in wave 2 (2004–2005) to wave 8 (2016–2017). MANOVAs and latent state models were used to investigate the impact of caregiving duration (0 years, 0–2 years, 2–4 years, >4 years) on cognitive function (i.e., memory and executive function) and well-being (i.e., life satisfaction and quality of life). As expected, caregiving for more than 4 years (p < .01) had a negative impact on well-being. In contrast, caregiving for 2–4 years was associated with better immediate (p < .05) and delayed recall (p < .05) than non-caregivers suggesting a U-shaped relation between caregiving duration and cognitive functioning. Consistent with expectations, caregiving duration had a differential impact on cognitive and emotional functioning suggesting that different mechanisms – such as stress, cognitive and physical engagement – may influence caregiving experiences. Future research may benefit from investigating its underlying mechanisms.
The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, May 21, 2022
Objectives: With advancing age, older drivers experience greater fatal crash risks due to age-rel... more Objectives: With advancing age, older drivers experience greater fatal crash risks due to age-related declines in cognitive and physical capabilities. Being informed of the age-related increased risks could help older drivers form compensatory strategies and determine when to seek further help to stay on the road safely for longer. Using a self-report assessment tool, the Attentional Failure during Driving Questionnaire (AFDQ), we examined older drivers' experience of various attentional failures during daily driving and how the measures could predict their crash risks. Methods: We used a new methodological approach distinguishing the occurrences of attentional failures during driving and the frequency of those occurrences. The individuals' AFDQ occurrence and frequency scores were compared with prior driving outcomes and simulated driving performance. Results: Unlike middle-aged drivers, frequency rather than occurrence of attentional failures was a significant predictor of prior traffic violations and crashes among older drivers. Also, attentional failures, but not chronological age, predicted older drivers' crash risks. AFDQ frequency was also associated with older drivers' poorer performance in simulated driving. Discussion: The findings suggest that the self-report assessment for attention-related driving failures can predict older drivers' crash risks. Furthermore, the two-part approach of AFDQ provides an opportunity to do a more comprehensive investigation of the associations between attentional declines and crash risks among older drivers.
International Journal of Science Education, Nov 3, 2019
This study explores the influence of cognitive (knowledge and certainty) and psychosocial (social... more This study explores the influence of cognitive (knowledge and certainty) and psychosocial (social norms and efficacy) variables on youth's climate change-related behaviour, with the aim to create an empirically supported theoretical model for youth's choice to take action to mitigate climate change. This surveybased research was conducted with 453 middle and high school students within a large urban area of the western United States. Through structural equation modelling, it was found that knowledge about climate change causes and effects was a weak predictor of behaviour. Whereas social norms accepting of climate change, and the paths from social norms via efficacy and certainty, were strong predictors of behaviour. Certainty of human attribution and efficacy were rather weak predictors, mediating the influence of knowledge and norms. Students' grade level, participation in clubs and number of science classes primarily affected knowledge and social norms. An implication of this study is that if action-taking is an intended outcome of climate change education efforts, then the learning activities should address efficacy and social norms.
Background and Objectives As informal caregiving becomes prevalent, its consequences for caregive... more Background and Objectives As informal caregiving becomes prevalent, its consequences for caregivers’ cognitive and socioemotional functioning gain more importance for society. There are inconsistent findings regarding the direction of the impact of caregiving—whether caregiving maintains or compromises functioning—and the impact of time—whether the effects accumulate or are stable. In this study, we elucidated 3 time effects of caregiving—concurrent, cumulative, and lagged effects—on cognitive and socioemotional functioning. Research Design and Methods We used data from Wave 1 (2002–2003) to Wave 8 (2016–2017) in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) and latent growth curve models with the time-varying predictor to investigate 3 time effects of caregiving on cognitive function (memory and executive function) and well-being (life satisfaction and quality of life). Results Over and beyond age effects, current caregiving (concurrent effect) was related to worse well-being and...
Objectives With advancing age, older drivers experience greater fatal crash risks due to age-rela... more Objectives With advancing age, older drivers experience greater fatal crash risks due to age-related declines in cognitive and physical capabilities. Being informed of the age-related increased risks could help older drivers form compensatory strategies and determine when to seek further help to stay on the road safely for longer. Using a self-report assessment tool, the Attentional Failure during Driving Questionnaire (AFDQ), we examined older drivers’ experience of various attentional failures during daily driving and how the measures could predict their crash risks. Methods We used a new methodological approach distinguishing the occurrences of attentional failures during driving and the frequency of those occurrences. The individuals’ AFDQ occurrence and frequency scores were compared with prior driving outcomes and simulated driving performance. Results Unlike middle-aged drivers, frequency rather than occurrence of attentional failures was a significant predictor of prior traf...
Moral Judgments and Social Stereotypes: Do the Age and Gender of the Perpetrator and the Victim Matter?
We investigated how moral judgments were influenced by (a) the age and gender of the moral perpet... more We investigated how moral judgments were influenced by (a) the age and gender of the moral perpetrator and victim, (b) the moral judge's benevolent ageism and benevolent sexism, and (c) the moral judge's gender. By systematically manipulating the age and gender of the perpetrators and victims in moral scenarios, participants in two studies made judgments about the moral transgressions. We found that (a) people made more negative judgments when the victims were old or female rather than young or male, (b) benevolent ageism influenced people's judgments about young versus old perpetrators, and (c) people had differential moral expectations of perpetrators who belonged to their same-gender group versus opposite-gender group. The findings suggest that age and gender stereotypes are so salient to bias people's moral judgments even when the transgression is undoubtedly intentional and hostile.
Objectives: As an inevitable part of daily life, solitude has both positive and negative conseque... more Objectives: As an inevitable part of daily life, solitude has both positive and negative consequences which are moderated by one’s motivation for solitude. Self-determined motivation correlates with few psychological risks, whereas other-determined motivation correlates with higher risks (e.g., loneliness, depression, lower well-being). However, little is known about the antecedents of different motivations for solitude. The purpose of this study is to investigate the antecedents of motivation for solitude in a sample with younger, middle-aged, and older adults. Methods: We recruited 468 participants from Amazon Mechanical Turk and Introduction to Psychology class (age range: 17-70, M = 30.7, 50.4 % females). Preference and motivation for solitude were measured with the Preference for Solitude Scale and Motivation for Solitude Scale-Short Form. Age, sex, marital status, education level, living arrangement, instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), civic engagement, social con...
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Papers by Daniel Grühn