Papers by Friedemann Freund
Earth-Atmospheric Coupling During Strong Earthquakes by Analyzing MODIS Data
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Nature and origin of interstellar diamond from the Allende CV3 meteorite
Data and experimental evidence which support the contention that the C delta diamonds may result ... more Data and experimental evidence which support the contention that the C delta diamonds may result from grain-grain collisions in supernova shocks in the interstellar medium are presented. Fragments of the Allende CV3 chondrite were acid-treated. A whitish powder was obtained. For the Analytical Electron Microscopy (AEM) a small drop of ethanol suspension was transferred onto holey carbon support films on
Radar Reflectivity Experiment: Infrared Measurements
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Days before major earthquakes multiple processes occur around future epicenters: (i) the air beco... more Days before major earthquakes multiple processes occur around future epicenters: (i) the air becomes highly ionized, (ii) electromagnetic waves are emitted over a wide frequency range, (iii) thermal infrared anomalies, etc [1][2][3][4]. The air ionization a ects the vertical electric eld throughout the atmospheric column. We predict an upward drift of positive ions through the mesosphere toward the ionosphere. We predict that this ion current will break up and create electric eld variations in the mesosphere, which lead to electric eld ripples in the ionosphere and to mesospheric lightning discharges. The lightning will not be vertical like sprites but mostly horizontal. Above plinian volcanic eruptions similar processes, di erent in detail, are expected to occur. Understanding this is important for earthquake forecasting and mesospheric physics. A variety of platforms can be used, including suborbital vehicles, to advance this emerging eld of science.
Understanding the electrical properties of rocks is of fundamental interest. We report on current... more Understanding the electrical properties of rocks is of fundamental interest. We report on currents generated when stresses are applied. Loading the center of gabbro tiles, 30x30x0.9 cm 3 , across a 5 cm diameter piston, leads to positive currents flowing from the center to the unstressed edges.
Catalytic reactions on solid contacts involve the exchange of charges across the solid/gas interf... more Catalytic reactions on solid contacts involve the exchange of charges across the solid/gas interfaces.
Die Deutung der exothermen Reaktion des Kaolinits als "Reaktion des aktiven Zustandes" /
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Seismic waves are the most dramatic and most intensely studied manifestations of earthquakes. How... more Seismic waves are the most dramatic and most intensely studied manifestations of earthquakes. However, we also know of non-seismic phenomena, which precede large earthquakes. Some of them have been reported for centuries, even millennia. The list is long and diverse: bulging of the Earth's surface, changing well water levels, ground-hugging fog, low frequency electromagnetic emission, earthquake lights from ridges and mountain tops, magnetic field anomalies up to 0.5% of the Earth's dipole field, temperature anomalies by several degrees over wide areas as seen in satellite images, changes in the plasma density of the ionosphere, and strange animal behavior. Because it seems nearly impossible to imagine that such diverse phenomena could have a common physical cause, there is great confusion and even greater controversy. This explains why reports on nonseismic pre-earthquake phenomena are regarded with suspicion in the scientific community. This may change with the recent discovery that igneous and metamorphic rocks, which make up a major portion of the Earth's crust, contain electric charge carriers, which have been overlooked in the past. These charge carriers are defect electrons in the valence band, i.e., positive holes. Under normal conditions they are dormant, but when they ''wake up'', the rocks begin to sparkle and glow. This paper describes the physical and chemical nature of these positive holes, how they are introduced into minerals and rocks, and how they become activated. Evidence will be presented that, once the positive holes are generated, currents propagate through the rocks leading to electromagnetic emission, to positive surface potentials, to corona discharges, to positive ion emission, and to mid-infrared radiation. These phenomena are expressions of the same fundamental process: the ''awakening'' of dormant positive hole charge carriers that turn rocks momentarily into p-type semiconductors.
Mid-infrared emission prior to the October-November 2002 Earthquake Sequence on the Denali Fault, Alaska analyzed by remote sensing data
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O(-) identified at high temperatures in CaO-based catalysts for oxidative methane dimerization
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Characterization of electron-beam induced damage structures in natural fluorite, CaF2, by analytical electron microscopy
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Dissociation of O2-2 defects into paramagnetic O- in wide band‐gap insulators: A magnetic susceptibility study of magnesium oxide
Journal of Applied Physics
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Characterization of electron-beam induced damage structures in natural fluorite, CaFâ, by analytical electron microscopy
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Charge Distribution Analysis: Studying Defects in Minerals Under Minimum Perturbation Conditions
Impact fracture experiments simulating interstellar grain-grain collisions
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O in Olivine: Cause for a Pronounced Electric Anomaly Around 600 deg C
Structure and bonding of diamond and diamond-like materials: Microanalytical characterization at high spatial resolution
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Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres
Most researchers have assumed that the origin of life required either a large pre-existing reserv... more Most researchers have assumed that the origin of life required either a large pre-existing reservoir or a more or less steady source of organic matter on the early Earth. The synthesis of organic compounds usually has been attributed to processes operating in the atmosphere, e.g. electric discharges, photochemistry. One unexplored potential reservoir is the solid Earth, e.g. the magmatic rocks. It has been shown that some nominally anhydrous and non-carbonate minerals in magmatic rocks, in particular olivine, may contain the biogenic elements H and C as structurally incorporated impurities. H and C are introduced at a level of tens to hundreds ppm when these minerals crystallize in the presence of the common fluid phases H20 and CO 2.
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Papers by Friedemann Freund
flow. Outbursts of positive holes do not represent a steady state current but they may lead to EM emissions. By contrast, prolonged electric currents can only be achieved, if the battery circuit closes. Three possible pathways for circuit closure are being discussed: (i) through the n-type conductive, hot lower crust, (ii) through airborne ions forming at the ground-to-air interface, and
(iii) through the electrolytical conductivity of water/brine-saturated faults. Case (iii) may have been responsible for the intense ULF signals with amplitudes up to 250 nT that preceded the Chi-Chi earthquake of Sep. 21, 1999 for more than 7 weeks. The time sequence of these pre-Chi-Chi ULF signals correlates with fluctuations in the regional low-magnitude seismicity, indicating forcing by the Earth tides.