Electronics Engineering

This is due to the modern lifestyles which require fast-food processing with high quality. This paper describes the designing of multi select machine using Finite State Machine Model with Auto-Billing Features. Finite State Machine (FSM) modeling is the most crucial part in developing proposed model as this reduces the hardware. In this paper the process of four state (user Selection, Waiting for money insertion, product delivery and servicing) has been modeled using MEALY Machine Model. The proposed model is tested using Spartan 3 development board . Keyword: MEALY Machine, VHDL, Modelsim I. INTRODUCTION Vending Machines are used to dispense various products like Coffee, Snacks, and Cold Drink etc. when money is inserted into it. Vending Machines have been in existence since 1880s. The first commercial coin operated machine was introduced in London and England used for selling postcards. The vending machines are more accessible and practical than the convention purchasing method. N...

In this paper we present bus a system which kept stationary at the bus-stand and system which kept at bus that can effectively help the public to participate in bus transportation facilities to its fullest. A bus that is coming toward the bus – stand is identified by this passenger infotainment system and the details of that particular bus is provided to the passenger on display at bus-stand. The total number of vacant seats available in bus will going to be displayed at upcoming bus stop through LCD unit. The summary of current research provides details about the integration between Microcontroller and RF transceiver, GPS ,LCD display, Ir sensorsand Voice Announcement.

An architecture to simplify the circuit implementation of analog-to-digital (A/D) converter in a sigma-delta (ΣΔ) modulator is proposed. The two-step quantization technique is utilized to design architecture of ΣΔ modulator. The architecture is based on dividing the A/D conversion into two time steps for achieving resolution improvement without decreasing speed. The novel architecture is designed to obtain high dynamic range of input signal, high signal-to-noise ratio and high reliability. Switched capacitor (SC) modulator performance is prone to various nonidealities, which affects overall circuit performance. In this paper a set of models are proposed which takes into account SC ΣΔ modulator nonidealities, such as sampling jitter, kT/C noise, and operational amplifier parameters (noise, finite dc gain, finite bandwidth, slew-rate and saturation voltages). Each nonidealities are modelled mathematically and their behaviour is verified using different analysis in MATLAB Simulink. Simulation results on a second-order SC ΣΔ modulator with two step quantization demonstrate the validity of the models proposed.

Sure, most of you are aware that right now everyone is thinking or at least the industry and researchers are thinking about the next generation, the first generation of what will 5G be, and that a significant part of the 5G telecommunication standard has been finalised, in particular the error control codes that will be used in 5G telecommunication. One of the codes that will be used is called a Low-Density Parity Check code (or LDPC code for short), and the other is called Polar Code. These two famous and celebrated codes have distinct and fascinating histories. Both technologies are now capable of providing near-capacity results, making them formidable competitors in the race to become the 5G communication system's ultimate provider. In this paper, we zeroed in on the 5G Polar codes and their encoding methods.

Sure, most of you are aware that right now everyone is thinking or at least the industry and researchers are thinking about the next generation, the first generation of what will 5G be, and that a significant part of the 5G telecommunication standard has been finalised, in particular the error control codes that will be used in 5G telecommunication. One of the codes that will be used is called a Low-Density Parity Check code (or LDPC code for short), and the other is called Polar Code. These two famous and celebrated codes have distinct and fascinating histories. Both technologies are now capable of providing near-capacity results, making them formidable competitors in the race to become the 5G communication system's ultimate provider. In this paper, we zeroed in on the 5G Polar codes and their encoding methods.

InVeTraS (Intelligent Vehicular Transportation System) is proposed as a Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) anti-collision mechanism that determines estimates and absolves collision courses between two or more vehicles based on a correlative and cooperative wireless networking concept. The problem of collision avoidance is abstracted to the generic problem of location awareness and subsequent periodic information exchange (between vehicles). To enable location awareness, the mechanism uses one of two techniques: a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver aided with dead-reckoning sensors or a RADAR based measurement system. Two nearby vehicles periodically exchange information about their own movement in terms of exact position and local clock time. Using these inputs, vehicles determine whether or not they are on a collision course with each another. A Communication Cluster (based on the concept of mobile ad-hoc peer-to-peer networking) is formed, that facilitates the development of a vehicular network characterized by self organization, fault-tolerance, scalability, cooperation and cost efficiency. These characteristics enable avoidance of collision between vehicles in an adaptive and dynamic set up. The paper proposed InVeTraS concept by emulating the streets of Manhattan.

InVeTraS (Intelligent Vehicular Transportation System) is proposed as a Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) anti-collision mechanism that determines estimates and absolves collision courses between two or more vehicles based on a correlative and cooperative wireless networking concept. The problem of collision avoidance is abstracted to the generic problem of location awareness and subsequent periodic information exchange (between vehicles). To enable location awareness, the mechanism uses one of two techniques: a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver aided with dead-reckoning sensors or a RADAR based measurement system. Two nearby vehicles periodically exchange information about their own movement in terms of exact position and local clock time. Using these inputs, vehicles determine whether or not they are on a collision course with each another. A Communication Cluster (based on the concept of mobile ad-hoc peer-to-peer networking) is formed, that facilitates the development of a vehicul...

Modern societies are increasingly confronted with the externalities of road traffic, such as congestion, accidents, consumption of scarce space, use of energy, and vehicle emissions. Many measures for controlling these externalities are currently under consideration by public authority.Car accident is one of the major causes of death in many countries. Many researchers have attempted to design and develop techniques to increase car safety in the past recent years. In spite of all the efforts, it is still challenging to design a system adaptive to the driver rather than the automotive characteristics. In this paper, the adaptive car safety system is explained which attempts to find a balance.

A Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) is a form of Mobile ad-hoc network, to provide communications among nearby vehicles and between vehicles and nearby fixed roadside equipment. The key operation in VANETs is the broadcast of messages. Its main goal is to improve safety and comfort for passengers, but it can also be used for commercial applications. In this latter case, it will be necessary to motivate drivers to coop-erate and contribute to packet forwarding in Vehicle-to-Vehicle and Vehicle-to-Roadside communications. This paper examines the problem, analyzes the drawbacks of known schemes and proposes a new secure incentive scheme to stimulate cooperation in VANETs, taking into account factors such as time and distance.

Water is one of the important renewable natural resource, no one can survive without it either humans or animals. India is rich in terms of different natural resources, water is one of them. Water comes from different sources such as precipitation, surface water and ground water. Which play an important role in India's supply of water. India receives 70% of surface water in the form of rain (monsoon) during three to four months. Although India has sizeable water resources, the country faces huge challenges in the water sector as the distribution of water varies widely by season and region. Water Resources are the prime input to the growth and prosperity of the nation. The objective of this paper is to highlights the demand and supply of water in India, and the estimated water in major basins in India. It has been found that the demand for water is increasing substantially due to increasing population, growing urbanization, and rapid industrialization combined with the need for raising agricultural production. The supply of water is inadequate compared to its growing demand in our country. The per capital availability of water is also continuously decreasing. Therefore Sustainable development and efficient management of water is an increasingly complex challenge to India. It has been estimated that More than 2.2 million people die each year from diseases related to contaminated drinking water and poor sanitation. I.

In the past few years Reversible logic is very promising research area and has applications in several technologies like nanoelectronics, low power cmos design, optical computing, bioinformatics, quantum computing. Nowadays Reversible logic gates are emerging to be compatible with future generation technology which has significant reduction in overall heat dissipation. FPGAs are more demanding in recent years due to its features of changing design up to last minute and it provides ability for designers to avoid pitfall of nanoelectronic design. But the area and power consumption is major drawback of FPGAs over Application Specific Ics (ASICs). In this manuscript our approach is towards design and implementation of logic block of Plessey FPGAs with reduced number reversible gates, quantum cost and garbage output. Our proposed design is based on most cost effective reversible circuit including 3*3 MUX Gate (MG) in comparison with existing reversible circuit in literature.

Power consumption and size are the most important challenges faced when designing radio transceivers for distributed wireless sensor networks (WSN). The explosive growth of short range wireless communication systems has led to high demand of compact radio frequency (RF) circuit with low power and low phase noise design. As voltage control oscillator (VCO) is the core block of RF systems and critical sub-block in WSN communications transceivers. Although significant amount of research work has been carried out on VCOs, there still remains room for improvement and many new circuit schemes and new interpretation of phase noise can be found in recent times. This paper presents an idea of a low power low noise and highly miniaturized current reuse LC tank RF VCO design methodology.

Agriculture is mother of all culture, due to the increase demand in agriculture industries the need to effectively grow a plant an increase its yield is very important. In this study, a method is proposed to detect fruits on tree using image processing technique. For counting the fruits, the main problem is variable lighting conditions for the environment in outdoor. The additional problem is the occlusion of fruits by Leaves, branches, and the other fruits. In the proposed method these problems are also examined. External appearance is one of the most significant attributes for fruits when consumers decide to choose or reject them, thus packinghouses need to adopt appropriate systems that are capable of detecting the skin defects for fruits before packing them into batches and reaching the end consumers. In this paper we also differentiate the healthy fruits and fruits which are infected by diseases.

Rice is widely cultivated economical crop in the world. India is an agricultural country and plant disease plays key role in the production of agricultural product. Earlier detection will help to improve the quality and quantity of the product.The proposed system is an identification of brown spot and blast disease of rice.Plant disease detection is emerging field in India as agriculture is important sector in economy and social life.Earlier unscientific method were in existence. Automatic identification of plant diseases is the new challenging area for the researchers. One of the most important steps in automatic identification of plant diseases is to extract the infected region from the normal portion of the plant. Studding the infected leaves it has been observed that the greenness of the infected portion of the leaves changes significantly with respect to the normal leaves. Vegetation indices (VI) are some metric used for the remote sensing images to measure the greenness. Thus ...

This paper presents a ne w wavelet –based image denoising method which is “Bayesian Network” are probably the most popular type of graphical model.In this paper our objective is to construct a Bayesian Network from a single image for denoising purpose.The construction of a Bayesian Network involves prior knowledge of the probability relationships between the variables of interest.Learning approaches are widely used to construct Bayesian Network that best represent the joint probabilities of training data. In this method the data is represented in wavelet domain and restriciting the space of possible networks by using certain techniques.The proposed approach exploits a hidden Bayesian network constructed from wavelet coefficient to model the prior probability of the original image.Then use the belief propagation (BP) algorithm which estimates a coefficient of an image as the maximum-a-posterior (MAP) estimator to derive the denoised wavelet coefficient. We show that if the network is...

In information theory an entropy encoding is a lossless data compression scheme that is independent of the specific characteristics of the medium. One of the main types of entropy coding creates and assigns a unique prefix-free code to each unique symbol that occurs in the input. These entropy encoders then compress data by replacing each fixedlength input symbol with the corresponding variable-length prefix-free output codeword. The length of each codeword is approximately proportional to the negative logarithm of the probability. Therefore, the most common symbols use the shortest codes. Context-based adaptive variable-length coding (CAVLC) is an important feature of the latest video coding standard H.264/AVC. Context-adaptive variable-length coding (CAVLC) is a form of entropy coding used in H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video encoding. It is an inherently lossless compression technique, like almost all entropy-coders. In H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, it is used to encode residual, zigzag order, blocks of transform coefficients. It is an alternative to context-based adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC). CAVLC requires considerably less processing to decode than CABAC, although it does not compress the data quite as effectively. CAVLC is supported in all H.264 profiles, unlike CABAC which is not supported in Baseline and Extended profiles. The coding technique using conventional CAVLC based on area efficient design, the second is on low power design architecture will lead to low throughput. In this project, an efficient CAVLC design is proposed. The main concept is the FPGA based pipelining scheme for parallel processing of two 4x4 blocks. When one block is processed by the scanning engine to collect the required symbols, its previous block is handled by the coding engine to translate symbols into bit stream. Our block based pipelined architecture doubles the throughput of CAVLC at high bit rates.

Image Fusion is a process of combining the relevant information from a set of images into a single image, where the resultant fused image will be more informative and complete than any of the input images. Also the choice of a color space is of great importance form any computer vision algorithms (e.g. edge detection and object recognition).This paper presents efficient segmentation, edge detection approach, based on a fusion procedure which aims at combining several segmentation images associated to simpler partition models in order to finally get a more reliable and accurate segmentation. Image fusion techniques can improve the quality and increase the application of these data. The objective of Image fusion is to combine the information of the number of images of the same scene from different sensors or the images with focus on different objects. In this paper an introductory approach to some of the image fusion methods has been taken. End edge detection is one of the most commonly used operations in image analysis. In this paper, we present methods for edge segmentation of natural images; we used several techniques for this category;