ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Now a day’s major population over the world is facing the issue of allopathic drug and their adverse effect in treatment of various diseases. Ayurveda is one of the traditional medicinal systems of India. The philosophy behind Ayurveda is preventing unnecessary suffering and living a long healthy life. Herbal medicines have existed world-wide with long recorded history and they were used in ancient Chinese, Greek, and Indian medicine for various therapies purposes.Herbals are one of the best alternativesin treatment of acute and chronic diseases. In this review different herb has been studied due to its medicinal, pharmacognostic and therapeutic application. This article enlists some commercial and non-commercial Polyherbal all around the world. In which plants, fruits, leaves, seeds and powder of Momordica dioica, Lantana camara L., Curcuma longa,Carthamustinctorius and Acacia catechu has been studied. This article provides a general idea about different herbs, their phytochemical ...

Vanadyl acetylacetonate, Vanadyl meso-tetraphenylporphine, Cupric acetylacetonate, and Cupric meso-tetraphenylporphine have been studied at S-, X-, K- and Q-band in the rigid limit and in the motional narrowing regime. Data have been analyzed using the Nested Sampling Algorithm developed by J. Skilling based on methods of Bayesian inference. The EasySpin software package is used to simulate the spectral fitting function used in the parameter estimation process. Two different sets of model parameters(A|, A- , g|, g-, Dxy , lw and Aiso, δA, giso, δg, Dxy, lw) have been used for the data analysis at the various frequencies, both independently and in a simultaneous multifrequency fit. After comparing the results at all the frequencies, it is seen that the magnetic tensor parameters defined from the individual frequency fits fluctuate more among each other in the motional narrowing regime but dynamic parameters do not. The model parameters are better fitted in the case of porphin complexes than that in acac complexes.

Development of the Micro-grid contributed to reduction of emissions and alleviate the climate changes. The Micro-grid usually consists of a micro distributed generators (DGs), energy storage system (e.g. flywheel, battery, etc.,) and loads. The presence of generations close to demand results in increase in the service quality for the end customers. The new micro sources technologies (e.g. micro-gas turbine, fuel-cells, photo-voltaic system and wind turbines) used in the Micro-grid are not suitable for supplying energy to the grid directly. They have to be interface to the grid through inverter. Technical challenges associated with the operation and controls of the Micro-grid are immense. Development for the Micro-grid inverters in order to provide stable frequency and voltage in the presence of imperiously varying loads. The Micro-grid freestanding operation ensuring stable operation during network disturbances, thereby maintaining stability and power quality. The behavior of distributed generator (DGs) connected to distribution networks is being studied. However, the dynamics of the primary energy sources is not considered.

In this paper a new sinusoidal PWM inverter suitable for use with power MOSFETs is described.. The output waveforms in the proposed PWM inverter are investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The fundamental component of the three-phase line-to-line voltage is increased by about 15 percent above than that of the conventional sine-wave inverter. The sinusoidal PWM switching scheme allows control of the magnitude and the frequency of the output voltage. Therefore, the input to the PWM inverters is an uncontrolled, essentially constant dc voltage source. This switching scheme results in harmonic voltage in the range of the switching frequency and higher, which can be easily filtered out. This Paper proposes several carrier based modulation techniques for full bridge inverter. In this paper, various pulse width modulation techniques are implemented, which can minimize the total harmonic distortion and enhances the output voltages. The methodologies adopting the constant switching frequency, variable switching frequency multicarrier, phase shifted carrier pulse width modulation concepts are implemented in this paper. The above methodologies divided in to two techniques, triangular carrier and sawtooth carrier for gate signal generation. In this paper, simulation of three phase inverter using sawtooth waveform as carrier signal has been done. Another method using asymmetrical modulation technique with triangular waveform as a carrier signal has been done.

Present generating stations are not competent to satisfy the present load demand. Hence, the availability of conventional fuels is limited, one should rethink for the new source of energy which will interminable in nature, harmless to our ecology and secure future demand. Due to modernization and industrialization, the electric power consumption increases drastically, but the energy source is not competent enough to satisfy the consumer energy demand and hence renewable energy like wind energy, fuel cell, solar energy, batteries or ultra-capacitor get attention in distributed power generation system. The Faults in the system with a continuously varying in nature affects the normal operation of the system. The cause and severity of such faults play a vital role while designing a protection scheme in the standalone system. In this paper, Electric model of an 11.58KW Solar PV-Based standalone system is developed in Matlab/Simulink and various shunt faults analysis are performed and analyze the response of the system before fault, during fault period and after fault conditions. A detailed short circuit (SC) analysis puts light on various short circuit conditions and provides useful analysis.

An energy audit is a key for developing an energy management program. Although energy audits have various degrees of complexity and can vary widely from one organization to another, every audit typically involves-data collection and review, plant surveys and system measurements, observation and review of operating practices, data analysis. In short, the audit is designed to determine where, when, why and how energy is being used. This information can then be used to identify opportunities to improve efficiency, decrease energy costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change. Energy audits can also verify the effectiveness of Energy Management Opportunities (EMOs) after they have been implemented.

paper a new sinusoidal PWM inverter suitable for use with power MOSFETs is described. . The output waveforms in the proposed PWM inverter are investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The fundamental component of the three-phase line-to-line voltage is increased by about 15 percent above than that of the conventional sine-wave inverter. The sinusoidal PWM switching scheme allows control of the magnitude and the frequency of the output voltage. Therefore, the input to the PWM inverters is an uncontrolled, essentially constant dc voltage source. This switching scheme results in harmonic voltage in the range of the switching frequency and higher, which can be easily filtered out. This Paper proposes several carrier based modulation techniques for full bridge inverter. In this paper, various pulse width modulation techniques are implemented, which can minimize the total harmonic distortion and enhances the output voltages. The methodologies adopting the constant switching freq...

In this paper, A Comparison based on Standard Transmission Line Voltages is evaluated. An Overhead Double circuit Transmission Line of 400KV and 750KV has been compared based on average values of Line Parameters. Both Lines are taken as 400Km Long. The main focus of this paper is on Power handling capacity and line losses. A precise values of different parameters such as, No. of Towers required, average height of Tower, Phase spacing of Conductor, Bundle conductor spacing, and X/R ratio are also calculated. Calculation of Line and ground parameters, depending on properties of Bundle conductor has been implemented in MATLAB. An Important point based on mechanical consideration in Line performance is also highlighted. Keywords— Transmission Line; Line Parameters; Double circuit; Bundle conductor; Tower.

Electrical power plays a vital role in our lives. We need electricity for industry, agriculture, transport, communication, etc. The fundamental relationship between energy and economics is more people with more income, means a rise in production and hence more consumption of energy. Electric power demand is increasing day by day in all sectors along with the population. Population and income growth are the most powerful driving forces behind electrical power demand globally. To deal with the situation power engineers continuously focus on the increase in the utilization of new and renewable energy. Till date, only wind generator and the solar PV are the two energy sources which give promising results and the mobility to utilize the energy generated through them. Due to technical limitations, the size of the wind generator or solar PV is more than that of the generating electric power. After so many years of research, researchers said that the power utilization generated through solar PV and wind turbine can be easily possible for less load rating.

In a recent year, Water pollution is a topic of great concern both in India and worldwide. The waste objects floating on the water surface get clogged in the drainage system and cause choking which results in hazardous effects on our communities and environment. Also, these floating objects creates a great danger for the living entities in the water. Another concern is the security of the water bodies. To mitigate this issue, we are proposing a Garbage Cleaning System (Ship) for water reservoirs. This system works on solar energy so it is non-polluting. This ship is so constructed that it consists of two metal frames with a mechanical arm on one frame and the solar panel on the other. Two dc motors are used for navigation of the ship and two motors are for the movement of the arm and the bucket. As the ship is designed to work for the various operations in water. Wireless communication system ZigBee is used to communicate with the ship for reliable operation. When the operator identifies any garbage in the water, then according to his/her commands from the laptop, the ship goes to the desired place, picks up the garbage, and comes back. For security and surveillance purpose it has a camera mounted on it which records audio-video footage which can be seen when the ship docks back home. This device is a prototype that can prove to be useful in cleaning lakes, rivers, ponds, etc. and if implemented wisely can prove to be a great aid for security and surveillance.

Efficient control, monitoring and energy conservation plays important role in the assessment of annual investment on electricity consumption in every industry. In central India there are few industries who invest approx. one third from their profit on electricity bills on every month. Out of several loads the one which is considered as most energy intensive load is process where to reduce the thickness of the cold rolling coils as per requirement. Here the power requirement is fulfilled by a distribution transformer which is used to drive the mill motors, entry tension reel, dispatch tension reel and auxiliaries. The data available in an industry can be used to reduce the power consumption and ultimately which may lead to lessen the electricity bill of an industry. To reduce the thickness of the sheet is limited and in order to reduce the power consumption, the constraints such as grade of coil, number of passes and mill reduction capacity has to be taken into consideration. The data such as weight of the coil, number of existing passes, the starting thickness and ending thickness is available in industry and can be used to calculate length of coil and further using the length average speed and total time can be calculated using simple mathematics. In order to monitor and control the several physical quantities such as flow, pressures, temperatures, liquid levels and their detection, several transducers are used in an industry. Proper selection of these devices and the knowledge associated with them are necessary for their implementation and figure out the faults associated with it. Thus, the overall measuring processes are improved and cost of future expansion is reduced by proper knowledge and ratings of the transducers.

The microgrid stability is always concerned, because of its dynamic nature of a load and its locally connected micro sources (Renewable). Depending upon applications, the microgrid types, system structure and control methodology varies. The paper succinct to take cognizance of stability aspects of remote, utility connected and facility microgrid in manner of the operation, types of micro source and network parameters. The voltage stability, transient stability and small signal facet in different type of the microgrid are discussed along with realm of reformations. The micro sources with optimal power converters are used for matching load characteristics and to maintain power stability in different modes of microgrid. For analysis purpose of the microgrid different digital computation platform are used.

In this paper Energy Audit of Electrical Installations is an integral part of the overall energy audit of complex technical systems, and infrared thermography is one of the non-destructive testing (NDT) methods for that type of analysis of power distribution subsystems. During the energy audit of the Ring Spinning Machine in Textile Industry by means of a thermal camera, it is necessary to carry out some additional measurements of electrical quantities which are often not performed easily. The paper provides an overview of the standards in the field of thermography and safety criteria of main motor of ring frame ,belt of main motor ,doffer motor, Cylinder bearing housing LHS, Opening roller bearing, cylinder bearing and card feed motor based on a thermal image and measured electrical parameters. The procedure of the audit and decision making for future maintenance is described in detail. Recommendations of corrective actions in the maintenance procedure based on the absolute temperature criterion .

Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are now a day's becoming popular in many other domestic, industrial and aerospace applications for the reason that of its light weight, high working speed and exceptional speed-torque characteristics. The Brushless-DC drive system have their applications which use usual controllers and which have reasonable transient and steady state response under changing parameters. However the most important problem associated with these is that they do not include superior transient and steady state effect which is bound to change at different operating conditions such as variation in parameters and disturbances in load. Fuzzy based controllers are said to be more versatile for such conditions. This papers gives a detail study of the various controller used for the BLDC drive system, also the usefulness and error tracking capability of the digital controller in control application is given.

In present day, the maintenance of streetlight is one of the major problem for electricity boards in India. Also, there is scope for saving power during off peak time i.e. in from around midnight 12AM to 04AM in the morning. The methods that are currently used to maintain and control the street light is more complex and uneconomical. In this paper a new technique is proposed to control the intensity of LED Street lights using LDR, and to automate street lights using PIR sensors, and LDRs, resulting in power saving. Implementation is done using PIC controller. This paper presents a smart street lighting system which provides a safe night time environment for all road users and pedestrian. The main objectives are to build an automation system of street lighting using a low-cost microcontroller which is PIC and to achieve energy-saving. Light Emitting Diode (LED) is represented as the light module. This system is controlled according to the specific mode. These modes are controlled by ...

Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are now a day’s becoming popular in many other domestic, industrial and aerospace applications for the reason that of its light weight, high working speed and exceptional speed-torque characteristics. The Brushless-DC drive system have their applications which use usual controllers and which have reasonable transient and steady state response under changing parameters. However the most important problem associated with these is that they do not include superior transient and steady state effect which is bound to change at different operating conditions such as variation in parameters and disturbances in load. Fuzzy based controllers are said to be more versatile for such conditions. This papers gives a detail study of the various controller used for the BLDC drive system, also the usefulness and error tracking capability of the digital controller in control application is given.

Hybrid (Solar & Wind) renewable power system can be used to preserve the non-renewable fossil fuels. The Photovoltaic-wind hybrid system profits the lowest unit cost values to sustain the same level of Deficiency of Power Supply Probability as compared to standalone solar and wind systems. For all load demands, the optimal energy cost for Photovoltaic-wind hybrid system is always lower than that of standalone solar PV or wind system. The Photovoltaic-wind hybrid system is best techno-economically practicable& achievable for agriculture irrigation system. This paper represents the hybrid energy system using solar and wind energy resources & multilevel converter for the control of agriculture irrigation system. The multilevel inverters are applied in high voltage PV power plant mainly due to the high voltage capability, low switching frequency, and low power losses. The power system is connected to a water pump to work as the agriculture irrigation system. The objective of this paper ...