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Toshiya Nakamura

Nagoya University, Graduate School of Information Science, Faculty Member

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Toshiya NAKAMURA is Professor of International Relations and Executive Director of the Global Media Research Centre (GMRC) at the Graduate School of Informatics of Nagoya University, Japan. He is President of Japan Association of Global Governance for the period of 2022-2024. His main research interests are foreign and security policies of Germany and Japan as well as security order in Europe and Northeast Asia. Recent publications include ‘Germany’s Policy Guidelines for the Indo-Pacific: A Departure from Interdependence with China?’, Journal of International Security, vol.48/4, Japan Association for International Security, 2021; Toshiya Nakamura, ‘Emergency laws of Germany and its policy implications: The case of domestic deployment of Bundeswehr’, in Y. Takeda ed. Crisis Management System of Japan: Tensions between civil protection and disaster prevention, Tokyo: Fuyoshobo Publishing, 2020.; T. Nakamura ed., Beyond 70 Years after the World War II: International Engagement of Germany and Japan, Tokyo: Ichigeisha, 2016; Toshiya Nakamura, German Security Policy: Pacifism and the Use of Force, Tokyo: Ichigeisha, 2006; Doitsu Pawa no Gyakusetsu – Chikeigaku Jidaino Oshutogo, Tokyo: Ichigeisha, 2019. (Japanese edition, Original: Hans Kundnani. Paradox of German Power, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).
He regularly contributes his articles and comments to newspapers and journals such as Kyodo News and ‘Foresight’. He actively participates in policy forums and is an academic member at Global Forum of Japan (GFJ) was a visiting scholar at the Research Institute for Peace and Security (RIPS) in Tokyo.
Address: Global Media Research Centre (GMRC), Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University

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Foreign and security policy of Germany by Toshiya Nakamura

「ドイツ公共放送の現状と課題－インターネット時代のサービスと受益者負担」

法政論集, Jul 25, 2020

Risk Communication on COVID-19 in Germany and Japan

情報玉手箱, 2020

2017 年ドイツ連邦議会選挙における『ドイツのための選択肢』議会進出の分析 ― 難民危機と欧州統合との関連を中心に

The Study of Global Governance , 2018

‘The Decline of the Liberals and the Rise of the Anti-Euro new party: Analysis on the result of the German General Election in 2013’

Studies in Media and Society, 2014

Transformation of security norms in Germany: Analysis on overseas deployment of Bundeswehr in 1999-2011 (in Japanese)

Studies in Language and Culture, 2013

This paper examines overseas deployment of German Bundeswehr in 1999-2011 under Schroeder and Mer... more This paper examines overseas deployment of German Bundeswehr in 1999-2011 under Schroeder and Merkel Chancellorship. It also analyses how principles and norms in Germany's security policy has transformed with the case studies of Missions in Kosovo and Afghanistan etc. (Studies in Language and Culture, Vol. 35, No. 1, 2013, Nagoya University)

European security order and Germany

EU Studies in Japan, 2009

This paper analyses German foreign and security policy under the Merkel government, especially Ge... more This paper analyses German foreign and security policy under the Merkel government, especially Germany's role and involvement in European security architectures. By comparing NATO out-of-area deployment of Bundeswehr, German forces, in EU and NATO operations, the study discusses challenges and dilemmas that Germany has faced in cooperating with these organizations. As Europe's own security policies such as Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and then European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) have developed, Germany has been actively involved in operations in the framework of these policies. Germany has also participated in emerging EU operations; the Merkel government eventually led Operation EUFOR RD Congo in 2006. As European operations have evolved in the areas of peacekeeping and crisis management so far, Germany has not encountered dilemmas in dispatching armed forces overseas. It rather welcomed EU operations that have civilian character as German Basic Law sets a certain conditions in deploying its forces overseas. Because of this limitation, Germany is referred as ‘civilian power’ that has strategic culture of ‘anti-militarism’. Thus, Germany will actively support further evolution of the European security architecture with such a civilian character. On the contrary, Germany under the Merkel government has encountered dilemmas in dispatching forces to NATO operations. In particular, German behaviours in International Security Assistance Forces (ISAF) in Afghanistan have increasingly attracted criticism from other NATO member states after a failure in Operation Medusa in 2006. Since then, Germany has been under pressure of sending units to the southern area of Afghanistan that is considered to be more dangerous and of engaging in combat operations. So far, German government has expanded its military commitments in Afghanistan in a series of small steps. For example, Berlin has decided to dispatch Tornado jets to the south. Pressure for increasing presence of the German forces in the south has not halt, although Germany has avoided combat operations because of the Basic Law. While increased presence would highlight continued German engagement and thus mitigate criticism from NATO allies, it would prove unpopular among Germans who have registered significant public opposition to the Afghan campaign. Germany under the Merkel government confronts with the dilemmas between maintaining solidarity and credibility with the allies and managing domestic public opinion.

Public Diplomacy and Security Policy: the German Standpoint (in Japanese)

Journal of Global Communications, 2009

A number of countries increasingly became interested in developing new public diplomacy programs,... more A number of countries increasingly became interested in developing new public diplomacy programs, and Germany is not an exception. After the end of the Cold War and more significantly since the terrorist attacks of , Germany has grappled with the task of defining the country's role in the new international security order, espe cially in regard to the deployment of the Bundeswehr for the purpose of international peace. By applying the concept ofsoft powercoined by Joseph S. Nye , this paper discusses Berlin's emerging public diplomacy in relation to the German security policy towards the use of forces and analyses some resources for German soft power used for the PD program.

Foreign and security policy of Japan by Toshiya Nakamura

Structural development and challenges of Japan’s public diplomacy – Under the 2nd Abe government

Studies in Language and Culture, 2014

Japan's New Public Diplomacy : Coolness in Foreign Policy Objectives

Studies in Media and Society, 2013

As the concept of soft power has gained greater currency worldwide, more countries have redefined... more As the concept of soft power has gained greater currency worldwide, more countries have redefined their public diplomacy (PD) programs to take it into consideration. In line with this trend, Japan embarked on a new PD paradigm baed on its popular culture in 2004. What does the new PD provide? How well has the program been serving Japan's diplomatic goals? To gain a better understanding of the answers to these question, this paper examines official documents, speeches by political leaders and the results of separate interview with relevant government officials. Although the program is likely to attract some degree of overseas attention, this study identifies a specific aspect related to Japan's soft power that is not currently being addressed; that is, its failure to deal with the residual historical issues involving its former adversaries. Furthermore, while it also briefly discusses the impact of the Great East Japan Earthquake and the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant disaster of March 2011, it argues that additional effort in this area is required for Japan to become "cool" in real terms, which will be necessary if Japan is to convince the international community that it is ready for an international leadership role. (Studies in Media and Society, v.5, 2013, p.1-23)

Leaders and Security Policy: Case Studies of the Kaifu and Koizumi governments

Journal of Global Communications, 2008

This paper analyses the policymaking process of Japan's security policy, particularly the polici... more This paper analyses the policymaking process of Japan's security policy, particularly the policies of overseas deployment of the SelfDefence Forces SDFUsing Robert Put nam's twolevel games theory as an overall framework, a particular focus is given to the role of state leaders that affected the varied policy outcomes. In the wake of the Gulf Cri sis in Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu was not able to win a Diet approval of an over seas deployment policy of the SDF, while Prime Minister Junichiro-Koizumi successful ly won an approval of dispatch of the SDF to international efforts in relation to theWar against Terrorism This study uses these two cases to illustrate the relationship be tween state leaders and security policy in Japan

Japanese Newspaper Editorials and the SDF Overseas Dispatch: The Case of the War against Terrorism

Journal of Global Communication, University of Nagasaki, 2007

This paper explores editorials of Japanese major newspapers in the wake of ter rorist attacks in... more This paper explores editorials of Japanese major newspapers in the wake of ter rorist attacks in the US. until the passage of the antiterrorism law in terms of frames they presented and their official postures toward the SDF overseas dispatch for the operations emerged in them. The editorials published in the four major Japanese dailies for days from September to October were examined. Adopting the method of content analysis, the articles are recorded by thematic coding devices. The study identifies not a singular frame, but diverse ones in the Japanese editorials during the set period. Also the media presented alternative Japanese policy options for public choice. These findings contrast to similar study on the US. editorials. Overall, the Japanese media landscape in regard to its security posture changed in favour of the SDF overseas dispatch in comparison with the time of the Gulf CrisisWar, which assisted the swift passage of the antiterrorism law

Japan’s Mass Media and Foreign Policy: The Case of the International Peace Cooperation Law

Journal of Global Communication, 2006

･ This paper discusses the triangular relationship among foreign policy, mass･media apd public op... more ･ This paper discusses the triangular relationship among foreign policy, mass･media apd public opinion, in particular the policy making process of the International Peace Cooperation Law (IPCL) in 1992･ The legislation represents a breakthrough in Japan's postwar fo;eign and sec.urity policy, by opening a way for overseas dispatch of the Se!f

Mass Media and Policy Making − Process in Japan ： In the Case of Miscarriage of the United Nations Peace Cooperation Bill

Journal of Global Communication, 2005

： The triangular relationship between foreign and security policy ， mass media and public opinion... more ： The triangular relationship between foreign and security policy ， mass media and public opinion has increasingly drawn attention of scholars ；Yet few research has been conduct − ed in this regard ． This study thus discusses Japanese foreign and secu エity policy making process in the wake of the Gulf Crisis1War in 1990191 ， in particular the miscarriage of the United Nations Peace Cooperation Bill ． The study examines three issues ： what did Japanese mass media consider newsworthy in the wake of the Gulf Crisis ？ In contrast ， what did overseas media report on the matter ？ How did Japanese media influence public opinion as well as foreign and security poiicy making ？ Finally ， it aims to identify the in − terrelationships between foreign and security policy making process， mass media in Japan and overseas and public opinion ．

Transformation of Japan ' s Security Posture in 1990s

Journal of Global Communication, 2004

International Relations by Toshiya Nakamura

Explanatory Power of the Two level Game Approach

Journal of Global Communication, 2007

This paper introduces and highlights basic concepts and utilities of the twolevel game approach, ... more This paper introduces and highlights basic concepts and utilities of the twolevel game approach, which was firstly presented by Robert Putnam and further developed by scholars such as Peter Evans, Helen Milner and Andrew Moravcsik. It also discusses typology and analysis of strategies for simultaneous exploitation at both international and domestic levels. By doing so, the paper examines what kind of explanatory power the model provides for a states foreign and security policymaking process

Papers by Toshiya Nakamura

ドイツの安全保障規範の変容 : 1999-2011年の海外派兵政策

「ドイツ公共放送の現状と課題－インターネット時代のサービスと受益者負担」

法政論集, Jul 25, 2020

Risk Communication on COVID-19 in Germany and Japan

情報玉手箱, 2020

2017 年ドイツ連邦議会選挙における『ドイツのための選択肢』議会進出の分析 ― 難民危機と欧州統合との関連を中心に

The Study of Global Governance , 2018

‘The Decline of the Liberals and the Rise of the Anti-Euro new party: Analysis on the result of the German General Election in 2013’

Studies in Media and Society, 2014

Transformation of security norms in Germany: Analysis on overseas deployment of Bundeswehr in 1999-2011 (in Japanese)

Studies in Language and Culture, 2013

This paper examines overseas deployment of German Bundeswehr in 1999-2011 under Schroeder and Mer... more This paper examines overseas deployment of German Bundeswehr in 1999-2011 under Schroeder and Merkel Chancellorship. It also analyses how principles and norms in Germany's security policy has transformed with the case studies of Missions in Kosovo and Afghanistan etc. (Studies in Language and Culture, Vol. 35, No. 1, 2013, Nagoya University)

European security order and Germany

EU Studies in Japan, 2009

This paper analyses German foreign and security policy under the Merkel government, especially Ge... more This paper analyses German foreign and security policy under the Merkel government, especially Germany's role and involvement in European security architectures. By comparing NATO out-of-area deployment of Bundeswehr, German forces, in EU and NATO operations, the study discusses challenges and dilemmas that Germany has faced in cooperating with these organizations. As Europe's own security policies such as Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and then European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) have developed, Germany has been actively involved in operations in the framework of these policies. Germany has also participated in emerging EU operations; the Merkel government eventually led Operation EUFOR RD Congo in 2006. As European operations have evolved in the areas of peacekeeping and crisis management so far, Germany has not encountered dilemmas in dispatching armed forces overseas. It rather welcomed EU operations that have civilian character as German Basic Law sets a certain conditions in deploying its forces overseas. Because of this limitation, Germany is referred as ‘civilian power’ that has strategic culture of ‘anti-militarism’. Thus, Germany will actively support further evolution of the European security architecture with such a civilian character. On the contrary, Germany under the Merkel government has encountered dilemmas in dispatching forces to NATO operations. In particular, German behaviours in International Security Assistance Forces (ISAF) in Afghanistan have increasingly attracted criticism from other NATO member states after a failure in Operation Medusa in 2006. Since then, Germany has been under pressure of sending units to the southern area of Afghanistan that is considered to be more dangerous and of engaging in combat operations. So far, German government has expanded its military commitments in Afghanistan in a series of small steps. For example, Berlin has decided to dispatch Tornado jets to the south. Pressure for increasing presence of the German forces in the south has not halt, although Germany has avoided combat operations because of the Basic Law. While increased presence would highlight continued German engagement and thus mitigate criticism from NATO allies, it would prove unpopular among Germans who have registered significant public opposition to the Afghan campaign. Germany under the Merkel government confronts with the dilemmas between maintaining solidarity and credibility with the allies and managing domestic public opinion.

Public Diplomacy and Security Policy: the German Standpoint (in Japanese)

Journal of Global Communications, 2009

A number of countries increasingly became interested in developing new public diplomacy programs,... more A number of countries increasingly became interested in developing new public diplomacy programs, and Germany is not an exception. After the end of the Cold War and more significantly since the terrorist attacks of , Germany has grappled with the task of defining the country's role in the new international security order, espe cially in regard to the deployment of the Bundeswehr for the purpose of international peace. By applying the concept ofsoft powercoined by Joseph S. Nye , this paper discusses Berlin's emerging public diplomacy in relation to the German security policy towards the use of forces and analyses some resources for German soft power used for the PD program.

Structural development and challenges of Japan’s public diplomacy – Under the 2nd Abe government

Studies in Language and Culture, 2014

Japan's New Public Diplomacy : Coolness in Foreign Policy Objectives

Studies in Media and Society, 2013

As the concept of soft power has gained greater currency worldwide, more countries have redefined... more As the concept of soft power has gained greater currency worldwide, more countries have redefined their public diplomacy (PD) programs to take it into consideration. In line with this trend, Japan embarked on a new PD paradigm baed on its popular culture in 2004. What does the new PD provide? How well has the program been serving Japan's diplomatic goals? To gain a better understanding of the answers to these question, this paper examines official documents, speeches by political leaders and the results of separate interview with relevant government officials. Although the program is likely to attract some degree of overseas attention, this study identifies a specific aspect related to Japan's soft power that is not currently being addressed; that is, its failure to deal with the residual historical issues involving its former adversaries. Furthermore, while it also briefly discusses the impact of the Great East Japan Earthquake and the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant disaster of March 2011, it argues that additional effort in this area is required for Japan to become "cool" in real terms, which will be necessary if Japan is to convince the international community that it is ready for an international leadership role. (Studies in Media and Society, v.5, 2013, p.1-23)

Leaders and Security Policy: Case Studies of the Kaifu and Koizumi governments

Journal of Global Communications, 2008

This paper analyses the policymaking process of Japan's security policy, particularly the polici... more This paper analyses the policymaking process of Japan's security policy, particularly the policies of overseas deployment of the SelfDefence Forces SDFUsing Robert Put nam's twolevel games theory as an overall framework, a particular focus is given to the role of state leaders that affected the varied policy outcomes. In the wake of the Gulf Cri sis in Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu was not able to win a Diet approval of an over seas deployment policy of the SDF, while Prime Minister Junichiro-Koizumi successful ly won an approval of dispatch of the SDF to international efforts in relation to theWar against Terrorism This study uses these two cases to illustrate the relationship be tween state leaders and security policy in Japan

Japanese Newspaper Editorials and the SDF Overseas Dispatch: The Case of the War against Terrorism

Journal of Global Communication, University of Nagasaki, 2007

This paper explores editorials of Japanese major newspapers in the wake of ter rorist attacks in... more This paper explores editorials of Japanese major newspapers in the wake of ter rorist attacks in the US. until the passage of the antiterrorism law in terms of frames they presented and their official postures toward the SDF overseas dispatch for the operations emerged in them. The editorials published in the four major Japanese dailies for days from September to October were examined. Adopting the method of content analysis, the articles are recorded by thematic coding devices. The study identifies not a singular frame, but diverse ones in the Japanese editorials during the set period. Also the media presented alternative Japanese policy options for public choice. These findings contrast to similar study on the US. editorials. Overall, the Japanese media landscape in regard to its security posture changed in favour of the SDF overseas dispatch in comparison with the time of the Gulf CrisisWar, which assisted the swift passage of the antiterrorism law

Japan’s Mass Media and Foreign Policy: The Case of the International Peace Cooperation Law

Journal of Global Communication, 2006

･ This paper discusses the triangular relationship among foreign policy, mass･media apd public op... more ･ This paper discusses the triangular relationship among foreign policy, mass･media apd public opinion, in particular the policy making process of the International Peace Cooperation Law (IPCL) in 1992･ The legislation represents a breakthrough in Japan's postwar fo;eign and sec.urity policy, by opening a way for overseas dispatch of the Se!f

Mass Media and Policy Making − Process in Japan ： In the Case of Miscarriage of the United Nations Peace Cooperation Bill

Journal of Global Communication, 2005

： The triangular relationship between foreign and security policy ， mass media and public opinion... more ： The triangular relationship between foreign and security policy ， mass media and public opinion has increasingly drawn attention of scholars ；Yet few research has been conduct − ed in this regard ． This study thus discusses Japanese foreign and secu エity policy making process in the wake of the Gulf Crisis1War in 1990191 ， in particular the miscarriage of the United Nations Peace Cooperation Bill ． The study examines three issues ： what did Japanese mass media consider newsworthy in the wake of the Gulf Crisis ？ In contrast ， what did overseas media report on the matter ？ How did Japanese media influence public opinion as well as foreign and security poiicy making ？ Finally ， it aims to identify the in − terrelationships between foreign and security policy making process， mass media in Japan and overseas and public opinion ．

Transformation of Japan ' s Security Posture in 1990s

Journal of Global Communication, 2004

Explanatory Power of the Two level Game Approach

Journal of Global Communication, 2007

This paper introduces and highlights basic concepts and utilities of the twolevel game approach, ... more This paper introduces and highlights basic concepts and utilities of the twolevel game approach, which was firstly presented by Robert Putnam and further developed by scholars such as Peter Evans, Helen Milner and Andrew Moravcsik. It also discusses typology and analysis of strategies for simultaneous exploitation at both international and domestic levels. By doing so, the paper examines what kind of explanatory power the model provides for a states foreign and security policymaking process

ドイツの安全保障規範の変容 : 1999-2011年の海外派兵政策