Some researchers insist that we should develop articial systems that can make moral decisions and... more Some researchers insist that we should develop articial systems that can make moral decisions and/or moral actions on their own in order to avoid unpredictable disasters caused by the complex interaction between humans and articial autonomous agents. Most of the researchers seem to believe that, for this purpose, it is sufficient to make an articial agent only apparently moral, without regard to whether they are fully/truly moral in the same sense that we, human beings, are moral. Just as a weak AI may be sufficient for a certain practical purpose, limited \func- tional morality" will do as well for a certain practical purpose. In this article, we want to critically consider whether or how far this analogy be- tween articial intelligence and articial morality holds, pointing out that one of the critical difference is that, while to deploy articial intelligence raises no question whatever, to deploy articial morality can be morally blameworthy.
Category theory has proven to be an effective tool for describing a variety of mathematical struc... more Category theory has proven to be an effective tool for describing a variety of mathematical structures from topological to algebraic to logical ones. Moreover, topos theory can be used to construct enough of set theory within category theory. Thus, some category theorists have claimed that category theory can provide an alternative conceptual framework for understanding mathematics. In particular, Steve Awodey [1] suggests that philosophers use category theory in order to clarify the notion of mathematical structure. On the other hand, Geoffrey Hellman [7], a philosophical structuralist, put some questions to the idea of using category theory as a structuralist framework for mathematics. In replying Hellman’s objections, Awodey [2] argues that Hellman, adhering conventional foundationalism, overlooks an essential feature of mathematical practice, namely, shcematic and top-down character. This debate between Awodey and Hellman illustrates well what is at issue in the philosophy of ma...
In this review, we examine Thaddeus Metz’s theory of meaning in life proposed in Meaning in Life.... more In this review, we examine Thaddeus Metz’s theory of meaning in life proposed in Meaning in Life. After providing an overview of the book, we critically assess how successful his theory is. In specific, we argue that the key concept of fundamentality does not work as well as Metz claims it. Either the concept is not free from arbitrariness or ambiguity, or Metz is wrong in claiming that fundamentality is essential for a work of art to confer meaning to the artist’s life. Finally, we raise some questions about basic intuitions and assumptions in Metz’s theory. In this book, based on thorough research and analysis of a large amount of literature written mostly by Anglo-American analytic philosophers on meaning in life, Metz attempts to construct a theory of life’s meaning that can account for many different opinions and theories expressed by influential writers in recent decades. While doing this, first, Metz studies existing influential theories and classifies them into several categ...
Why are many mathematicians realists, while many philosophers are not? This question becomes even... more Why are many mathematicians realists, while many philosophers are not? This question becomes even more striking when one considers the fact that modern mathematics is carried out totally in the axiomatic manner. The main aim of this article is to give an answer to this question. One reason lies in different conceptions of reality between philosophers and mathematicians. For example, Abelson and Sussman wrote
mathemaitcs is also carried out in the spirit of the top-down, without regard to the particular p... more mathemaitcs is also carried out in the spirit of the top-down, without regard to the particular properties of individual objects (cf. Michael Makkai, “Towards a Categorical Foundation of Mathematics”, 1998). In the argument against Geoffrey Hellman, Steve Awodey also emphasises the top-down nature of mathematics. In prase of laziness: Categorical nonfoundation of mathematics Minao Kukita Awodey’s recommendation to philosophers of mathematics (esp. to structuralists) Awodey, “Structure in mathematics and logic: A categorical perspective” (1996) Category theory is particularly suitable for studying mathematical structures. Nevertheless, structuralists have not paid due attention to category theory. Why not use category theory as a conceptual framework for thinking about mathematical structure? In prase of laziness: Categorical nonfoundation of mathematics Minao Kukita Hellman’s rejection Hellman, “Does category theory provide a framework for mathematical structuralism?” (2003) Categor...
The aim of this article is to present a formal language and a semantics for it which reflect two ... more The aim of this article is to present a formal language and a semantics for it which reflect two ideas expressed but not formally implemented in Graham Priest’s Towards Non-Being. One is that a description can be evaluated in different ways depending on the speaker’s intention, so that one and the same statement can be true on one evaluation and be false on the other. The other idea is that two different kinds of linguistic activities are involved in fiction, as well as in mathematics: characterising an object and inferring about the object thereby characterised. The language defined here is designed so as to conform to the ideas as naturally as possible. The resulting language and its semantics is Meinongian in that it assign every term a denotation, but also Russellian in that it treat existing objects as specially privileged.
Autonomous machines and responsibility By Minao Kukita 'Responsibility' is a concept of central i... more Autonomous machines and responsibility By Minao Kukita 'Responsibility' is a concept of central importance in ethics. In ethics, responsibility has traditionally been applied only to a human or a group of humans. However, the recent development of ICT has revealed a limitation of this old conception of responsibility. In this paper, we will see what conditions are traditionally required for responsibility attribution, and how these conditions are faced with difficulties by technological developments today, especially those that produce autonomous agents like AIs or robots. Then, we will consider how the concept of responsibility has to change in a society where autonomous machines and humans coexist.
Some researchers insist that we should develop artificial systems that can make moral decisions a... more Some researchers insist that we should develop artificial systems that can make moral decisions and/or moral actions on their own in order to avoid unpredictable disasters caused by the complex interaction between humans and artificial autonomous agents. Most of the researchers seem to believe that, for this purpose, it is sufficient to make an artificial agent only apparently moral, without regard to whether they are fully/truly moral in the same sense that we, human beings, are moral. Just as a weak AI may be sufficient for a certain practical purpose, limited “functional morality” will do as well for a certain practical purpose. In this article, we want to critically consider whether or how far this analogy between artificial intelligence and artificial morality holds, pointing out that one of the critical difference is that, while to deploy artificial intelligence raises no question whatever, to deploy artificial morality can be morally
Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI EA '17, 2017
Ethical, legal and social implications of HCI research require a safe system for encouraging rati... more Ethical, legal and social implications of HCI research require a safe system for encouraging rational dialogue between ICT and social sciences and humanities researchers. However, involving researchers from various fields remains challenging, owing to the silo formed by researchers' diversified values. The authors are forming an interdisciplinary network, called Acceptable Intelligence with Responsibility (AIR), to build a prototype system that will help researchers become aware of different senses of values, to preventively deepen their discussions. By introducing the example of AIR research policy and field study, we expect that our concept and practice will serve a beneficial bridge for HCI and SSH researchers.
現在、フェイクニュースが深刻な社会問題になっており、ビッグデータとそれに基づく人工知能などの情報技術は、これまで以上にこの問題を複雑化させつつある。これはしかし情報環境の変化が引き起こしているよ... more 現在、フェイクニュースが深刻な社会問題になっており、ビッグデータとそれに基づく人工知能などの情報技術は、これまで以上にこの問題を複雑化させつつある。これはしかし情報環境の変化が引き起こしているより根本的な問題の一つの現われであるように思われる。そこで本発表では私たちをとりまく情報環境の変化が、情報のやり取り、コミュニケーションをどのように変容させているか、それが社会と人間にとってどのような意味を持つかを議論する。
Proceedings of the IEEE , Volume: 107 , Issue: 3, 2019
Based around a case study on the "flaming" of fan fiction, this paper aims to clarify notions of ... more Based around a case study on the "flaming" of fan fiction, this paper aims to clarify notions of privacy and draw lessons for the ethical governance of AI in the presence of value conflicts. By By ARISA EMA , HIROTAKA OSAWA, REINA SAIJO, AKINORI KUBO, TAKUSHI OTANI, HIROMITSU HATTORI, NAONORI AKIYA, NOBUTSUGU KANZAKI, MINAO KUKITA, KAZUNORI KOMATANI, AND RYUTARO ICHISE ABSTRACT | This study analyzes the value conflict of a paper on fan fiction writing that used online fan fiction novels as a source to extract and filter sexual expressions from text. The boundaries of public and private information are ambiguous because users are not always aware of or have agreed to the fact that their content is to be used openly. The case was complicated by the fact that the use of these data by researchers violated an unconsciously infringed upon right of Manuscript a vulnerable community with a weak legal position. This paper describes the debate on this topic among researchers from engineering and humanities fields on whether the purpose of the research was ethically acceptable; how the systems can be embedded in ethical values; and what ethical, legal, social, and educational lessons are appropriate for governance of artificial intelligence (AI). Our analysis aimed not only to clarify the abstract concept of privacy but also to make changes to the submission guidelines for authors. We hope that our analysis contributes to the governance of ethical AIs and AI ethics on handling sensitive aspects of online activities.
Some researchers insist that we should develop articial systems that can make moral decisions and... more Some researchers insist that we should develop articial systems that can make moral decisions and/or moral actions on their own in order to avoid unpredictable disasters caused by the complex interaction between humans and articial autonomous agents. Most of the researchers seem to believe that, for this purpose, it is sufficient to make an articial agent only apparently moral, without regard to whether they are fully/truly moral in the same sense that we, human beings, are moral. Just as a weak AI may be sufficient for a certain practical purpose, limited \func- tional morality" will do as well for a certain practical purpose. In this article, we want to critically consider whether or how far this analogy be- tween articial intelligence and articial morality holds, pointing out that one of the critical difference is that, while to deploy articial intelligence raises no question whatever, to deploy articial morality can be morally blameworthy.
Category theory has proven to be an effective tool for describing a variety of mathematical struc... more Category theory has proven to be an effective tool for describing a variety of mathematical structures from topological to algebraic to logical ones. Moreover, topos theory can be used to construct enough of set theory within category theory. Thus, some category theorists have claimed that category theory can provide an alternative conceptual framework for understanding mathematics. In particular, Steve Awodey [1] suggests that philosophers use category theory in order to clarify the notion of mathematical structure. On the other hand, Geoffrey Hellman [7], a philosophical structuralist, put some questions to the idea of using category theory as a structuralist framework for mathematics. In replying Hellman’s objections, Awodey [2] argues that Hellman, adhering conventional foundationalism, overlooks an essential feature of mathematical practice, namely, shcematic and top-down character. This debate between Awodey and Hellman illustrates well what is at issue in the philosophy of ma...
In this review, we examine Thaddeus Metz’s theory of meaning in life proposed in Meaning in Life.... more In this review, we examine Thaddeus Metz’s theory of meaning in life proposed in Meaning in Life. After providing an overview of the book, we critically assess how successful his theory is. In specific, we argue that the key concept of fundamentality does not work as well as Metz claims it. Either the concept is not free from arbitrariness or ambiguity, or Metz is wrong in claiming that fundamentality is essential for a work of art to confer meaning to the artist’s life. Finally, we raise some questions about basic intuitions and assumptions in Metz’s theory. In this book, based on thorough research and analysis of a large amount of literature written mostly by Anglo-American analytic philosophers on meaning in life, Metz attempts to construct a theory of life’s meaning that can account for many different opinions and theories expressed by influential writers in recent decades. While doing this, first, Metz studies existing influential theories and classifies them into several categ...
Why are many mathematicians realists, while many philosophers are not? This question becomes even... more Why are many mathematicians realists, while many philosophers are not? This question becomes even more striking when one considers the fact that modern mathematics is carried out totally in the axiomatic manner. The main aim of this article is to give an answer to this question. One reason lies in different conceptions of reality between philosophers and mathematicians. For example, Abelson and Sussman wrote
mathemaitcs is also carried out in the spirit of the top-down, without regard to the particular p... more mathemaitcs is also carried out in the spirit of the top-down, without regard to the particular properties of individual objects (cf. Michael Makkai, “Towards a Categorical Foundation of Mathematics”, 1998). In the argument against Geoffrey Hellman, Steve Awodey also emphasises the top-down nature of mathematics. In prase of laziness: Categorical nonfoundation of mathematics Minao Kukita Awodey’s recommendation to philosophers of mathematics (esp. to structuralists) Awodey, “Structure in mathematics and logic: A categorical perspective” (1996) Category theory is particularly suitable for studying mathematical structures. Nevertheless, structuralists have not paid due attention to category theory. Why not use category theory as a conceptual framework for thinking about mathematical structure? In prase of laziness: Categorical nonfoundation of mathematics Minao Kukita Hellman’s rejection Hellman, “Does category theory provide a framework for mathematical structuralism?” (2003) Categor...
The aim of this article is to present a formal language and a semantics for it which reflect two ... more The aim of this article is to present a formal language and a semantics for it which reflect two ideas expressed but not formally implemented in Graham Priest’s Towards Non-Being. One is that a description can be evaluated in different ways depending on the speaker’s intention, so that one and the same statement can be true on one evaluation and be false on the other. The other idea is that two different kinds of linguistic activities are involved in fiction, as well as in mathematics: characterising an object and inferring about the object thereby characterised. The language defined here is designed so as to conform to the ideas as naturally as possible. The resulting language and its semantics is Meinongian in that it assign every term a denotation, but also Russellian in that it treat existing objects as specially privileged.
Autonomous machines and responsibility By Minao Kukita 'Responsibility' is a concept of central i... more Autonomous machines and responsibility By Minao Kukita 'Responsibility' is a concept of central importance in ethics. In ethics, responsibility has traditionally been applied only to a human or a group of humans. However, the recent development of ICT has revealed a limitation of this old conception of responsibility. In this paper, we will see what conditions are traditionally required for responsibility attribution, and how these conditions are faced with difficulties by technological developments today, especially those that produce autonomous agents like AIs or robots. Then, we will consider how the concept of responsibility has to change in a society where autonomous machines and humans coexist.
Some researchers insist that we should develop artificial systems that can make moral decisions a... more Some researchers insist that we should develop artificial systems that can make moral decisions and/or moral actions on their own in order to avoid unpredictable disasters caused by the complex interaction between humans and artificial autonomous agents. Most of the researchers seem to believe that, for this purpose, it is sufficient to make an artificial agent only apparently moral, without regard to whether they are fully/truly moral in the same sense that we, human beings, are moral. Just as a weak AI may be sufficient for a certain practical purpose, limited “functional morality” will do as well for a certain practical purpose. In this article, we want to critically consider whether or how far this analogy between artificial intelligence and artificial morality holds, pointing out that one of the critical difference is that, while to deploy artificial intelligence raises no question whatever, to deploy artificial morality can be morally
Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI EA '17, 2017
Ethical, legal and social implications of HCI research require a safe system for encouraging rati... more Ethical, legal and social implications of HCI research require a safe system for encouraging rational dialogue between ICT and social sciences and humanities researchers. However, involving researchers from various fields remains challenging, owing to the silo formed by researchers' diversified values. The authors are forming an interdisciplinary network, called Acceptable Intelligence with Responsibility (AIR), to build a prototype system that will help researchers become aware of different senses of values, to preventively deepen their discussions. By introducing the example of AIR research policy and field study, we expect that our concept and practice will serve a beneficial bridge for HCI and SSH researchers.
現在、フェイクニュースが深刻な社会問題になっており、ビッグデータとそれに基づく人工知能などの情報技術は、これまで以上にこの問題を複雑化させつつある。これはしかし情報環境の変化が引き起こしているよ... more 現在、フェイクニュースが深刻な社会問題になっており、ビッグデータとそれに基づく人工知能などの情報技術は、これまで以上にこの問題を複雑化させつつある。これはしかし情報環境の変化が引き起こしているより根本的な問題の一つの現われであるように思われる。そこで本発表では私たちをとりまく情報環境の変化が、情報のやり取り、コミュニケーションをどのように変容させているか、それが社会と人間にとってどのような意味を持つかを議論する。
Proceedings of the IEEE , Volume: 107 , Issue: 3, 2019
Based around a case study on the "flaming" of fan fiction, this paper aims to clarify notions of ... more Based around a case study on the "flaming" of fan fiction, this paper aims to clarify notions of privacy and draw lessons for the ethical governance of AI in the presence of value conflicts. By By ARISA EMA , HIROTAKA OSAWA, REINA SAIJO, AKINORI KUBO, TAKUSHI OTANI, HIROMITSU HATTORI, NAONORI AKIYA, NOBUTSUGU KANZAKI, MINAO KUKITA, KAZUNORI KOMATANI, AND RYUTARO ICHISE ABSTRACT | This study analyzes the value conflict of a paper on fan fiction writing that used online fan fiction novels as a source to extract and filter sexual expressions from text. The boundaries of public and private information are ambiguous because users are not always aware of or have agreed to the fact that their content is to be used openly. The case was complicated by the fact that the use of these data by researchers violated an unconsciously infringed upon right of Manuscript a vulnerable community with a weak legal position. This paper describes the debate on this topic among researchers from engineering and humanities fields on whether the purpose of the research was ethically acceptable; how the systems can be embedded in ethical values; and what ethical, legal, social, and educational lessons are appropriate for governance of artificial intelligence (AI). Our analysis aimed not only to clarify the abstract concept of privacy but also to make changes to the submission guidelines for authors. We hope that our analysis contributes to the governance of ethical AIs and AI ethics on handling sensitive aspects of online activities.
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