Agricultural Economics

Information and communication technologies (ICT) are an umbrella term that includes all technologies for the management and communication of information (Basargekar and Singhavi, 2015; Mou, 2016; Pulkkinen, 2007; Wood, 1995; Koehler and Mishra, 2009; Hathaway, 1995; Kumar, 1996). ICT considers all the uses of digital technology that already exists to help government, research institute, education, individuals, business and organization. ICT is concern with the storage, repossession, manipulation, broadcast or receipt of digital data (Balanskat et.al, 2006; Owston, 2006; Richardson, 2011). The addition of ICT issues in the curriculum and provision of these telematics in colleges have raised many issues of concern to educators, parents, researchers, policy makers and politicians. Some of the most noteworthy issues are the function of the information technology in the curriculum, and how these issues should be addressed in the curriculum, and most importantly how they impact teaching a...

This paper investigates the female poverty and education level among the households in the rural areas of Kohima and Longleng districts using Head Count Ratio. It is found that there exists high female poverty ratio in both the districts due to lack of basic education. Education is negatively linked with the poverty level and higher levels of education will be more effective in poverty reduction. The results found that higher educational achievement in Jakhama, Tsiese Bawe, Yachem and Bura Namsang shows lower female poverty level. The paper then attempts to present the impact of education on employment, poverty and income using Linear-regression model. The policies suggest that improvement in expertise and skill enhancement, which can ameliorate the female poverty in the districts.

Urbanisation is now becoming a global phenomenon, high rate of population growth; declining opportunities in rural areas and shift from stagnant and low paying agriculture sector to more paying urban occupations, largely contribute to urbanization process. This paper studies the level of physical and social infrastructural progress in Kohima and Mokokchung districts using seven indicators such as education institution, health, banking, postal service, water supply, surface road cover and electricity. Research survey was conducted in Kohima and Mokokchung in 2017-18. The sample wards were selected using random sampling methods. The data’s collected were than analyzed using Principal Components Analysis Model. The findings shows that 50% of urban areas are in developed and 37.5% in moderately developed and 12% in less developed with regard to surface road, medical facilities, education, postal service, banking and water supply. The study highlights that urbanisation has positive impac...

The spread of novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic has emerged as a global matter of concern in the last few of months. It has rapidly spread around the world, which initially began in the city of Wuhan, People's Republic of China and is hypothesized to originate from the group of Rhinolophus bats. The occurrences of COVID-19 infections are uneven across districts of Nagaland and the same is determined by socioeconomic situations prevailing in the region. The paper is an attempt to empirically examine the socioeconomic determinants of the occurrence of COVID-19 in Nagaland considering the data as of October 30, 2020. A multivariate regression analysis in a cross-sectional framework was used to analyse the impact of COVID-19 on socio and economic determinants. The findings of the study show a positive significant relationship of human development index, per capita income, returnees from other states, human mobility and below poverty line. The size of returnees and human mobility emerged to be a potential factor and positive in determining the total and new cases of COVID-19. In the wake of the COVID-19 outbreak, lockdown is the only preventive measure to avert community transmission of this disease, which is having economic, social and psychological effect on the general mass. Therefore, people-centric plan and making people more participatory and responsive in adhering to the social distancing norms in public and workplace and adopting preventive measures need to be focused on COVID-19 management strategies.

Poverty is a human condition characterized by the sustain or chronic deprivation of resources, capabilities, choices, security and power necessary for the enjoyment of an adequate standard of living. It is the progenerator of much being for hunger and disease on to civil war and conflict itself. It is now perceived to be a danger to any society. Thus, number of studies on poverty has been done extensively both by the government and academicians around the world and suggestive measures have been forwarded to counter the rising poverty. However, poverty still continues to be a major problem in the world, thereby, widening the gap between the rich and the poor. Thus this paper tries to analyze the existence of poverty and inequality in the state and suggest suitable measures which can ameliorate the poverty level.

Nagaland which constitutes the northern part of Indo-Myanmar ranges is well-known among conservationists and environmentalist for both its unique forest ecosystems and its alarmingly high rates of deforestation through various forms of economic activities. The environment is an essential source of livelihood on which the continued existence for poor people depends. However, denial of primary requirements results to poverty. The evaluation suggests that higher population and fertility rates were associated with higher deforestation in the tropical evergreen forest. Poverty reduction and environmental protection are two international obligations for sustainable development. The standpoint of the study has changed over time, from narrowly focusing on poverty reduction to comprehensively strengthening human-welfare. The relationship between population, poverty and environmental degradation is regionally unique or has regional uniqueness. This paper analyses the poverty level in Nagaland...

Poverty is a human condition characterized by the sustain or chronic deprivation of resources, capabilities, choices, security and power necessary for the enjoyment of an adequate standard of living. It is the progenerator of much being for hunger and disease on to civil war and conflict itself. It is now perceived to be a danger to any society. Thus, number of studies on poverty has been done extensively both by the government and academicians around the world and suggestive measures have been forwarded to counter the rising poverty. However, poverty still continues to be a major problem in the world, thereby, widening the gap between the rich and the poor. Thus this paper tries to analyze the existence of poverty and inequality in the state and suggest suitable measures which can ameliorate the poverty level.

Education is universally regarded as a key driver of social and economic progress without which no country can attain full development. Education is an important component of human resource development. Education is nowadays universally recognized as a major factor affecting economic and social development and its numerical expansion has become one of the main concerns of present day policy makers. It is the most important determinant of employment, income level and Poverty. The relationships between education and employment have long been of interest to policy makers. Many studies found that higher education level leads to higher employability generation and higher income. Moreover higher education level is often related to the reduction in the poverty level of any economy. Thus this paper tries to examine the impact of education on employment, income and poverty level in Nagaland.

A sound infrastructural facility is the key to the overall socioeconomic development of a state. Infrastructure facilities are the wheels of development without which the economy cannot function properly. This paper studies the level of physical and social infrastructural disparities in Kohima and Longleng districts using seven indicators such as education, health, banking, postal service, water supply, surface road cover and electricity. The data's were than analyzed using Principal Components Analysis. The results shows that disparities in infrastructure facilities between rural and urban areas is high. The finding shows that 87.5 per cent of the urban areas are developed and moderately developed whereas, only 12.5 per cent of the rural areas are in developed and moderately developed. The paper concludes by suggesting that suitable policies for developing the backward areas.

This study empirically tests the impact of population growth on economic development of Nagaland for the period of 1981-2011. Demographic transition helps in creating a policy environment that takes maximum advantage of the demographic potential of the State. The regression technique was incorporated to investigate the relationship between population growth and economic development. The findings indicate that the labour forces were shifting from the low-productivity agriculture sector to the higher-productivity industry and service sectors. The domino effect of the study indicates that population growth has positively and significantly contributed to economic development but is negatively affected by the unemployment rate. Now although on the one hand, if it increases growth but on the other hand, it creates a problem of unemployment and leads to a decline in net state domestic product and per-capita income. The government is advised to utilize this additional workforce efficiently ...

A sound infrastructural facility is the key to the overall socioeconomic development of a state. Infrastructure facilities are the wheels of development without which the economy cannot function properly. This paper studies the level of physical and social infrastructural disparities in Kohima and Longleng districts using seven indicators such as education, health, banking, postal service, water supply, surface road cover and electricity. The data's were than analyzed using Principal Components Analysis. The results shows that disparities in infrastructure facilities between rural and urban areas is high. The finding shows that 87.5 per cent of the urban areas are developed and moderately developed whereas, only 12.5 per cent of the rural areas are in developed and moderately developed. The paper concludes by suggesting that suitable policies for developing the backward areas.

A study was carried out to assess the production and marketing condition of apple (Malus domestica L.) in the Thanamir village of Nagaland. With diverse agro-climatic condition, varied soil and low temperature with wide regional variation, this region is highly suitable for cultivation of apple. This article focuses on the importance of apple fruit, its utilization and the economic profitability from apple crop based farming system. Research survey of farmers producing apple was conducted in 2022. Total of one hundred thirty (132) apple producers were selected using random sampling methods. The result shows BCR was estimated to be 1.95, which was found greater than unity. This showed that the apple farming is quite profitable in Thanamir. The finding shows that Cobb-Douglas production function exhibits increasing return to scale. The study concluded that apple cultivation can be made viable enterprise with increased focus on investment climate by subsidising farm input, providing af...

Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb) Kuntze is a wild grass tilled by Nian village farmers for the production of broom panicles, which has high demand in the market. In recent years T. maxima has emerged as an important agro based product transforming the rural economy. The objective of this research was aimed at investigating the effect of plant density on income of the farmers cultivating this broom grass. The data were collected in cooperation with farmers by using pre-tested interview schedule. Total of 50 respondents i.e., Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb) Kuntze (Broom grass) growers were selected using random sampling technique. The results revealed that the growth and production of broom panicles were significantly impacted by plant density. The production of panicles in the plantations with lower plant density was significantly higher than those grown in higher plant density. The study concludes that plantation rose at a density of 1500 plants ac-1 gave highest net present value of ₹74124.04 ac-1 year-1 up to three harvests. Based on the study, it is concluded that a density of 1500 plants/ac can be recommended for optimum economic return from cultivation of T. maxima.

A study was carried out to assess the production and marketing condition of apple (Malus domestica L.) in the Thanamir village of Nagaland. With diverse agro-climatic condition, varied soil and low temperature with wide regional variation, this region is highly suitable for cultivation of apple. This article focuses on the importance of apple fruit, its utilization and the economic profitability from apple crop based farming system. Research survey of farmers producing apple was conducted in 2022. Total of one hundred thirty (132) apple producers were selected using random sampling methods. The result shows BCR was estimated to be 1.95, which was found greater than unity. This showed that the apple farming is quite profitable in Thanamir. The finding shows that Cobb-Douglas production function exhibits increasing return to scale. The study concluded that apple cultivation can be made viable enterprise with increased focus on investment climate by subsidising farm input, providing affordable loans to the farmers for a sustainable production and strengthening rural infrastructure. The study pointed out that the apple cultivation could be a highly beneficial and market-oriented activity in Thanamir.

Longleng, the smallest and poorest district of Nagaland, situated in the NorthEastern region bordering towards Myanmar is gradually becoming the hub of large cardamom (AmomumsubulatumRoxb)production.At the present time, large cardamomcultivation has become one of the foundation economies and farmers were motivated for cultivation of large cardamom by various governmental agency like Agriculture Technology Management Agency, Horticulture department, Agriculture department and Krishi Vigyan Kendra and they are shifting their focus from growing paddy to large cardamom as the aforesaid agencies provide proper training and ad rem suggestions to the farmers.Most of the farmers living in the region are following traditional methods for cultivation, which are ecofriendly, less expensive due to utilization of local resources, knowledge and labour. Research survey was conducted in Yongam, Nian, Yongnyah and Pongo village in 2017-18. A total of 80 respondents i.e., large cardamom growers were selected using stratified random sampling technique. Additionally, two local traders were interviewed to know various details regarding marketing of large cardamom. The paper investigates the size of landholding, production, productivity, cost and net return. The result shows higher BCR for large acres of areas as 1.25, 1.96, 3.13 and 3.33. Cobb-Douglas production function exhibits diminishing return to scale. To analyze the efficiency of organic large cardamom farming, SWOT analysis was carried out. The study pointed out that the cardamom farming could be a highly profitable and market-oriented enterprise in Longleng. It also points out the problems faced by the cardamom growers and finally suggests policy implication.

Understanding the relationship between macroeconomic policies and rural poverty still remains a key policy challenge. This study builds a fundamental framework to connect important macroeconomic factors with rural poverty and evaluates the impact of government-led development expenditure policies that have had a direct impact on rural poverty during the past two decades. In order to ensure inclusive growth in the social protection programme, it is necessary to address the needs and ambitions of this disadvantaged section of population. Employing the data produced from household surveys, National Sample Survey Organization, Statistical Handbook, carried out a social protection programme through descriptive statistics and linear regression model. The results show that the prevalence of poverty in rural sector has significantly decreased from 10% in 2004-05 to 6.10% in 2011-12 but shows positive increase in 2021-22 to 12.75%. Therefore, the government must implement effectively the social protection programme so that the there will be increase the level of income and thus help in reducing income inequality. Also, suggested that proper physical and social overhead capital i.e., infrastructure need to developed and priority be given in the rural sector.