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Rajeev Ranjan

Maharashtra University 0f Health Science, Audiology and Speech Language Pathology, (PhD Audiology and Speech Language Pathology)

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Niels O Schiller

City University of Hong Kong

Ingeborg Dhooge

Ghent University

Institut Borja de Bioètica- Universitat Ramon Llull

Mohammad Farhadi

Iran University of Medical Sciences

SMU

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Papers by Rajeev Ranjan

A voice analysis comparison of children with cochlear implants, hearing aids, and normal hearing

International Journal of Speech and Audiology, 2023

Voice errors are one of the most common types of errors in children with hearing loss speech, and... more Voice errors are one of the most common types of errors in children with hearing loss speech, and it is well known that deaf people's speech and voice characteristics differ significantly from those of normal hearing individuals. The study included 12 children (2 to 5 years). They are divided into 3 groups: children with a cochlear implant Group, children with hearing aids used, and normal hearing children. The voice was analyzed using the software program Dr. Speech Vocal Assessment. Values of voice parameters were analyzed using Statistical Methods. The result of this study shows that the mean value of habitual frequency was higher in children with the cochlear implant group and hearing aid users group as compared to the other groups and all voice parameters of 3 groups did not show statistically significant differences. A study done by Pickett in 1996 reported that the Fo was produced by children with hearing loss. Our study also evidence of increased F0 in children with hearing loss. However, all voice parameters did not show a significant difference between the children with cochlear implants, hearing aid users, and normal hearing; the result of cochlear implantation and hearing aid and voice and speech education is thus sufficient.

Enhancing Social Communication Skills in Children with Special Needs -A Comparative Group Study in the Early Intervention Unit

International Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 2023

Early intervention is a crucial component in assisting children with special needs to reach their... more Early intervention is a crucial component in assisting children with special needs to reach their full cognitive, emotional, and social potential. As early childhood is a crucial period of development for both the brain and the child's overall growth, interventions must begin at this time. Most children with special needs lack in their social and communication skills. This may be due to non-exposure to early enrolment in the play school or early intervention where they can learn from their peer. Group therapy as a part of early intervention gives better results in improving children's social communication skills. Therefore, this study aimed to see the impact of group therapy on the social communication skills of children with special needs in the early intervention unit. Twenty children, 10 males, and 10 females, aged 0-6 years, attending CDIC EIU were selected for group therapy at CRC, Lucknow. These had a provisional diagnosis of ASD, GDD, ID, and HI. Pre and Post scores were measured for the 4 selected domains, i.e., social skills, joint attention, receptive, and expressive language age by available tests and scales. Various studies show the impact of group therapy on social communication skills in children. Similarly, in the current study, the social communication of children got better with increased post-therapy scores after undergoing group therapy. The significant difference found through ANOVA was appropriate within the group and was approaching the target value among the group. Hence, this indicates a positive impact of group therapy on social communication in children.

Effect of stuttering on speech & language development and quality of voice: A pilot study

International Journal of Speech and Audiology, 2022

To examine the impact of stuttering on the development of speech and language and voice quality i... more To examine the impact of stuttering on the development of speech and language and voice quality in stuttering children. Methods: Two male children between the ages of 7 and 10 were chosen as the study's subjects. The SSI-4 was used to assess the extent of stuttering, and the LPT was used t o determine the child's language proficiency (semantic and syntax). Dr. Speech software was used to evaluate the voice's quality. The study was conducted at the speech and hearing unit, CRC, Lucknow, India. Results: Subject with moderate stuttering had delayed language (semantics and syntax) levels, a minor hoarse voice, and severe breathiness. Only the syntactical skills of the subjects with the most severe stuttering were delayed, and their voice quality was within acceptable ranges. Conclusion: The children who stutter may experience delayed language development in higher language skills as well as a significant impact on voice quality.

Validation of activity manual in Hindi for parents of children with hearing impairment

International Journal of Speech and Audiology, 2022

The importance of the home-based training approach comes from the fact that most parents would re... more The importance of the home-based training approach comes from the fact that most parents would react with worry when they realize that their child is having learning difficulties and is not progressing as expected. So, it was thought that a manual of activities should be created and made available to all parents in need. Additionally, it is believed that the goals and exercises in the activity manual will work in a variety of socio-cultural and linguistic contexts. Aim of the study: The purpose of the study is to validate a developed language stimulation home training activity manual in Hindi for parents of children with hearing impairment who fall into the 2 to 6-year-old age range. Methods: 21 children in the age range of 2 to 6 years with hearing impairment from Composite Regional center for PwDs, Lucknow, India were included. Each section (i.e. Attention, Auditory Training, Verbal Comprehension, Oral expression, and Articulation) underdeveloped manual by Ranjan, R., & Banik, A. 2013 was taken as a validation process and each section of the manual was administered pre and post-by using the available test/scales. The responses of the participants were scored and compared based on the Pre and Post test results under each section to see the changes in all the section of the manual. Statistical Analysis was done to establish the validity of the developed manual. Results: Statistical Analysis was done to establish the validity of the developed manual. Significant differences were observed in Attention, Auditory skill, Verbal comprehension, and Oral expression as the P value is <0.001. For articulation, it was not of much significance as the P value is .322, however it was observed that the post scores were good compared to pre scores. Conclusion: The results indicate the current developed manual is helpful to develop their Pre-linguistic skills (Attention), Auditory Training (Auditory Skills), Verbal comprehension (Receptive Language), Oral expression (Expressive Language and Articulation in their different day-today routine at home, and in schools. The developed manuals also will complement speech therapists, special educators, and parents to refer to the activities and plan their child's development of communication.

Development of word list in Hindi for speech sounds to work on articulation errors for children with hearing impairment

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 2014

Children with Hearing Impairment often experienced inability to recognize speech sounds, delay in... more Children with Hearing Impairment often experienced inability to recognize speech sounds, delay in language acquisition, educational disadvantage, social isolation and difficulties to communicate. 1 Children with hearing impairment with the hearing loss of 35-55 dB (mild to moderate loss) have some defects of articulation, 55-70 dB (moderate hearing loss) have abnormalities of articulation and voice, 70-90 dB, 90 dB and above (severe to profound hearing loss) have maximum Articulation errors. 2 Articulation is a process in which there is a consonant flow and flux of neuromuscular adjustment with parallel acoustic signal. 3 Elbert & Gierut 4 defines articulation disorder is a difficulties with motor production aspects of speech or an inability to produce certain speech sounds. Articulation errors are characterized by the substitution, omission, distortion, addition and incorrect sequence of speech sounds. Articulation errors are errors in the production of vowels, consonants and diphthongs.

Language stimulation for children with Mental Retardation

Retardation (MR) is an idea, a condition, a syndrome, a symptom and a source of pain and bewilder... more Retardation (MR) is an idea, a condition, a syndrome, a symptom and a source of pain and bewilderment to many families. Its history dates back to the beginning of man ¶s time on earth. The idea of mental retardation can be found as for back in history as the therapeutic papyri of thebes (Luxor), Egypt, around 1500 B.C. Although some what vague due to difficulties in translation, these documents clearly refer to disabilities of the mind and body due to brain damage (Sheerenberger, 1983). Currently mental retardation is recognized as an important disability in India, requiring rehabilitation, as evidenced by its inclusion in the persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, (1995) and National Trust for the Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation, & Multiple Disability Act, (1999). Definition of Mental Retardation: AAMR (American Association on Mental Retardation), 1992, defines Mental Retardation as ³a condition that refers to substantial limitations in present functioning. It is characterized by significantly subaverage intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with related limitations in two or more of the following applicable adaptive skills areas: communication, self care, home living, social skills, community use, self-direction, health and safety, functional academics, liesure, and work. Mental Retardation manifests before age 18´. ³The following four assumptions are essential for the application of the definition: 1. Valid assessment considers cultural and linguistic diversity as well as differences in communication and behavioral factors,

RELATION BETWEEN THE AGE OF IDENTIFICATION AND LANGUAGE SKILLS, VOCABULARY SIZE IN HEARING-IMPAIRED CHILDREN

European Journal of Biomedical AND Pharmaceutical sciences, 2022

To build a Vocabulary and develop a lexicon of words in the language, children not only have to e... more To build a Vocabulary and develop a lexicon of words in the language, children not only have to encode the phonological representations of spoken words but they must also map phonological representations onto meanings which can be done mainly through auditory modality. The aim of the study, to relate vocabulary size to early identification and intervention in hearing-impaired children.15 subjects each in the age range of 4 to 5 and 5 to 6 years were selected, all subjects had severe SNHL as deaf. Al the subjects were attending normal schools and also they were attending Speech therapy regularly from the period of 1 to 2 years. All the subjects were assessed using a Vocabulary list developed by Subba Rao (1993). These measures were statistically compared by paired t-test. T-values for vocabulary measures shows that, there was a significant difference between the two, indicating that 4-5-year-old hearing impaired children had higher vocabulary sizes for comprehension and expression. 4-5 years showed better vocabulary size than 5-6 years, indicating that early identification of hearing impairment is essential to provide adequate training before the critical period is over because early intervention has a positive impact on the child's language development. However, the control group of subjects could not be done due to the untying construct. Furthermore, accurate measures will be needed for the next level of studies. It is concluded that the identification of hearing-impaired children is optimal for effective intervention to improve communication skills, Vocabulary, language development, and behavioral adjustment.

Social Interaction Skills Development in Children with ASD: A Group-Based Comparative Study

International Journal of Science & Healthcare Research, 2022

Autism is a processing disorder that disrupts the ability to understand and utilize language and ... more Autism is a processing disorder that disrupts the ability to understand and utilize language and significantly poor social skills. During a typical group therapy session, children are facilitated to socialize with their peers, initiate or participate in the group play or express their potential. This study aimed to see the effect of different types of therapy as a team approach (Speech therapy & Occupational therapy) during the group therapy session and apply it during the group therapy sessions, and to see the impact of different age groups in developing social interaction skills. A total of 5 mainstream children with ASD (age range-6 to 8 and 8-10 years) were selected. 6 sessions of group therapy for 2.5 hours were conducted with OT and ST together. The objectives of the group therapy were rated on four rating scales and compared before and after the session by the parents and therapist. The Wilcoxon signed ranked test was done to find any significant difference between the two groups and the Mann-Whitney U test was to see the impact of different age groups in developing social skills. The finding indicated that the children from both groups showed improvement in social communication with their peers, and show interest to participate; initiating, and taking a turn in storytelling, and various art, and craft activities. However, children in the higher age group showed more improvement in their social skills. This signifies that the transdisciplinary approach in group therapy is a useful treatment strategy to facilitate the children to initiate and interact with their peers.

Rubella Syndrome associated with hearing loss and ocular defects -A Single Case Study

International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES) , 2022

Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is an illness in infants that results from maternal infection w... more Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is an illness in infants that results from maternal infection with the rubella virus during pregnancy. When rubella infection occurs in the second month of gestation; this impairment is sensorineural. The abnormalities most commonly associated with CRS include sensorineural deafness, cardiac defects, and visual impairment. We present a case study of 8years old, female that tested positive for the rubella virus. The research was carried out by reviewing the medical records of the case and taking the case history from the mother. The history of the mother included fever and rashes during the early gestation period (2month) which may be a possible cause of Rubella syndrome in the child. The child was born with low birth weight and as per medical reports the child was diagnosed with rubella keratopathy in both eyes, the impression of CT scan of the head was abnormal, and the impression of BERA was bilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss, however, on echocardiography, no cardiac abnormalities reported. The characteristics of the case with CRS were observed that profound sensorineural hearing loss, intellectual impairment, ocular defects and do not have cardiac abnormalities as per medical reports. J. M. Best, 2007 also reported that clinical features of congenital rubella syndrome consist of sensorineural hearing loss, intellectual impairment, cardiac defect, and ocular defects, which support this study. Any child with bilateral or unilateral hearing loss and/or ocular defects, intellectual disability, and cardiac defects should be investigated thoroughly for CRS. Detailed case history and reviewing of medical records should be prioritized for the planning of intervention and home-based management.

ANALYSIS OF VOICE IN CHILDREN AMONG ASD & ADHD -A COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY

International Journal Of Advance Research And Innovative Ideas In Education, 2022

The study aims at analyzing and comparing voice parameters like fundamental frequency, jitter %, ... more The study aims at analyzing and comparing voice parameters like fundamental frequency, jitter %, shimmer % and Harmonic to Noise Ratio (HNR) in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD). Two male children with ASD and ADHD of ages 7 and 4.5 years respectively were selected. Dr. Speech software was used to record and analyse the voice by the experienced Speech & Language Therapist in Speech and Hearing unit at Composite Regional Centre for PwDs, Lucknow, UP, India. Recording was done by using a professional microphone placed at a 90° angle from the mouth and keeping a 5cm distance for the utterance of vowel /a/. Recorded sample was analyzed and it was observed that, the fundamental frequency was higher in ASD subject than ADHD subject. The jitter and shimmer % and HNR value was higher in ADHD subject than ASD subject. Voice quality of ASD subject was moderately affected and of ADHD subject was severely affected. The result of the study may be used for modification of voice during therapy for children with ASD and ADHD. And it can be reference for the therapist, teachers and other allied professionals.

Role of social media tools in online teaching: perception of physiotherapy students and knowledge translation

Bulletin of Faculty of Physical Therapy (2022) 27:7, 2022

Background: During the COVID-19 lockdown period many education institutions have shifted their fo... more Background: During the COVID-19 lockdown period many education institutions have shifted their focus from the traditional face-to-face education to online instruction mainly through various social media (SM) tools. However, it is not known if these results can be generalized across locations where infrastructure facilities are unevenly distributed. Further, no previous work has explored the role played by SM tools in knowledge translation. The objectives of this work are 1. To evaluate the students perceptions on the accessibility and acceptability of SM tools via an anonymous online survey and 2. Assess the efficacy of SM tools as an educational medium in imparting knowledge change. An online survey using an anonymous web-based questionnaire was conducted to assess the student's accessibility and acceptability of SM tools as a direct information sharing pathway between the faculty and students. A randomized comparative design was utilized to evaluate knowledge change via an online examination administered 10 min before and after an online class delivered via 2 different SM platforms (Google meet, YouTube) and e-mail. Results: Data were obtained from 627 participants through a survey. Though 71.1% of the respondents believed online classes have helped them in their study, only 21.4% and 22.6% of the participants strongly agreed that social networking platforms are helpful for teaching and will be used for teaching/learning in the future respectively. The ANOVA responses to evaluate knowledge transfer from 224 participants who were randomized to receive course content through Google meet, YouTube, and e-mail showed no significant differences in outcomes before and after the delivery of contents. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that multiple external and internal factors need to be addressed before substituting classroom teaching with online teaching, especially during emergencies.

Effect of Transdisciplinary Approach in Group Therapy to Develop Social Skills for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol 4, No 8 (2014), 1536-1542, Aug 2014 doi:10.4304/tpls.4.8.1536-1542, Aug 1, 2014

The social impairments in individuals with Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are diverse and involve... more The social impairments in individuals with Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are diverse and involve speech, linguistic conventions and interpersonal interaction. 5 male children with ASD in the age range of 8 to 10 years were selected randomly. All the children were attending mainstream schools, receiving individual speech therapy and occupational therapy (45-minute session every fortnight) and were having difficulty in social interaction. The children were placed in a 3-hour group therapy program for 6 sessions, which were facilitated by two professionals, a speech-language therapist and an occupational therapist at our center (Society for the Physically Disabled). The rating score was rated by parent and therapist. The comparative pre and post therapy score among the two groups, that is by parents and therapist shows that the objectives for the group therapy were rated higher after the completion of the group therapy. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test shows there is significant difference (P<0.05) observed between pre and post group therapy rating scale by parents and therapist.

In Preliminary Data, Cell Phone Users Have Longer ABR Latencies

Hearing Journal, Mar 5, 2014

Language Stimulation for Children with Mental Retardation-An Activity Manual for Parents

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Development and Validation of the Objectives for Language Stimulation Home Training Activity Manual in Hindi for Parents of the Children with Hearing Impairment

Language in India, Apr 3, 2013

The Study was aimed to develop and validate the items/ objectives for language stimulation home t... more The Study was aimed to develop and validate the items/ objectives for language stimulation home training activity manual useful for the children with hearing impairment in the chronological age range of 2-6 years. A Quasi Experimental Research Design was chosen to undertake the present study, in which 15 subjects (5 Parents of the hearing impaired, 5

Development of Language Stimulation Home training activity manual in Hindi for parents for children with hearing imapirement- A pilot study

This study aims to develop a language stimulation home training activity manual useful for the ch... more This study aims to develop a language stimulation home training activity manual useful for the children with hearing impairment in the chronological age range of 2-6 years. A Quasi Experimental Research Design was chosen to undertake the present study, in which 8 Parents and 8 Special educators (Hearing impaired) were included. All subjects were having or teaching schools going severe to profound hearing impaired children in the age range of 2-6 years. Developed activity manual was given to all the subjects for 3 months reading and implementing the activity manual on their hearing impaired children. And also developed questionnaire was given to rate the manual in 4 rating scale after the reading of the activity manual. Intra-rating reliability test and analysis of the scored questionnaire was done to see the impact and usefulness of developed activity manual by the all subjects (Parents and special educators). Results of the Kendall's Tau-b test showed that there were no significant differences among two groups for the impact and usefulness of developed activity manual.

Books by Rajeev Ranjan

Language stimulation for children with Mental Retardation

LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing., 2022

The topic of language intervention for children with mental retardation is necessarily broad and ... more The topic of language intervention for children with mental retardation is necessarily broad and reflects the variability in the degree of language impairment associated with Mental Retardation. More ever, interventions designed to improve a specific aspect of language in children with mental retardation are obviously going to differ greatly from interventions aimed at fostering the beginnings of a communication system. Yet the underlying goal for all children with mental retardation participating in language intervention is to improve their quality of life by improving their language and communication.

A voice analysis comparison of children with cochlear implants, hearing aids, and normal hearing

International Journal of Speech and Audiology, 2023

Voice errors are one of the most common types of errors in children with hearing loss speech, and... more Voice errors are one of the most common types of errors in children with hearing loss speech, and it is well known that deaf people's speech and voice characteristics differ significantly from those of normal hearing individuals. The study included 12 children (2 to 5 years). They are divided into 3 groups: children with a cochlear implant Group, children with hearing aids used, and normal hearing children. The voice was analyzed using the software program Dr. Speech Vocal Assessment. Values of voice parameters were analyzed using Statistical Methods. The result of this study shows that the mean value of habitual frequency was higher in children with the cochlear implant group and hearing aid users group as compared to the other groups and all voice parameters of 3 groups did not show statistically significant differences. A study done by Pickett in 1996 reported that the Fo was produced by children with hearing loss. Our study also evidence of increased F0 in children with hearing loss. However, all voice parameters did not show a significant difference between the children with cochlear implants, hearing aid users, and normal hearing; the result of cochlear implantation and hearing aid and voice and speech education is thus sufficient.

Enhancing Social Communication Skills in Children with Special Needs -A Comparative Group Study in the Early Intervention Unit

International Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 2023

Early intervention is a crucial component in assisting children with special needs to reach their... more Early intervention is a crucial component in assisting children with special needs to reach their full cognitive, emotional, and social potential. As early childhood is a crucial period of development for both the brain and the child's overall growth, interventions must begin at this time. Most children with special needs lack in their social and communication skills. This may be due to non-exposure to early enrolment in the play school or early intervention where they can learn from their peer. Group therapy as a part of early intervention gives better results in improving children's social communication skills. Therefore, this study aimed to see the impact of group therapy on the social communication skills of children with special needs in the early intervention unit. Twenty children, 10 males, and 10 females, aged 0-6 years, attending CDIC EIU were selected for group therapy at CRC, Lucknow. These had a provisional diagnosis of ASD, GDD, ID, and HI. Pre and Post scores were measured for the 4 selected domains, i.e., social skills, joint attention, receptive, and expressive language age by available tests and scales. Various studies show the impact of group therapy on social communication skills in children. Similarly, in the current study, the social communication of children got better with increased post-therapy scores after undergoing group therapy. The significant difference found through ANOVA was appropriate within the group and was approaching the target value among the group. Hence, this indicates a positive impact of group therapy on social communication in children.

Effect of stuttering on speech & language development and quality of voice: A pilot study

International Journal of Speech and Audiology, 2022

To examine the impact of stuttering on the development of speech and language and voice quality i... more To examine the impact of stuttering on the development of speech and language and voice quality in stuttering children. Methods: Two male children between the ages of 7 and 10 were chosen as the study's subjects. The SSI-4 was used to assess the extent of stuttering, and the LPT was used t o determine the child's language proficiency (semantic and syntax). Dr. Speech software was used to evaluate the voice's quality. The study was conducted at the speech and hearing unit, CRC, Lucknow, India. Results: Subject with moderate stuttering had delayed language (semantics and syntax) levels, a minor hoarse voice, and severe breathiness. Only the syntactical skills of the subjects with the most severe stuttering were delayed, and their voice quality was within acceptable ranges. Conclusion: The children who stutter may experience delayed language development in higher language skills as well as a significant impact on voice quality.

Validation of activity manual in Hindi for parents of children with hearing impairment

International Journal of Speech and Audiology, 2022

The importance of the home-based training approach comes from the fact that most parents would re... more The importance of the home-based training approach comes from the fact that most parents would react with worry when they realize that their child is having learning difficulties and is not progressing as expected. So, it was thought that a manual of activities should be created and made available to all parents in need. Additionally, it is believed that the goals and exercises in the activity manual will work in a variety of socio-cultural and linguistic contexts. Aim of the study: The purpose of the study is to validate a developed language stimulation home training activity manual in Hindi for parents of children with hearing impairment who fall into the 2 to 6-year-old age range. Methods: 21 children in the age range of 2 to 6 years with hearing impairment from Composite Regional center for PwDs, Lucknow, India were included. Each section (i.e. Attention, Auditory Training, Verbal Comprehension, Oral expression, and Articulation) underdeveloped manual by Ranjan, R., & Banik, A. 2013 was taken as a validation process and each section of the manual was administered pre and post-by using the available test/scales. The responses of the participants were scored and compared based on the Pre and Post test results under each section to see the changes in all the section of the manual. Statistical Analysis was done to establish the validity of the developed manual. Results: Statistical Analysis was done to establish the validity of the developed manual. Significant differences were observed in Attention, Auditory skill, Verbal comprehension, and Oral expression as the P value is <0.001. For articulation, it was not of much significance as the P value is .322, however it was observed that the post scores were good compared to pre scores. Conclusion: The results indicate the current developed manual is helpful to develop their Pre-linguistic skills (Attention), Auditory Training (Auditory Skills), Verbal comprehension (Receptive Language), Oral expression (Expressive Language and Articulation in their different day-today routine at home, and in schools. The developed manuals also will complement speech therapists, special educators, and parents to refer to the activities and plan their child's development of communication.

Development of word list in Hindi for speech sounds to work on articulation errors for children with hearing impairment

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 2014

Children with Hearing Impairment often experienced inability to recognize speech sounds, delay in... more Children with Hearing Impairment often experienced inability to recognize speech sounds, delay in language acquisition, educational disadvantage, social isolation and difficulties to communicate. 1 Children with hearing impairment with the hearing loss of 35-55 dB (mild to moderate loss) have some defects of articulation, 55-70 dB (moderate hearing loss) have abnormalities of articulation and voice, 70-90 dB, 90 dB and above (severe to profound hearing loss) have maximum Articulation errors. 2 Articulation is a process in which there is a consonant flow and flux of neuromuscular adjustment with parallel acoustic signal. 3 Elbert & Gierut 4 defines articulation disorder is a difficulties with motor production aspects of speech or an inability to produce certain speech sounds. Articulation errors are characterized by the substitution, omission, distortion, addition and incorrect sequence of speech sounds. Articulation errors are errors in the production of vowels, consonants and diphthongs.

Language stimulation for children with Mental Retardation

Retardation (MR) is an idea, a condition, a syndrome, a symptom and a source of pain and bewilder... more Retardation (MR) is an idea, a condition, a syndrome, a symptom and a source of pain and bewilderment to many families. Its history dates back to the beginning of man ¶s time on earth. The idea of mental retardation can be found as for back in history as the therapeutic papyri of thebes (Luxor), Egypt, around 1500 B.C. Although some what vague due to difficulties in translation, these documents clearly refer to disabilities of the mind and body due to brain damage (Sheerenberger, 1983). Currently mental retardation is recognized as an important disability in India, requiring rehabilitation, as evidenced by its inclusion in the persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, (1995) and National Trust for the Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation, & Multiple Disability Act, (1999). Definition of Mental Retardation: AAMR (American Association on Mental Retardation), 1992, defines Mental Retardation as ³a condition that refers to substantial limitations in present functioning. It is characterized by significantly subaverage intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with related limitations in two or more of the following applicable adaptive skills areas: communication, self care, home living, social skills, community use, self-direction, health and safety, functional academics, liesure, and work. Mental Retardation manifests before age 18´. ³The following four assumptions are essential for the application of the definition: 1. Valid assessment considers cultural and linguistic diversity as well as differences in communication and behavioral factors,

RELATION BETWEEN THE AGE OF IDENTIFICATION AND LANGUAGE SKILLS, VOCABULARY SIZE IN HEARING-IMPAIRED CHILDREN

European Journal of Biomedical AND Pharmaceutical sciences, 2022

To build a Vocabulary and develop a lexicon of words in the language, children not only have to e... more To build a Vocabulary and develop a lexicon of words in the language, children not only have to encode the phonological representations of spoken words but they must also map phonological representations onto meanings which can be done mainly through auditory modality. The aim of the study, to relate vocabulary size to early identification and intervention in hearing-impaired children.15 subjects each in the age range of 4 to 5 and 5 to 6 years were selected, all subjects had severe SNHL as deaf. Al the subjects were attending normal schools and also they were attending Speech therapy regularly from the period of 1 to 2 years. All the subjects were assessed using a Vocabulary list developed by Subba Rao (1993). These measures were statistically compared by paired t-test. T-values for vocabulary measures shows that, there was a significant difference between the two, indicating that 4-5-year-old hearing impaired children had higher vocabulary sizes for comprehension and expression. 4-5 years showed better vocabulary size than 5-6 years, indicating that early identification of hearing impairment is essential to provide adequate training before the critical period is over because early intervention has a positive impact on the child's language development. However, the control group of subjects could not be done due to the untying construct. Furthermore, accurate measures will be needed for the next level of studies. It is concluded that the identification of hearing-impaired children is optimal for effective intervention to improve communication skills, Vocabulary, language development, and behavioral adjustment.

Social Interaction Skills Development in Children with ASD: A Group-Based Comparative Study

International Journal of Science & Healthcare Research, 2022

Autism is a processing disorder that disrupts the ability to understand and utilize language and ... more Autism is a processing disorder that disrupts the ability to understand and utilize language and significantly poor social skills. During a typical group therapy session, children are facilitated to socialize with their peers, initiate or participate in the group play or express their potential. This study aimed to see the effect of different types of therapy as a team approach (Speech therapy & Occupational therapy) during the group therapy session and apply it during the group therapy sessions, and to see the impact of different age groups in developing social interaction skills. A total of 5 mainstream children with ASD (age range-6 to 8 and 8-10 years) were selected. 6 sessions of group therapy for 2.5 hours were conducted with OT and ST together. The objectives of the group therapy were rated on four rating scales and compared before and after the session by the parents and therapist. The Wilcoxon signed ranked test was done to find any significant difference between the two groups and the Mann-Whitney U test was to see the impact of different age groups in developing social skills. The finding indicated that the children from both groups showed improvement in social communication with their peers, and show interest to participate; initiating, and taking a turn in storytelling, and various art, and craft activities. However, children in the higher age group showed more improvement in their social skills. This signifies that the transdisciplinary approach in group therapy is a useful treatment strategy to facilitate the children to initiate and interact with their peers.

Rubella Syndrome associated with hearing loss and ocular defects -A Single Case Study

International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES) , 2022

Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is an illness in infants that results from maternal infection w... more Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is an illness in infants that results from maternal infection with the rubella virus during pregnancy. When rubella infection occurs in the second month of gestation; this impairment is sensorineural. The abnormalities most commonly associated with CRS include sensorineural deafness, cardiac defects, and visual impairment. We present a case study of 8years old, female that tested positive for the rubella virus. The research was carried out by reviewing the medical records of the case and taking the case history from the mother. The history of the mother included fever and rashes during the early gestation period (2month) which may be a possible cause of Rubella syndrome in the child. The child was born with low birth weight and as per medical reports the child was diagnosed with rubella keratopathy in both eyes, the impression of CT scan of the head was abnormal, and the impression of BERA was bilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss, however, on echocardiography, no cardiac abnormalities reported. The characteristics of the case with CRS were observed that profound sensorineural hearing loss, intellectual impairment, ocular defects and do not have cardiac abnormalities as per medical reports. J. M. Best, 2007 also reported that clinical features of congenital rubella syndrome consist of sensorineural hearing loss, intellectual impairment, cardiac defect, and ocular defects, which support this study. Any child with bilateral or unilateral hearing loss and/or ocular defects, intellectual disability, and cardiac defects should be investigated thoroughly for CRS. Detailed case history and reviewing of medical records should be prioritized for the planning of intervention and home-based management.

ANALYSIS OF VOICE IN CHILDREN AMONG ASD & ADHD -A COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY

International Journal Of Advance Research And Innovative Ideas In Education, 2022

The study aims at analyzing and comparing voice parameters like fundamental frequency, jitter %, ... more The study aims at analyzing and comparing voice parameters like fundamental frequency, jitter %, shimmer % and Harmonic to Noise Ratio (HNR) in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD). Two male children with ASD and ADHD of ages 7 and 4.5 years respectively were selected. Dr. Speech software was used to record and analyse the voice by the experienced Speech & Language Therapist in Speech and Hearing unit at Composite Regional Centre for PwDs, Lucknow, UP, India. Recording was done by using a professional microphone placed at a 90° angle from the mouth and keeping a 5cm distance for the utterance of vowel /a/. Recorded sample was analyzed and it was observed that, the fundamental frequency was higher in ASD subject than ADHD subject. The jitter and shimmer % and HNR value was higher in ADHD subject than ASD subject. Voice quality of ASD subject was moderately affected and of ADHD subject was severely affected. The result of the study may be used for modification of voice during therapy for children with ASD and ADHD. And it can be reference for the therapist, teachers and other allied professionals.

Role of social media tools in online teaching: perception of physiotherapy students and knowledge translation

Bulletin of Faculty of Physical Therapy (2022) 27:7, 2022

Background: During the COVID-19 lockdown period many education institutions have shifted their fo... more Background: During the COVID-19 lockdown period many education institutions have shifted their focus from the traditional face-to-face education to online instruction mainly through various social media (SM) tools. However, it is not known if these results can be generalized across locations where infrastructure facilities are unevenly distributed. Further, no previous work has explored the role played by SM tools in knowledge translation. The objectives of this work are 1. To evaluate the students perceptions on the accessibility and acceptability of SM tools via an anonymous online survey and 2. Assess the efficacy of SM tools as an educational medium in imparting knowledge change. An online survey using an anonymous web-based questionnaire was conducted to assess the student's accessibility and acceptability of SM tools as a direct information sharing pathway between the faculty and students. A randomized comparative design was utilized to evaluate knowledge change via an online examination administered 10 min before and after an online class delivered via 2 different SM platforms (Google meet, YouTube) and e-mail. Results: Data were obtained from 627 participants through a survey. Though 71.1% of the respondents believed online classes have helped them in their study, only 21.4% and 22.6% of the participants strongly agreed that social networking platforms are helpful for teaching and will be used for teaching/learning in the future respectively. The ANOVA responses to evaluate knowledge transfer from 224 participants who were randomized to receive course content through Google meet, YouTube, and e-mail showed no significant differences in outcomes before and after the delivery of contents. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that multiple external and internal factors need to be addressed before substituting classroom teaching with online teaching, especially during emergencies.

Effect of Transdisciplinary Approach in Group Therapy to Develop Social Skills for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol 4, No 8 (2014), 1536-1542, Aug 2014 doi:10.4304/tpls.4.8.1536-1542, Aug 1, 2014

The social impairments in individuals with Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are diverse and involve... more The social impairments in individuals with Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are diverse and involve speech, linguistic conventions and interpersonal interaction. 5 male children with ASD in the age range of 8 to 10 years were selected randomly. All the children were attending mainstream schools, receiving individual speech therapy and occupational therapy (45-minute session every fortnight) and were having difficulty in social interaction. The children were placed in a 3-hour group therapy program for 6 sessions, which were facilitated by two professionals, a speech-language therapist and an occupational therapist at our center (Society for the Physically Disabled). The rating score was rated by parent and therapist. The comparative pre and post therapy score among the two groups, that is by parents and therapist shows that the objectives for the group therapy were rated higher after the completion of the group therapy. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test shows there is significant difference (P<0.05) observed between pre and post group therapy rating scale by parents and therapist.

In Preliminary Data, Cell Phone Users Have Longer ABR Latencies

Hearing Journal, Mar 5, 2014

Language Stimulation for Children with Mental Retardation-An Activity Manual for Parents

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Development and Validation of the Objectives for Language Stimulation Home Training Activity Manual in Hindi for Parents of the Children with Hearing Impairment

Language in India, Apr 3, 2013

The Study was aimed to develop and validate the items/ objectives for language stimulation home t... more The Study was aimed to develop and validate the items/ objectives for language stimulation home training activity manual useful for the children with hearing impairment in the chronological age range of 2-6 years. A Quasi Experimental Research Design was chosen to undertake the present study, in which 15 subjects (5 Parents of the hearing impaired, 5

Development of Language Stimulation Home training activity manual in Hindi for parents for children with hearing imapirement- A pilot study

This study aims to develop a language stimulation home training activity manual useful for the ch... more This study aims to develop a language stimulation home training activity manual useful for the children with hearing impairment in the chronological age range of 2-6 years. A Quasi Experimental Research Design was chosen to undertake the present study, in which 8 Parents and 8 Special educators (Hearing impaired) were included. All subjects were having or teaching schools going severe to profound hearing impaired children in the age range of 2-6 years. Developed activity manual was given to all the subjects for 3 months reading and implementing the activity manual on their hearing impaired children. And also developed questionnaire was given to rate the manual in 4 rating scale after the reading of the activity manual. Intra-rating reliability test and analysis of the scored questionnaire was done to see the impact and usefulness of developed activity manual by the all subjects (Parents and special educators). Results of the Kendall's Tau-b test showed that there were no significant differences among two groups for the impact and usefulness of developed activity manual.

Language stimulation for children with Mental Retardation

LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing., 2022

The topic of language intervention for children with mental retardation is necessarily broad and ... more The topic of language intervention for children with mental retardation is necessarily broad and reflects the variability in the degree of language impairment associated with Mental Retardation. More ever, interventions designed to improve a specific aspect of language in children with mental retardation are obviously going to differ greatly from interventions aimed at fostering the beginnings of a communication system. Yet the underlying goal for all children with mental retardation participating in language intervention is to improve their quality of life by improving their language and communication.