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nishant mehta

University of Mumbai, Information Technology, Graduate Student

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Sherzod Hamzayev

Tashkent University of Information Technologies

Allama Iqbal Open University

Dr. Fazal Q . Khan

King AbdulAziz University (KAU) Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Hari Kumar Naredla

Defence Services Medical Academy (DSMA), Yangon, Myanmar (Burma)

George Mason University

Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia

George Mason University

Marcin Paprzycki

Polish Academy of Sciences

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Papers by nishant mehta

Steganalysis of images created using current steganography software

Information Hiding, 1998

Steganography is the art of passing information in a manner that the very existence of the messag... more Steganography is the art of passing information in a manner that the very existence of the message is unknown. The goal of steganography is to avoid drawing suspicion to the transmission of a hidden message. If suspicion is raised, then this goal is defeated. Steganalysis is the art of discovering and rendering useless such covert messages. In this paper, we identify characteristics in current steganography software that direct the steganalyst to the existence of a hidden message and introduce the ground work of a tool for automatically detecting the existence of hidden messages in images.

Detection of LSB steganography via sample pair analysis

Information Hiding, 2002

This paper introduces a new, principled approach to detecting LSB steganography in digital signal... more This paper introduces a new, principled approach to detecting LSB steganography in digital signals such as images and audio. It is shown that the length of hidden message embedded in the least significant bits of signal samples can be estimated with relatively high precision. The new steganalytic approach is based on some statistical measures of sample pairs that are highly sensitive to LSB embedding operations. The resulting detection algorithm is simple and fast. To evaluate the robustness of the proposed steganalytic approach, bounds on estimation errors are developed. Furthermore, the vulnerability of the new approach to possible attacks is also assessed, and counter measures are suggested.

Detecting LSB steganography in color, and gray-scale images

IEEE Multimedia, 2001

We describe a reliable and accurate method for detecting least significant bit (LSB) nonsequentia... more We describe a reliable and accurate method for detecting least significant bit (LSB) nonsequential embedding in digital images. The secret message length is derived by inspecting the lossless capacity in the LSB and shifted LSB plane. An upper bound of 0.005 bits/pixel was experimentally determined for safe LSB embedding.

$We have a simple explanation for the peculiar increase in the difference between R_y and S_y for the mask M=[0 1 O]. We define sets C; = {2i, 2i+1}, i=0, ..., 127, and cliques of groups Cys, = {G| GeC,xC,xC;}. There are 128° cliques, each clique consisting of 8 groups (triples). The cliques are closed under LSB randomization. For the purpose of our analysis, we recognize four different types of cliques ignoring horizontally and vertically symmetrical cliques. The table below shows the four types and the number of R, S, and U groups under F; and F_; for each type. From the table, one can see that while randomization of LSBs has a tendency to equalize the number of R and S groups in each clique under F), it will increase the number of R groups and decrease the number of S groups under F.. Figure 1 RS-diagram of an image taken by a digital camera. The x-axis is the percentage of pixels with flipped LSBs, the y- axis is the relative number of regular and singular groups with masks M and —M, M=[0 1 1 0].$

Spread spectrum image steganography

IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 1999

In this paper, we present a new method of digital steganography, entitled spread spectrum image s... more In this paper, we present a new method of digital steganography, entitled spread spectrum image steganography (SSIS). Steganography, which means "covered writing" in Greek, is the science of communicating in a hidden manner. Following a discussion of steganographic communication theory and review of existing techniques, the new method, SSIS, is introduced. This system hides and recovers a message of substantial length within digital imagery while maintaining the original image size and dynamic range. The hidden message can be recovered using appropriate keys without any knowledge of the original image. Image restoration, error-control coding, and techniques similar to spread spectrum are described, and the performance of the system is illustrated. A message embedded by this method can be in the form of text, imagery, or any other digital signal. Applications for such a data-hiding scheme include in-band captioning, covert communication, image tamperproofing, authentication, embedded control, and revision tracking.

Analysis of LSB based image steganography techniques

Image Processing, 2001. …, 2001

Stretching the limits of steganography

Information Hiding, Jan 1, 1996

Linguistic steganography: Survey, analysis, and robustness concerns for hiding information in text

... Linguistic Steganography: Survey, Analysis, and Robustness Concerns for Hiding Information in... more

An information-theoretic model for steganography

Information Hiding, Jan 1, 1998

An information-theoretic model for steganography with passive adversaries is proposed. The advers... more An information-theoretic model for steganography with passive adversaries is proposed. The adversary's task of distinguishing between an innocent c o ver message C and a modi ed message S containing a secret part is interpreted as a hypothesis testing problem. The security of a steganographic system is quanti ed in terms of the relative e n tropy or discrimination between P C and P S . Several secure steganographic schemes are presented in this model; one of them is a universal information hiding scheme based on universal data compression techniques that requires no knowledge of the covertext statistics.

On the limits of steganography

Selected Areas in …, Jan 1, 1998

Information hiding: steganography and watermarkingattacks and countermeasures

Journal of Electronic …, Jan 1, 2001

Information hiding is a rapidly developing research area with a potentially enormous number of pr... more Information hiding is a rapidly developing research area with a potentially enormous number of practical applications. There is already a considerable amount of commercial interest in information hiding applications. However, there is a lack of a good theoretical understanding on the subject, without which, commercial applications will face significant problems that would only hinder their success. For example, the recent SDMI initiative for creating watermarking techniques that prevent unauthorized copying of music does not appear to ...

Information Hiding Techniques for Steganography and Digital Watermaking

IT auditor would be wise to routinely review the implementation and application of several of the... more

Steganalysis of images created using current steganography software

Information Hiding, 1998

Steganography is the art of passing information in a manner that the very existence of the messag... more Steganography is the art of passing information in a manner that the very existence of the message is unknown. The goal of steganography is to avoid drawing suspicion to the transmission of a hidden message. If suspicion is raised, then this goal is defeated. Steganalysis is the art of discovering and rendering useless such covert messages. In this paper, we identify characteristics in current steganography software that direct the steganalyst to the existence of a hidden message and introduce the ground work of a tool for automatically detecting the existence of hidden messages in images.

Detection of LSB steganography via sample pair analysis

Information Hiding, 2002

This paper introduces a new, principled approach to detecting LSB steganography in digital signal... more This paper introduces a new, principled approach to detecting LSB steganography in digital signals such as images and audio. It is shown that the length of hidden message embedded in the least significant bits of signal samples can be estimated with relatively high precision. The new steganalytic approach is based on some statistical measures of sample pairs that are highly sensitive to LSB embedding operations. The resulting detection algorithm is simple and fast. To evaluate the robustness of the proposed steganalytic approach, bounds on estimation errors are developed. Furthermore, the vulnerability of the new approach to possible attacks is also assessed, and counter measures are suggested.

Detecting LSB steganography in color, and gray-scale images

IEEE Multimedia, 2001

We describe a reliable and accurate method for detecting least significant bit (LSB) nonsequentia... more We describe a reliable and accurate method for detecting least significant bit (LSB) nonsequential embedding in digital images. The secret message length is derived by inspecting the lossless capacity in the LSB and shifted LSB plane. An upper bound of 0.005 bits/pixel was experimentally determined for safe LSB embedding.

$We have a simple explanation for the peculiar increase in the difference between R_y and S_y for the mask M=[0 1 O]. We define sets C; = {2i, 2i+1}, i=0, ..., 127, and cliques of groups Cys, = {G| GeC,xC,xC;}. There are 128° cliques, each clique consisting of 8 groups (triples). The cliques are closed under LSB randomization. For the purpose of our analysis, we recognize four different types of cliques ignoring horizontally and vertically symmetrical cliques. The table below shows the four types and the number of R, S, and U groups under F; and F_; for each type. From the table, one can see that while randomization of LSBs has a tendency to equalize the number of R and S groups in each clique under F), it will increase the number of R groups and decrease the number of S groups under F.. Figure 1 RS-diagram of an image taken by a digital camera. The x-axis is the percentage of pixels with flipped LSBs, the y- axis is the relative number of regular and singular groups with masks M and —M, M=[0 1 1 0].$

Spread spectrum image steganography

IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 1999

In this paper, we present a new method of digital steganography, entitled spread spectrum image s... more In this paper, we present a new method of digital steganography, entitled spread spectrum image steganography (SSIS). Steganography, which means "covered writing" in Greek, is the science of communicating in a hidden manner. Following a discussion of steganographic communication theory and review of existing techniques, the new method, SSIS, is introduced. This system hides and recovers a message of substantial length within digital imagery while maintaining the original image size and dynamic range. The hidden message can be recovered using appropriate keys without any knowledge of the original image. Image restoration, error-control coding, and techniques similar to spread spectrum are described, and the performance of the system is illustrated. A message embedded by this method can be in the form of text, imagery, or any other digital signal. Applications for such a data-hiding scheme include in-band captioning, covert communication, image tamperproofing, authentication, embedded control, and revision tracking.

Analysis of LSB based image steganography techniques

Image Processing, 2001. …, 2001

Stretching the limits of steganography

Information Hiding, Jan 1, 1996

Linguistic steganography: Survey, analysis, and robustness concerns for hiding information in text

... Linguistic Steganography: Survey, Analysis, and Robustness Concerns for Hiding Information in... more

An information-theoretic model for steganography

Information Hiding, Jan 1, 1998

An information-theoretic model for steganography with passive adversaries is proposed. The advers... more An information-theoretic model for steganography with passive adversaries is proposed. The adversary's task of distinguishing between an innocent c o ver message C and a modi ed message S containing a secret part is interpreted as a hypothesis testing problem. The security of a steganographic system is quanti ed in terms of the relative e n tropy or discrimination between P C and P S . Several secure steganographic schemes are presented in this model; one of them is a universal information hiding scheme based on universal data compression techniques that requires no knowledge of the covertext statistics.

On the limits of steganography

Selected Areas in …, Jan 1, 1998

Information hiding: steganography and watermarkingattacks and countermeasures

Journal of Electronic …, Jan 1, 2001

Information hiding is a rapidly developing research area with a potentially enormous number of pr... more Information hiding is a rapidly developing research area with a potentially enormous number of practical applications. There is already a considerable amount of commercial interest in information hiding applications. However, there is a lack of a good theoretical understanding on the subject, without which, commercial applications will face significant problems that would only hinder their success. For example, the recent SDMI initiative for creating watermarking techniques that prevent unauthorized copying of music does not appear to ...

Information Hiding Techniques for Steganography and Digital Watermaking

IT auditor would be wise to routinely review the implementation and application of several of the... more