Pavel Shlykov

Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Faculty Member

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Pavel Shlykov is an Associate Professor at the Institute of Asian and African Studies at Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia. He received his PhD from Moscow State University in 2010. Since then he has been teaching courses at different faculties of the Moscow State University, Diplomatic Academy of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs etc. ranging from the history of the Turkish Republic and the history of the Middle East to classes in international relations, comparative politics and Islamic studies. He has published a number of articles related to comparative politics, civil society, Russian Foreign policy in the Middle East, Turkish and Islamic studies in Russian, English and Turkish. He is also the author of the Waqfs in Turkey: Transformation of the Traditional Institution (Moscow: Mardjani Publishing House, 2011) and The Dynamics of Russian-Turkish Relations in the Time of Increasing Global Instability (Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies, 2014). He regularly provides analysis on Turkey and Middle East affairs to the media. His commentary has featured in both Russian and Turkish outlets.
Address: Moscow, Moscow City, Russian Federation

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Papers by Pavel Shlykov

State and Civil Society in Turkey: Interaction, Submission, Containment (the 2000s and 2010s)

Novaia i noveishaia istoriia

The paper explores the development of civil society in Turkey, analyzes the models and mechanisms... more The paper explores the development of civil society in Turkey, analyzes the models and mechanisms of its interaction with the state in the context of power consolidation Recep Erdoğan and his Justice and Development Party undertook in the 2000s and 2010s. After long-lasting and eventually unsuccessful attempts of European integration Turkey embarked upon a search for a new balance in the interaction between the state and civil society, characterized by an increase in authoritarian tendencies, Islamization and de-secularization, which still, nevertheless, coexist with a high level of civic activism. The paper seeks to fill a gap in the academic literature on social and political transformations of modern Turkey which primarily focuses on expanding process of Islamization and de-secularization while the issue of specific interaction between the state and civil society institutions in Turkey generally remains beyond the radar of the scholars. The source base of the research includes a ...

Populism in the political culture of Turkey: The foreign policy dimension

Moscow University Bulletin of World Politics, 2021

The paper analyses the phenomenon of populism and its impact on Turkish foreign policy in three d... more The paper analyses the phenomenon of populism and its impact on Turkish foreign policy in three dimensions: institutional, instrumental and ideological. The research scrutinizes a wide selection of party manifestos and public speeches of Turkish politicians with primarily focus on Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s statements during his incumbency as the prime-minister and the president. The embeddedness of populism in political culture of Turkey provided it with ideological ﬂexibility and made populism almost a universal instrument for engaging with electorate. Starting from Turkey’s transition to multiparty system the majority of political actors have resorted to populism in one or another way. Erdoğan has not only continued this tendency but mastered the populist rhetoric. The character and content of Erdoğan’s populism ﬂuctuated following the changing domestic and international environment. In the 2000s it was hinged on the loose concept of conservative democracy. At the turn of the 2000s a...

Exploring the Prospects for Russian-Turkish Cooperation in a Turbulent Neighborhood. Global Relation Forum & Carnegie Moscow Center Working Group

The “Turkish Model” in Historical Perspective

Russia in Global Affairs, 2018

The paper studies the "Turkish model" in a comparative historical perspective from three angles: ... more The paper studies the "Turkish model" in a comparative historical perspective from three angles: as an example of mobilization modernization; as a combination of liberal democracy and Islam; and as a de-Westernization paradigm. The focus is on the transformation of the "Turkish model" and its substantive evolution from the early 1990s to the middle of the 2010s, and on how peaks of international interest in the "Turkish model" impacted Ankara's foreign policy activities and its positioning on the international stage by Turkish elites. This approach helped to identify the factors behind periodic resurgence and transformation of the "Turkish model" and the shifting balance between the expectations of its potential recipients and Ankara's plans to use it as a foreign-policy tool. Research methodology is based on the theory of multiple modernities and the concept of symbolic interactionism in international relations. In the case of Turkey, this approach provides broader possibilities for interpreting Ankara's foreign-policy strategies and understanding the mechanisms of its relations with other countries in the Greater Middle East.

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Russia and China in the Eastern Mediterranean: On Parallel Tracks?

Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, Sep 29, 2022

With the advancement in 2013 of its Belt and Road Initiative, China emerged as a new player in ma... more With the advancement in 2013 of its Belt and Road Initiative, China emerged as a new player in many regions in which it had been absent. These regions included the Eastern Mediterranean, where Russia has long been present, although historically Russian engagement varied depending on the geopolitical situation and its military-strategic and economic capabilities. This article explores whether the Eastern Mediterranean is witnessing a Russo-Chinese alliance in the making, with Russian and Chinese interests intersecting, or whether they are still developing on parallel tracks in relative isolation from one another. Moreover, how are the Eastern Mediterranean countries reacting, and will a growing Russian and Chinese presence correspond with or run counter to these countries&#39; interests?

Russia and China in the Eastern Mediterranean: On Parallel Tracks?

Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies

Russia and China in the Eastern Mediterranean: On Parallel Tracks?

Pavel Shlykov; Ekaterina Koldunova (2022): Russia and China in the Eastern Mediterranean: On Parallel Tracks? // Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 2022, DOI: 10.1080/19448953.2022.2129319, 2022

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The "Libyan Question": The Perspectives of Resolution in the Context of European and International Security

Vostokovedenie i Afrikanistika

The overview presents the materials of scientific-methodical workshop of CSIR of global and regio... more The overview presents the materials of scientific-methodical workshop of CSIR of global and regional problems INION RAS which was dedicated to the evolution of the «Libyan problem» in 2011-2021. The key myths and uncertainties that arose around the military operation of a group of NATO member countries against the leadership of the Jamahiriya headed by M. Gaddafi (2011) were identified. After it the features of the struggle between the Government of National Accord (F. Sarraj) and the Libyan national army (Ch. Chaftar) in the second of 2010-s were discussed. Then the participants show about the key events of the active phase of resolution since 2020, January. Special attention was paid to the activity of external actors. In the case of Turkey, the dynamics of its presence in Libya was presented first all the question of the usage the military tools in 2019-2020 and the circumstances of this military activity. France faced with the growing terroristic activity in Northern and Western...

Islamic Institutions in the Socio-Political Process and Development of Civil Society in Turkey

Re-defining a Space of Encounter. Islam and Mediterranean, 2019

Peace Process, International Organizations and the “Kurdish Question”

The Palgrave Handbook of Global Approaches to Peace, 2018

The “Kurdish Question” represents a complex international problem, which demonstrates consecutive... more The “Kurdish Question” represents a complex international problem, which demonstrates consecutive failures of conflict resolution strategies both at the level of nation-state and international organizations. The chapter analyzes the EU and Turkish perspectives on the Kurdish peace process from the early rise of the “Kurdish Question” on the international agenda up to the 2010s. The chapter argues that the increasing involvement of the international organizations in the search for peaceful and compromising solution for the problems of the Kurds led to the crucial transformation of the “Kurdish question”. It resulted in the emergence of new channels for legal actions of the Kurdish political movement on both international and domestic levels and in the rise of such phenomenon as foreign policy of the Kurdish movement.

Russian-Turkish Relations in the Wider Black Sea Region: Cooperation and Competition

In the long historical perspective, Russian and Turkish foreign policies have been deeply affec... more In the long historical perspective, Russian and Turkish foreign policies have been deeply affected by the shared neighborhood of the wider Black Sea region and the Caucasus, where both countries possess multifaceted security, political, economic and cultural ties. This paper highlights the complex nature of Russia-Turkey cooperative and competitive relations with a special focus on the wider Black Sea region and the Caucasus since the 1990s. It argues that while the general features of cooperation between Ankara and Moscow in the region are well known, competition is equally strong. Given the fragile nature of the strategic partnership between Russia and Turkey, this cooperation-competition nexus demands a more comprehensive and multi-level approach to the ways in which the two countries’ competitive interests in the Black Sea region might be turned into a well-grounded cooperation.

Between the US, the EU and Eurasia: Transformation of foreign policy priorities of Turkey

Urgent Problems of Europe, 2020

Аннотация. В статье анализируется корреляция внутриполитической трансформации Турции с изменениям... more Аннотация. В статье анализируется корреляция внутриполитической трансформации Турции с изменениями ее внешней политики по ряду значимых параметров-уровню активности, региональной направленности, идеологическому оформлению, используемым инструментам и риторике. Нестабильность международно-политической конъюнктуры и стремительные изменения ситуации на Ближнем Востоке существенно осложнили для Турции задачу выработки новой модели внешней политики. Ее контуры рассматриваются в статье в трех измерениях-европейском, американском и евразийском (в отношениях с ЕС, США и Россией). В отношениях с ЕС у Турции де-факто сформировалась новая модель взаимодействия и сотрудничества («дифференцированная интеграция»), которая, с одной стороны, отражает масштаб включенности Турции в общеевропейское пространство в сфере политики, экономики, культуры и безопасности, с другойподчеркивает фундаментальность обнажившихся расхождений в вопросах европейских ценностей демократии и прав человека. Отношения Турции с США в настоящее время также проходят этап «маятниковых флуктуаций», динамику которых определяет

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Вакфы в Турции : трансформация традиционного института

Russian Foreign Policy in the Eastern Mediterranean Since 1991

Routledge, Mar 9, 2016

The paper aims to analyze the dynamics of Russian FP in the Eastern Mediterranean after 1991 and ... more The paper aims to analyze the dynamics of Russian FP in the Eastern Mediterranean after 1991 and the influence of changes which took place in both Russia and countries of the region after the Cold War. Within the last two decades the relations between Russia and the Eastern Mediterranean countries underwent serious tests. The partners had to redefine or give up a large number of previous approaches/strategies which reflected a block mentality, and tried to maintain the sound ones. Rethinking of the changes in the region configuration and revision of the past and present Russian policy in the Eastern Mediterranean will help to elaborate a comprehensive interpretation of cooperation patterns, and define promising and effective forms of associations corresponding with new challenges and realities. Economic cooperation turned out to be one of the most problematic spheres. In the realm of politics, culture and humanitarian relations Russia managed to retain many achievements of the past period. However in these spheres Russia faced new challenges – extremely unpredictable and turbulent political milieu in the Eastern Mediterranean states; cross-regional integration in political, economic, and humanitarian spheres; discrete development of national economies; and aggravation of social problems. The Eastern Mediterranean region gained new geopolitical dimensions and became an arena of political events that changed old world system and created new patterns of power balance. Heterogeneous and highly explosive region has always been an object for the external powers which played a role of regulators/moderators. Recent failures of the USA which used to be the only regulator after the Cold War, created a vacuum. After the decline of the USSR Russia abandoned her ambitions of a moderator and concentrated on the defense of mercantile interests. The logic of the international relations development forces Russia to restore her roles but Russia is no longer a Soviet Union and Russian politics in the early 21st century proved that the main concern of Russia in the region is protection against large scale disasters.

The Secularization and Desecularization Nexus in the Turkish Context: What is Behind?

Politics and Religion Journal, 2019

The history of Turkey provides multiple examples of intricate combination of secularization (in t... more The history of Turkey provides multiple examples of intricate combination of secularization (in the Turkish tradition – laicism) and desecularizaion (understood as a revival of Islam and its expansion into social life) while its contemporary dynamics provides a background for a non-conventional view on the correlation between the state and religion in the Muslim societies. The desecularization of Turkey has been a continuous process since the late 1940s, making it increasingly convenient for Islamists to become more visible in the political and the socioeconomic spheres. This paper analyzes the inclusion and accommodation of the "Turkish Islamism" into the sociopolitical life of Turkey focusing on such important phenomena as the constantly expanding religious sphere, the emergence of economic liberal conservatism, the rising resurgence of Islamism in education and media sphere together with the "jemaatization" of the Turkish society. The manifold manifestations o...

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Turkey ’ s Security Dilemma on the Border With Syria : Situation Assessment and Perspectives of the Intervention

Employing the concept of the security dilemma, the article aims to assess the situation on the Tu... more Employing the concept of the security dilemma, the article aims to assess the situation on the Turkey-Syria border and discusses perspectives of Turkey’s humanitarian intervention in northern Syria. In the first section of the article an analysis of Turkey’s foreign policy and its implications on Syria’s crisis is provided. The second section deals with arguments for and against the intervention. Later on, international law and military provisions are discussed as well as the possible implications of an intervention. The main thesis of this article is that if Turkey chose to solve its security dilemma by means of a humanitarian intervention, the UN Security Council’s approval would greatly enhance the chances of its success. Otherwise, unilateral intervention could even further diminish the possibility of finding a faster solution to the Syrian crisis and regional peace and stability in general.

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The Secularization and Desecularization Nexus in the Turkish Context: What is Behind?

The Politics and Religion Journal, 2019

The history of Turkey provides multiple examples of intricate combination of secularization (in t... more The history of Turkey provides multiple examples of intricate combination of secularization (in the Turkish tradition – laicism) and desecularizaion (understood as a revival of Islam and its expansion into social life) while its contemporary dynamics provides a background for a non-conventional view on the correlation between the state and religion in the Muslim societies. The desecularization of Turkey has been a continuous process since the late 1940s, making it increasingly convenient for Islamists to become more visible in the political and the socioeconomic spheres. This paper analyzes the inclusion and accommodation of the “Turkish Islamism” into the sociopolitical life of Turkey focusing on such important phenomena as the constantly expanding religious sphere, the emergence of economic liberal conservatism, the rising resurgence of Islamism in education and media sphere together with the “jemaatization” of the Turkish society. The analysis of desecularization dynamics in Turk...

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Историческая политика в современной Турции

Turkish-American relations in the mirror of Middle Eastern and Euro-Atlantic dimensions

Urgent Problems of Europe, 2019

From Westernization to De-Westernization: Turkish-American relations in Historical Perspective of the 1940s — 2010s

The paper analyzes the nonlinear dynamics of Turkish-American relations in the historical perspec... more The paper analyzes the nonlinear dynamics of Turkish-American relations in the historical perspective of the last seven decades (from the 1940s up to the late 2010s). The development of Turkish-American relations demonstrates an interesting paradox — the same factors that made the two countries closer led to the divergence of the two “strategic partners”. The paper explores the current crisis of Turkish-American relations in three interrelated dimensions: as a decline of the «Turkish model», as an erosion of the institutional solidarity within NATO, and as strategic divergence in perceptions of regional and international security threats.

State and Civil Society in Turkey: Interaction, Submission, Containment (the 2000s and 2010s)

Novaia i noveishaia istoriia

Populism in the political culture of Turkey: The foreign policy dimension

Moscow University Bulletin of World Politics, 2021

Exploring the Prospects for Russian-Turkish Cooperation in a Turbulent Neighborhood. Global Relation Forum & Carnegie Moscow Center Working Group

The “Turkish Model” in Historical Perspective

Russia in Global Affairs, 2018

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Russia and China in the Eastern Mediterranean: On Parallel Tracks?

Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, Sep 29, 2022

Russia and China in the Eastern Mediterranean: On Parallel Tracks?

Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies

Russia and China in the Eastern Mediterranean: On Parallel Tracks?

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The "Libyan Question": The Perspectives of Resolution in the Context of European and International Security

Vostokovedenie i Afrikanistika

Islamic Institutions in the Socio-Political Process and Development of Civil Society in Turkey

Re-defining a Space of Encounter. Islam and Mediterranean, 2019

Peace Process, International Organizations and the “Kurdish Question”

The Palgrave Handbook of Global Approaches to Peace, 2018

Russian-Turkish Relations in the Wider Black Sea Region: Cooperation and Competition

Between the US, the EU and Eurasia: Transformation of foreign policy priorities of Turkey

Urgent Problems of Europe, 2020

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Вакфы в Турции : трансформация традиционного института

Russian Foreign Policy in the Eastern Mediterranean Since 1991

Routledge, Mar 9, 2016

The Secularization and Desecularization Nexus in the Turkish Context: What is Behind?

Politics and Religion Journal, 2019

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Turkey ’ s Security Dilemma on the Border With Syria : Situation Assessment and Perspectives of the Intervention

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The Secularization and Desecularization Nexus in the Turkish Context: What is Behind?

The Politics and Religion Journal, 2019

The history of Turkey provides multiple examples of intricate combination of secularization (in t... more The history of Turkey provides multiple examples of intricate combination of secularization (in the Turkish tradition – laicism) and desecularizaion (understood as a revival of Islam and its expansion into social life) while its contemporary dynamics provides a background for a non-conventional view on the correlation between the state and religion in the Muslim societies. The desecularization of Turkey has been a continuous process since the late 1940s, making it increasingly convenient for Islamists to become more visible in the political and the socioeconomic spheres. This paper analyzes the inclusion and accommodation of the “Turkish Islamism” into the sociopolitical life of Turkey focusing on such important phenomena as the constantly expanding religious sphere, the emergence of economic liberal conservatism, the rising resurgence of Islamism in education and media sphere together with the “jemaatization” of the Turkish society. The analysis of desecularization dynamics in Turk...

Download

Историческая политика в современной Турции

Turkish-American relations in the mirror of Middle Eastern and Euro-Atlantic dimensions

Urgent Problems of Europe, 2019

From Westernization to De-Westernization: Turkish-American relations in Historical Perspective of the 1940s — 2010s

Pavel Shlykov

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