The Path of Scholarship Festschrift in Honour of the 80th Anniversary of Academician Mikhail Piotrovsky Тhe Russian Christian Academy for the Humanities named after Fyodor Dostoevsky St Petersburg 2024, 2024
The article is outlining the preliminary results of the study of
Building 3, located in the cent... more The article is outlining the preliminary results of the study of Building 3, located in the central part of the settlement of the archaeological site Deraheib (the Sudan, Nubian Desert, upper reaches of Wadi al-Allaqi). The excavations were performed by the Nubian archaeological and anthropological expedition of the Lomonosov Moscow State University’s Research Institute and the Museum of Anthropology. According to Arab sources and results of archaeological excavations an the site, between 9th and 11th centuries it was the location of the administrative center for a gold-mining region, one of the stops on the caravan route connecting Egypt and the Red Sea port of Aidhab. Arabic sources call it the city of Al-Allaqi. Building 3 is 29 × 16 m, oriented along the west-east axis. Its walls, laid of slate slabs, have been preserved to a height of 1 to 3 m. The eastern wall has four window openings with arched ends. There is a semicircular protrusion in its center. The wall also has two entrances into the building. The outer side of the northeastern part of the wall has a square structure measuring 3 × 3 m. Several flights of a spiral staircase can be traced inside this structure. During excavations of the building, fragments of ceramics dated between 9th and 11th centuries were discovered. A vessel containing a corroded metal object and coals was found at the base of a semicircular protrusion on the outside of the eastern wall. Radiocarbon dating determined that the building was founded in the 9th–10th centuries AD. The data obtained during the excavations allows us to reconstruct the architecture of the building. This is the so-called Arabic or hypostyle mosque. Its eastern half had a roof rested on four transverse rows of arches, making this part of the building the riwaq. The niche in the middle of the eastern wall was the mihrab. The western part of the mosque was exposed, the sahn. The square building in the northern part of the eastern wall was most likely a minaret. According to radiocarbon dating, the mosque was built when gold mining in the Nubian Desert and Red Sea trade through the port city of Aidhab were at their peak. The size of the building and its central location in the settlement suggest that it was a Friday mosque. The construction of the Friday mosque changed the status of Al-Allaqi — a logistics center at the crossroads of trade routes and roads connecting the gold mines could be called a city now. Available radiocarbon analysis suggests that the mosque at Al-Allaqi is the earliest dated mosque in Lower Nubia.
Судан и Большой Ближний Восток: сборник статей к 60-летию проф. И. В. Герасимова , 2024
Статья посвящена предметам материальной культуры суданского народа беджа бишариин, которые по со... more Статья посвящена предметам материальной культуры суданского народа беджа бишариин, которые по согласованию с суданской стороной пополнили коллекцию НИИ и Музея антропологии МГУ в результате этноархеологических работ Нубийской археолого-антропологической экспедиции в 2022 г. в котловине Ониб. В начале статьи даётся описание работы экспедиции начиная с 2016 г. и, в частности, сезона 2020 г., в котором принимал деятельное участие д.и.н. Игорь Вячеславович Герасимов. В статье рассматриваются два предмета из коллекции Музея антропологии МГУ: традиционный меч беджа — каскара и женское верблюжье седло-паланкин. Помимо описания физических параметров и особенностей конструкций предметов, их атрибуции в работе рассматривается значение находок из 199 А. А. Крол, Ф. И. Гордеев. Меч и седло. Два предмета традиционной культуры беджа... котловины Ониб в историческом контексте и с точки зрения традиционной культуры беджа.
МЕСТОНАХОЖДЕНИЯ КАМЕННОГО ВЕКА В ВАДИ-АЛЬ-АЛЛАКИ (ВЕРХНИЙ ЕГИПЕТ), 2022
Introduction. Unpublished materials related to several open–type localities investigated by parti... more Introduction. Unpublished materials related to several open–type localities investigated by participants of the Nubian Archaeological Expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences during the 1962-1963 season in the Wadi al-Allaqi area were found in the Palaeolithic Department of the Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Technical and typological analysis of stone artefacts allows us to attribute the collections under discussion to a long period from the Middle Stone Age to the Mesolithic. Materials and methods. The article examines the materials of three locations: Huqab-Abd-as- Salam 1, Huqab-Abd-as-Salam 4, Huqab-Karar. The classification of archaeological finds (186 items in total) was carried out according to various characteristics: raw materials. Many aspects, due to the in- complete was carried out according to various characteristics: raw materials. Many aspects, due to the incomplete preservation of field documentation and imperfect methods of investigating open-type loca- tions of the 60s of the last century, cannot be clarified at this stage.
Introduction. The Nubian expedition of the Lomonosov MSU carried out survey in the Onib Depressio... more Introduction. The Nubian expedition of the Lomonosov MSU carried out survey in the Onib Depression in December 2022. The survey revealed several surface scatters and two stone age sites Onib-1 and Onib-Outcrop. Materials and methods. The materials for the article were artifacts (stone tools and debitage, fragments of ceramics) discovered at the surface scatters and sites as well as samples for OSL dating, loss-on-ignition and pollen analysis taken from sites. For comparison, we used stone tools discovered by the Nubian expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1961-1963. The artifacts found at the sites were documented (marked on a map, photographed and described). Several samples for OSL dating were taken at both sites. Sample preparation and gamma spectrometry, as well as OSL measurements, were conducted by standard methods. Analysis of the decoration of ceramic fragments found at the Onib-1 site was carried out. Also, based on the prepared thin sections, a technological and petroglyphic analyses of the obtained fragments were carried out. Samples were taken from different layers of the sites Onib-1 and Onib-Outcrop to determine the content of organic residues and spore-pollen analysis. Sample preparation and analysis were carried out following the standard procedures Results and Discussion. Analysis of the finds made at the sites indicates that the entire Wadi al-Allaqi region from the Red Sea Mountains to the Nile Valley was inhabited during the Neolithic period. OSL dating for Onib-1 and Onib-Outcrop sites indicates that the sedimentary deposits were formed during the Neolithic Subpluvial. These data are also confirmed by the results of ceramic analysis. The layers in which the ceramic fragments were found can be dated back to the 3rd millennium BC. Petrographic analysis of thin sections of ceramics from Onib-1 site indicates the use of local material for the manufacturing of ceramics. The results of loss on ignition analysis did not reveal a sufficient content of organic residues for a comprehensive paleoecological study that overall indicates unfavorable conditions for the accumulation of organic matter in the studied deposits. Conclusion. The results obtained indicate high prospects of continuing field research in the Onib Depression aimed at discovering and excavating Neolithic sites. Keywords: Sudan; Wadi al-Allaqi; Deraheib; Onib Depression; Nubian Middle Stone Age; Neolithic period
Выставка подготовлена Государственным музеем Востока сов мест но с Пермской государственной худож... more Выставка подготовлена Государственным музеем Востока сов мест но с Пермской государственной художественной галереей и при урочена к 80-летию установления дипломатических отношений между СССР и Египтом
Vestnik drevney istorii / Journal of Ancient History, 2023
The article publishes and analyzes six pottery vessels found by the Nubian Expedition of the Acad... more The article publishes and analyzes six pottery vessels found by the Nubian Expedition of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1962 at the site of Khor Daoud (Southern Egypt) and subsequently transferred under the agreement with the Egyptian government to the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow. Four jars are Egyptian in shape and are typical for the Naqada culture; the other two can be characterized as Nubian; the dating of this group of pottery fits into the interval of Naqada IIB–IIIA (3600–3200 BC). Taking into account the nature of finds in Khor Daoud, which is located within the area of the Nubian A-Groups Culture, the site should be interpreted as a trading post where goods from Egypt, the region of the middle reaches of the Nile and the Nubian Desert were exchanged
Moscow University Anthropology Bulletin (Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria XXIII. Antropologia)
Materials and methods. This article is a collective research conducted by the members of the Nubi... more Materials and methods. This article is a collective research conducted by the members of the Nubian archaeological and anthropological expedition of the Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology of the Lomonosov Moscow State University. The article outlines the main results of the expedition's work over four field seasons at the Deraheib site, located at the headstream of Wadi al-Allaqi, in the northern part of the Nubian desert (Central Atbai) in the Republic of Sudan. From 2017 to 2022 The Nubian expedition excavated the Northern Fortress, Building 3 (Mosque) at the settlement of Deraheib, the Southern Necropolis; carried out an reconnaissance mission to the Onib ring structure. Results and discussion. Based on the study of the obtained archaeological materials (primarily the analysis of ceramics and textiles), as well as data from written sources, it was established that the medieval part of history of the monument covers the period between the 9th and 12th centuries. The...
Recently identified archival documents about Khedive Abbas II Hilmi’s gift of ancient Egyptian ar... more Recently identified archival documents about Khedive Abbas II Hilmi’s gift of ancient Egyptian artifacts to the Russian government, located by the author in the Foreign Policy Archive of the Russian Empire (FPARE) are presented and discussed. The objects were discovered in 1891 in the Bab el-Gusus, tomb of priests and priestesses of Amun in Deir el-Bahri.
Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 2016
In the article the author analyzes references to a basin filled with mercury (“Birkat az-Ziʾbaq”)... more In the article the author analyzes references to a basin filled with mercury (“Birkat az-Ziʾbaq”) in the palace of the Tulunid Dynasty ruler Khumārawaīh in al-Qaṭāʾiʿ. This basin, which has been mentioned in several medieval Arabic sources (al-Maqrīzī, Ibn Duqmāq, Ibn Iyās, Isḥāqī) had been built in order to heal Khumārawaīh of insomnia. According to al-Maqrīzī, the basin has the dimensions of 50 × 50 cubits (ca. 25 × 25 m), however the depth of the basin has not been mentioned. The author critically analyzes the known references of the mercury basins in the palaces of Muslim rulers and advances several hypotheses explaining the construction of the basin in the palace of Khumārawaīh.
Moscow University Anthropology Bulletin (Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria XXIII. Antropologia)
From 12 until 28 of February 2020 the Nubian archaeological and anthropological mission of the An... more From 12 until 28 of February 2020 the Nubian archaeological and anthropological mission of the Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University carried out the third season of archaeological works at the site Deraheib. The site is situated in the Red Sea province of the Sudan Republic in headwaters of Wadi al-Allaqi near the border with Egypt. Archaeological excavations geodesic survey and ethnographic research have been carried out during the season. Important information has been obtained in the course of archaeological work. It allowed us to sup-pose that the Northern Fortress one of the most interesting archaeological feature of the site had been func-tioning in 9th-13th AD and most probably was a palace of the local ruler. Analysis of finds discovered while sifting the filling of the Room I of the Northern Fortress has proved the information of the medieval Arab sources which described Al-Allaqi city as a center of caravan trade. Some asp...
Moscow University Anthropology • Bulletin • 2022, no. 4, pp. 124-136, 2022
Introduction. This article presents the research of petroglyphs discovered by Soviet archaeolo-gi... more Introduction. This article presents the research of petroglyphs discovered by Soviet archaeolo-gists in 1962 and 1963 in course of epigraphic studies in Wadi al-Allaqi region within the framework of the archaeological expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences. 200 hieroglyphic inscriptions were discovered in Umm-Agaib, copied and subsequently published. As for the petroglyphs, due to lack of time they were not reproduced and studied. However, the photos of the rocks in Umm-Agaib preserved in the archive of one of the expedition members, A.V. Vinogradov, allow us to make trace drawings of the petroglyphs, to study and publish them. Materials and methods. In this article we publish the so-called tribal brands (Arabic Wasm, pl. Wusum), used by the Bedouins of the Middle East (Iraq, Syria, the Arab Peninsula, Egypt, Sudan) pri-marily for branding camels. However, brands were also tribe symbols of sorts, and as such were often drawn on tents, clothing, or tattoos. Wasm was used by the Bedouins as a territorial marker, as well as to indicate caravan routes or the tribe’s migration. As such the brands were drawn on the rocks at the campsites. Results and discussion. This article attempts to determine the time period when tribal brands were drawn on the rocks of Umm-Agaib, as well as to answer the question of who could have left them: the Blem-myes who inhabited the Nubian desert in late Antiquity; the Arabs who migrated to the region of present-day Sudan in the 9th-11th centuries because of the active gold mining in Wadi al-Allaqi region and caravan trade that connected the Red Sea port of Aidhab with the Upper Egypt cities; or the Beja, indigenous inhabitants of the Nubian Desert. Conclusion. The author comes to the conclusion that at the current level of our knowledge of the brands left in the Nubian Desert, it’s impossible to accurately determine the time period when they were drawn. So far, we can talk about a wide time range from late Antiquity to the present.
Moscow University Anthropology • Bulletin • 2022, no. 4, pp. 114-123, 2022
Introduction. Unpublished materials related to several open–type localities investigated by parti... more Introduction. Unpublished materials related to several open–type localities investigated by partici-pants of the Nubian Archaeological Expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences during the 1962-1963 season in the Wadi al-Allaki area were found in the Palaeolithic Department of the IIMC RAS. Technical and typological analysis of stone artefacts allows us to attribute the collections under discussion to a long period from the Middle Stone Age to the Mesolithic. Materials and methods. The article examines the materials of three locations: Huka-Abd-as-Salam 1, Huka-Abd-as-Salam 4, Huka-Karar. The classification of archaeological finds (186 items in total) was carried out according to various characteristics: raw materials. Many aspects, due to the incompletewas carried out according to various characteristics: raw materials. Many aspects, due to the incomplete preservation of field documentation and imperfect methods of investigating open-type locations of the 60s of the last century, cannot be clarified at this stage. Results and discussion. As a result of studying the finds from the locations of Huqab-Abd-as-Salam 1, Huqab-Abd-as-Salam 4 and Huqab-Karar, the authors came to the conclusion about the mixing of different materials within the collections, and the presence of at least two components: artefacts of the Middle Paleolithic; artefacts of the "Mesolithic" era. Conclusions. In the collections of the Huqab-Abd-as-Salam 1, Huqab-Abd-as-Salam 4 and Huqab-Karar localities, the authors assume the presence of at least two cultural components – Middle Paleolithic Levalloisian and "Mesolithic". Further study of materials from other locations may allow the authors to expand this picture somewhat.
Moscow University Anthropology • Bulletin • 2022, no. 3, pp. 100-124, 2022
Materials and methods. This article is a collective research conducted by the members of the Nubi... more Materials and methods. This article is a collective research conducted by the members of the Nubian ar-chaeological and anthropological expedition of the Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology of the Lo-monosov Moscow State University. The article outlines the main results of the expedition's work over four field seasons at the Deraheib site, located at the headstream of Wadi al-Allaqi, in the northern part of the Nubian de-sert (Central Atbai) in the Republic of Sudan. From 2017 to 2022 The Nubian expedition excavated the Northern Fortress, Building 3 (Mosque) at the settlement of Deraheib, the Southern Necropolis; carried out an reconnais-sance mission to the Onib ring structure. Results and discussion. Based on the study of the obtained archaeological materials (primarily the anal-ysis of ceramics and textiles), as well as data from written sources, it was established that the medieval part of history of the monument covers the period between the 9th and 12th centuries. The archaeological site of Deraheib can be associated with the city of Al-Allaqi, mentioned in Arabic sources as a gold mining center in the Nubian desert, a trading city that was located on one of the caravan routes connecting the Red Sea port of Aidhab and the city of Aswan. The materials of the excavations of the Northern Fortress made it possible to advance a hy-pothesis that the building, erected in the 9th century, functioned more like a fortified castle of the local ruler rather than a fortress. The study of Building 3 allows us to say with confidence that it was a Friday mosque, founded at the beginning of the 10th century. Ongoing excavations in the Southern Necropolis have revealed Muslim burials (25 out of 31 investigated burials) and burials that are associated with the population that lived on the territory of Atbai in the Late Antique — Early Medieval period, known from classical sources as Blemmyes. A group of an-thropologists obtained important data on the sex and age of the population of Deraheib, traces of daily activities and pathologies reflected in the skeleton. An important direction in the research of the MSU complex expedition is the study of the modern population of Central Atbai, primarily the Bisharin tribe of the Beja tribal union. The article outlines the main directions of these studies and preliminary results.
Moscow University Anthropology Bulletin (Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria XXIII. Antropologia, 2021
From 12 until 28 of February 2020 the Nubian archaeological and anthropological mission of the An... more From 12 until 28 of February 2020 the Nubian archaeological and anthropological mission of the Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University carried out the third season of archaeological works at the site Deraheib. The site is situated in the Red Sea province of the Sudan Republic in headwaters of Wadi al-Allaqi near the border with Egypt. Archaeological excavations geodesic survey and ethnographic research have been carried out during the season. Important information has been obtained in the course of archaeological work. It allowed us to suppose that the Northern Fortress one of the most interesting archaeological feature of the site had been functioning in 9th-13th AD and most probably was a palace of the local ruler. Analysis of finds discovered while sifting the filling of the Room I of the Northern Fortress has proved the information of the medieval Arab sources which described Al-Allaqi city as a center of caravan trade. Some aspects of physical health have been demonstrated by the results of the archeoparasitological analysis. Excavations at the Building 3 (Mosque) has revealed remains of the floor consisting of the grinded tuff and column (or arch) foot. One of the main achievements of the season 2020 was starting of the ethnographical field research of the Bisharin tribe living in the surroundings of the Deraheib. Field work at Deraheib during the third season has confirmed the high perspectives of the site for archaeological anthropological and ethnographical studies.
Moscow University Anthropology Bulletin (Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria XXIII. Antropologia), 2021
Materials and methods. The material for the article was samples of light gray rock with lighter a... more Materials and methods. The material for the article was samples of light gray rock with lighter and darker inclusions taken during the study of architectural structures of the archaeological site Deraheib (Sudan), which has been investigated since 2017 by the Nubian Archaeological and Anthropological Mission of the Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology of the Lomonosov Moscow State University (NAAM). This rock was used for making floor in Building 3 (Mosque) and as a bonding material in the walls of the Northern Fortress. Decorative architectural elements carved from the same rock were found during the study of the interior rooms of the Northern Fortress. Samples of this rock were taken into Russia by agreement with the National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums (NCAM) of the Republic of Sudan. The prepared thin sections were examined at the Research Institute and the Museum of Anthropology of the Lomonosov Moscow State University. Results. The analysis of thin sections showed that highly altered volcanic-metamorphic rocks, metamorphosed tuffs of acidic or alkaline composition, widespread in this region of Sudan, served as the material for pouring floors and for the making of a binder in the architectural structures of Deraheib, as well as for decorative architectural elements. Discussion. The conducted research indicates that the architects who erected buildings in Deraheib in the medieval period used locally available material, since it was very difficult to deliver building materials from the Nile Valley, taken into account the location of the monument almost in the center of the Nubian Desert. The tuff deposits at the site allowed the architects to build durable structures using local materials. The results of the study will allow to elaborate more accurate recommendations for the restoration of medieval architectural monuments of Deraheib // Материалы и методы. Материалом послужили образцы светло-серой породы с более светлыми и более темными вкраплениями, взятые при исследовании архитектурных сооружений археологического памятника Дерахейб (Судан), который с 2017 года исследует Нубийская археолого-антропологическая экспедиция НИИ и Музея антропологии МГУ имени М.В.Ломоносова. Эта порода использовалась при заливке полов в Здании 3 (Мечеть) и в качестве связующего материала в кладке стен объекта Северная крепость. В ходе исследования внутренних помещений Северной крепости были также найдены артефакты – вырезанные из той же породы декоративные архитектурные элементы. По соглашению с Национальной корпорацией по древностям и музеям Республики Судан образцы были вывезены в Россию. Изготовленные шлифы были исследованы в НИИ и Музее антропологии МГУ. Результаты. Проведенный анализ шлифов показал, что материалом для заливки полов и для изготовления связующего вещества в архитектурных сооружениях памятника Дерахейб, а также для декоративных архитектурных элементов послужили сильно измененные вулканогенно-метаморфические породы, метаморфизованные туфы кислого или щелочного состава, широко распространенные в данном районе Судана. Заключение. Проведенное исследование свидетельствует о том, что строители, возводившие здания в Дерахейбе в средневековый период, использовали «подручный» материал, так как доставлять строительные материалы из долины Нила было весьма затруднительно, учитывая местоположение памятника почти в центре Нубийской пустыни. Залежи туфа на территории памятника позволило архитекторам Дерахейба возводить прочные здания с использованием местных материалов. Результаты проведенного исследования позволят выработать более точные рекомендации для реставрации средневековых архитектурных памятников Дерахейба.
The article provides a detailed discussion of the coffin's provenance. Based on the translation a... more The article provides a detailed discussion of the coffin's provenance. Based on the translation and analysis of the inscriptions on Tamin's coffin and on the comparison of these inscriptions with similar texts on other coffins, the authors suggest an origin from Akhmim for it. The distinctive stylistic and paleographic features of the inscription, the language and errors encountered in the text, the titles and epithets further allow us to date the coffin to the Ptolemaic period. Comparison of Tamin's coffin with other similar objects, namely, with Tasheretmin's and Hentikhetiemhotep's coffins, as well as with a whole group of other stone sacrophagi, allows us to determine the possible date of the Moscow object more precisely: the end of the third-first half of the second centuries B.C.
САРКОФАГ ТАМИН ИЗ СОБРАНИЯ НИИ И МУЗЕЯ АНТРОПОЛОГИИ МГУ имени М.В. ЛОМОНОСОВА THE COFFIN OF TAMIN FROM THE COLLECTION OF THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE AND MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY, 2021
Авторы статьи представляют новую публикацию саркофага Тамин из коллекции НИИ и Музея антропологии... more Авторы статьи представляют новую публикацию саркофага Тамин из коллекции НИИ и Музея антропологии МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова. В статье подробна описана история поступления саркофага в собрание Музея. На основании перевода и анализа надписей на саркофаге Тамин, а также сопоставления этих надписей с аналогичными текстами на других саркофагах авторы высказывают предположение об ахмимском происхождении памятника. Характерные стилистические и палеографические особенности надписи, язык, встречающиеся в ней ошибки, титулы и эпитеты позволяют также говорить о ее датировке эпохой Птолемеев. Сопоставление саркофага Тамин с другими аналогичными памятниками, в частности с саркофагами Ташеретмин и Хентихетиемхетепа, а также с целой группой других каменных саркофагов, позволяет точнее определить вероятную датировку московского памятника концом III – первой половиной II в. до н.э.
АРАВИЙСКИЕ ДРЕВНОСТИ Сборник статей в честь 70-летия Александра Всеволодовича Седова // ARABIAN ANTIQUITIES Studies Dedicated to Alexander Sedov on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday , 2020
В статье проанализированы сведения, содержащиеся в средневековых арабских источниках относительно... more В статье проанализированы сведения, содержащиеся в средневековых арабских источниках относительно региона Вади ал-Аллаки, который начиная с 9 в. становится центром золотодобычи в Нубийской пустыне. Развитие красноморской торговли в период правления династии Фатимидов приводит к развитию караванных путей, которые связали порт Айзаб, куда доставлялись товары из Йемена, Абиссинии, Занзибара, Индии и Китая, с Нилом. Один из таких путей через Нубийскую пустыню занимал две недели и шел по Вади ал-Аллаки до Асуана. По этим же путям в хадж направлялись и паломники из Египта, стран Магриба и арабской Испании. Впервые путь из Асуана в Айзаб упоминается в конце 9 в. По сведениям источников на этом пути находился город ал-Аллаки, который был центром золотоносного региона. Археологически регион изучен неравномерно, что объясняется его нахождением на границе между Египтом и Суданом и вблизи Халаибского треугольника, который является спорной территорией. В результате работы Нубийской экспедиции АН СССР была тщательно изучена 100 километровая территория Вади ал-Аллаки, при впадении в Нил. В 1989-1994 гг более 200 археологических памятников было выявлено и изучено в ходе работ итальянского Центра исследования Нубийской пустыни. В рамках проекта по изучению золотодобычи в Египте и Судане, который проводил Университет Мюнхена в 1990-х годах, были исследованы памятники, связанные с добычей золота в Вади ал-Аллаки. С 2017 года на памятнике Дерахейб (средневековое городище ал-Аллаки) работает Нубийская экспедиция НИИ и Музея антропологии МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова. Сопоставление данных арабских письменных источников 9-15 веков с археологическими данными позволяет уточнить маршруты движения торговых и паломнических караванов по Нубийской пустыне в районе Вади ал-Аллаки и высказать предположения о времени запустения городища ал-Аллаки.
Вестник древней истории / Journal of Ancient History, 2020
Единичное упоминание Береники Всезлатой (Panchrysos) Плинием Старшим (VI. 170) связывается в нове... more Единичное упоминание Береники Всезлатой (Panchrysos) Плинием Старшим (VI. 170) связывается в новейшей археологической литературе с памятником Дерахейб в Вади аль-Аллаки – центре золотодобычи и торговли в Нубийской пустыне. Текст «Естествознания» Плиния, однако, указывает на расположение Береники Всезлатой на побережье Красного моря, а не внутри материка, а сам данный эпитет может быть сопоставлен с описанием города Сабы – столицы сабеев – города ŚWM в Южной Аравии, данным Агафархидом Книдским. Описание Саб построено так же, как и описание Южной Аравии в целом, преподнесенной Агафархидом как идеальная страна совершенного материального достатка. Наименование «Всезлатая» Береника могла получить от Саб, в описании которых золото является доминирующим мотивом, подчеркивающим исключительное богатство крайнего юга Аравии. В этом отношении отождествление Береники Всезлатой и Береники-возле-Саб выглядит возможным. В свою очередь, эти два топонима могут быть гипотетически отождествлены с Береникой-возле-Дир, что отражает традицию об основании одного города (Береника) на выходе из Красного моря, ставшего известным под тремя дополнительными определениями. The unique mention of Berenice Panchrysos by Pliny the Elder (VI. 170) is connected in recent archaeological literature with the site of Deraheib in Wadi al-Allaqi – the center of gold mining and trade in the Nubian Desert. The text of Pliny’s Natural History, however, indicates the location of Berenice Panchrysos on the coast of the Red Sea, rather than inland, and this epithet could be compared with the description of Sabai – the capital of the “Sabaeans”, inhabitants of ŚWM in Southern Arabia, given by Agatharchides of Cnidos. Sabai is described by Agatharchides in the same way as South Arabia in general as an ideal land of full material prosperity. In the same way it is necessary to consider the mention of Berenice Panchrysos. It could have received its denomination “all-golden” from Sabai – South Arabian city ŚWM: in the descriptions of Sabai, gold is the dominant motive emphasizing exclusive richness of the extreme South of Arabia. In this regard, the identification of Berenice Panchrysos and Berenice-near-Sabai looks quite possible. These two place-names could also be hypothetically identified with Berenice-epi-Dires, which seems to reflect the tradition on the foundation of one city (Berenice) at the exit from the Red Sea, which came to be known under three different epithets.
The Path of Scholarship Festschrift in Honour of the 80th Anniversary of Academician Mikhail Piotrovsky Тhe Russian Christian Academy for the Humanities named after Fyodor Dostoevsky St Petersburg 2024, 2024
The article is outlining the preliminary results of the study of
Building 3, located in the cent... more The article is outlining the preliminary results of the study of Building 3, located in the central part of the settlement of the archaeological site Deraheib (the Sudan, Nubian Desert, upper reaches of Wadi al-Allaqi). The excavations were performed by the Nubian archaeological and anthropological expedition of the Lomonosov Moscow State University’s Research Institute and the Museum of Anthropology. According to Arab sources and results of archaeological excavations an the site, between 9th and 11th centuries it was the location of the administrative center for a gold-mining region, one of the stops on the caravan route connecting Egypt and the Red Sea port of Aidhab. Arabic sources call it the city of Al-Allaqi. Building 3 is 29 × 16 m, oriented along the west-east axis. Its walls, laid of slate slabs, have been preserved to a height of 1 to 3 m. The eastern wall has four window openings with arched ends. There is a semicircular protrusion in its center. The wall also has two entrances into the building. The outer side of the northeastern part of the wall has a square structure measuring 3 × 3 m. Several flights of a spiral staircase can be traced inside this structure. During excavations of the building, fragments of ceramics dated between 9th and 11th centuries were discovered. A vessel containing a corroded metal object and coals was found at the base of a semicircular protrusion on the outside of the eastern wall. Radiocarbon dating determined that the building was founded in the 9th–10th centuries AD. The data obtained during the excavations allows us to reconstruct the architecture of the building. This is the so-called Arabic or hypostyle mosque. Its eastern half had a roof rested on four transverse rows of arches, making this part of the building the riwaq. The niche in the middle of the eastern wall was the mihrab. The western part of the mosque was exposed, the sahn. The square building in the northern part of the eastern wall was most likely a minaret. According to radiocarbon dating, the mosque was built when gold mining in the Nubian Desert and Red Sea trade through the port city of Aidhab were at their peak. The size of the building and its central location in the settlement suggest that it was a Friday mosque. The construction of the Friday mosque changed the status of Al-Allaqi — a logistics center at the crossroads of trade routes and roads connecting the gold mines could be called a city now. Available radiocarbon analysis suggests that the mosque at Al-Allaqi is the earliest dated mosque in Lower Nubia.
Судан и Большой Ближний Восток: сборник статей к 60-летию проф. И. В. Герасимова , 2024
Статья посвящена предметам материальной культуры суданского народа беджа бишариин, которые по со... more Статья посвящена предметам материальной культуры суданского народа беджа бишариин, которые по согласованию с суданской стороной пополнили коллекцию НИИ и Музея антропологии МГУ в результате этноархеологических работ Нубийской археолого-антропологической экспедиции в 2022 г. в котловине Ониб. В начале статьи даётся описание работы экспедиции начиная с 2016 г. и, в частности, сезона 2020 г., в котором принимал деятельное участие д.и.н. Игорь Вячеславович Герасимов. В статье рассматриваются два предмета из коллекции Музея антропологии МГУ: традиционный меч беджа — каскара и женское верблюжье седло-паланкин. Помимо описания физических параметров и особенностей конструкций предметов, их атрибуции в работе рассматривается значение находок из 199 А. А. Крол, Ф. И. Гордеев. Меч и седло. Два предмета традиционной культуры беджа... котловины Ониб в историческом контексте и с точки зрения традиционной культуры беджа.
МЕСТОНАХОЖДЕНИЯ КАМЕННОГО ВЕКА В ВАДИ-АЛЬ-АЛЛАКИ (ВЕРХНИЙ ЕГИПЕТ), 2022
Introduction. Unpublished materials related to several open–type localities investigated by parti... more Introduction. Unpublished materials related to several open–type localities investigated by participants of the Nubian Archaeological Expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences during the 1962-1963 season in the Wadi al-Allaqi area were found in the Palaeolithic Department of the Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Technical and typological analysis of stone artefacts allows us to attribute the collections under discussion to a long period from the Middle Stone Age to the Mesolithic. Materials and methods. The article examines the materials of three locations: Huqab-Abd-as- Salam 1, Huqab-Abd-as-Salam 4, Huqab-Karar. The classification of archaeological finds (186 items in total) was carried out according to various characteristics: raw materials. Many aspects, due to the in- complete was carried out according to various characteristics: raw materials. Many aspects, due to the incomplete preservation of field documentation and imperfect methods of investigating open-type loca- tions of the 60s of the last century, cannot be clarified at this stage.
Introduction. The Nubian expedition of the Lomonosov MSU carried out survey in the Onib Depressio... more Introduction. The Nubian expedition of the Lomonosov MSU carried out survey in the Onib Depression in December 2022. The survey revealed several surface scatters and two stone age sites Onib-1 and Onib-Outcrop. Materials and methods. The materials for the article were artifacts (stone tools and debitage, fragments of ceramics) discovered at the surface scatters and sites as well as samples for OSL dating, loss-on-ignition and pollen analysis taken from sites. For comparison, we used stone tools discovered by the Nubian expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1961-1963. The artifacts found at the sites were documented (marked on a map, photographed and described). Several samples for OSL dating were taken at both sites. Sample preparation and gamma spectrometry, as well as OSL measurements, were conducted by standard methods. Analysis of the decoration of ceramic fragments found at the Onib-1 site was carried out. Also, based on the prepared thin sections, a technological and petroglyphic analyses of the obtained fragments were carried out. Samples were taken from different layers of the sites Onib-1 and Onib-Outcrop to determine the content of organic residues and spore-pollen analysis. Sample preparation and analysis were carried out following the standard procedures Results and Discussion. Analysis of the finds made at the sites indicates that the entire Wadi al-Allaqi region from the Red Sea Mountains to the Nile Valley was inhabited during the Neolithic period. OSL dating for Onib-1 and Onib-Outcrop sites indicates that the sedimentary deposits were formed during the Neolithic Subpluvial. These data are also confirmed by the results of ceramic analysis. The layers in which the ceramic fragments were found can be dated back to the 3rd millennium BC. Petrographic analysis of thin sections of ceramics from Onib-1 site indicates the use of local material for the manufacturing of ceramics. The results of loss on ignition analysis did not reveal a sufficient content of organic residues for a comprehensive paleoecological study that overall indicates unfavorable conditions for the accumulation of organic matter in the studied deposits. Conclusion. The results obtained indicate high prospects of continuing field research in the Onib Depression aimed at discovering and excavating Neolithic sites. Keywords: Sudan; Wadi al-Allaqi; Deraheib; Onib Depression; Nubian Middle Stone Age; Neolithic period
Выставка подготовлена Государственным музеем Востока сов мест но с Пермской государственной худож... more Выставка подготовлена Государственным музеем Востока сов мест но с Пермской государственной художественной галереей и при урочена к 80-летию установления дипломатических отношений между СССР и Египтом
Vestnik drevney istorii / Journal of Ancient History, 2023
The article publishes and analyzes six pottery vessels found by the Nubian Expedition of the Acad... more The article publishes and analyzes six pottery vessels found by the Nubian Expedition of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1962 at the site of Khor Daoud (Southern Egypt) and subsequently transferred under the agreement with the Egyptian government to the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow. Four jars are Egyptian in shape and are typical for the Naqada culture; the other two can be characterized as Nubian; the dating of this group of pottery fits into the interval of Naqada IIB–IIIA (3600–3200 BC). Taking into account the nature of finds in Khor Daoud, which is located within the area of the Nubian A-Groups Culture, the site should be interpreted as a trading post where goods from Egypt, the region of the middle reaches of the Nile and the Nubian Desert were exchanged
Moscow University Anthropology Bulletin (Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria XXIII. Antropologia)
Materials and methods. This article is a collective research conducted by the members of the Nubi... more Materials and methods. This article is a collective research conducted by the members of the Nubian archaeological and anthropological expedition of the Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology of the Lomonosov Moscow State University. The article outlines the main results of the expedition's work over four field seasons at the Deraheib site, located at the headstream of Wadi al-Allaqi, in the northern part of the Nubian desert (Central Atbai) in the Republic of Sudan. From 2017 to 2022 The Nubian expedition excavated the Northern Fortress, Building 3 (Mosque) at the settlement of Deraheib, the Southern Necropolis; carried out an reconnaissance mission to the Onib ring structure. Results and discussion. Based on the study of the obtained archaeological materials (primarily the analysis of ceramics and textiles), as well as data from written sources, it was established that the medieval part of history of the monument covers the period between the 9th and 12th centuries. The...
Recently identified archival documents about Khedive Abbas II Hilmi’s gift of ancient Egyptian ar... more Recently identified archival documents about Khedive Abbas II Hilmi’s gift of ancient Egyptian artifacts to the Russian government, located by the author in the Foreign Policy Archive of the Russian Empire (FPARE) are presented and discussed. The objects were discovered in 1891 in the Bab el-Gusus, tomb of priests and priestesses of Amun in Deir el-Bahri.
Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 2016
In the article the author analyzes references to a basin filled with mercury (“Birkat az-Ziʾbaq”)... more In the article the author analyzes references to a basin filled with mercury (“Birkat az-Ziʾbaq”) in the palace of the Tulunid Dynasty ruler Khumārawaīh in al-Qaṭāʾiʿ. This basin, which has been mentioned in several medieval Arabic sources (al-Maqrīzī, Ibn Duqmāq, Ibn Iyās, Isḥāqī) had been built in order to heal Khumārawaīh of insomnia. According to al-Maqrīzī, the basin has the dimensions of 50 × 50 cubits (ca. 25 × 25 m), however the depth of the basin has not been mentioned. The author critically analyzes the known references of the mercury basins in the palaces of Muslim rulers and advances several hypotheses explaining the construction of the basin in the palace of Khumārawaīh.
Moscow University Anthropology Bulletin (Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria XXIII. Antropologia)
From 12 until 28 of February 2020 the Nubian archaeological and anthropological mission of the An... more From 12 until 28 of February 2020 the Nubian archaeological and anthropological mission of the Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University carried out the third season of archaeological works at the site Deraheib. The site is situated in the Red Sea province of the Sudan Republic in headwaters of Wadi al-Allaqi near the border with Egypt. Archaeological excavations geodesic survey and ethnographic research have been carried out during the season. Important information has been obtained in the course of archaeological work. It allowed us to sup-pose that the Northern Fortress one of the most interesting archaeological feature of the site had been func-tioning in 9th-13th AD and most probably was a palace of the local ruler. Analysis of finds discovered while sifting the filling of the Room I of the Northern Fortress has proved the information of the medieval Arab sources which described Al-Allaqi city as a center of caravan trade. Some asp...
Moscow University Anthropology • Bulletin • 2022, no. 4, pp. 124-136, 2022
Introduction. This article presents the research of petroglyphs discovered by Soviet archaeolo-gi... more Introduction. This article presents the research of petroglyphs discovered by Soviet archaeolo-gists in 1962 and 1963 in course of epigraphic studies in Wadi al-Allaqi region within the framework of the archaeological expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences. 200 hieroglyphic inscriptions were discovered in Umm-Agaib, copied and subsequently published. As for the petroglyphs, due to lack of time they were not reproduced and studied. However, the photos of the rocks in Umm-Agaib preserved in the archive of one of the expedition members, A.V. Vinogradov, allow us to make trace drawings of the petroglyphs, to study and publish them. Materials and methods. In this article we publish the so-called tribal brands (Arabic Wasm, pl. Wusum), used by the Bedouins of the Middle East (Iraq, Syria, the Arab Peninsula, Egypt, Sudan) pri-marily for branding camels. However, brands were also tribe symbols of sorts, and as such were often drawn on tents, clothing, or tattoos. Wasm was used by the Bedouins as a territorial marker, as well as to indicate caravan routes or the tribe’s migration. As such the brands were drawn on the rocks at the campsites. Results and discussion. This article attempts to determine the time period when tribal brands were drawn on the rocks of Umm-Agaib, as well as to answer the question of who could have left them: the Blem-myes who inhabited the Nubian desert in late Antiquity; the Arabs who migrated to the region of present-day Sudan in the 9th-11th centuries because of the active gold mining in Wadi al-Allaqi region and caravan trade that connected the Red Sea port of Aidhab with the Upper Egypt cities; or the Beja, indigenous inhabitants of the Nubian Desert. Conclusion. The author comes to the conclusion that at the current level of our knowledge of the brands left in the Nubian Desert, it’s impossible to accurately determine the time period when they were drawn. So far, we can talk about a wide time range from late Antiquity to the present.
Moscow University Anthropology • Bulletin • 2022, no. 4, pp. 114-123, 2022
Introduction. Unpublished materials related to several open–type localities investigated by parti... more Introduction. Unpublished materials related to several open–type localities investigated by partici-pants of the Nubian Archaeological Expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences during the 1962-1963 season in the Wadi al-Allaki area were found in the Palaeolithic Department of the IIMC RAS. Technical and typological analysis of stone artefacts allows us to attribute the collections under discussion to a long period from the Middle Stone Age to the Mesolithic. Materials and methods. The article examines the materials of three locations: Huka-Abd-as-Salam 1, Huka-Abd-as-Salam 4, Huka-Karar. The classification of archaeological finds (186 items in total) was carried out according to various characteristics: raw materials. Many aspects, due to the incompletewas carried out according to various characteristics: raw materials. Many aspects, due to the incomplete preservation of field documentation and imperfect methods of investigating open-type locations of the 60s of the last century, cannot be clarified at this stage. Results and discussion. As a result of studying the finds from the locations of Huqab-Abd-as-Salam 1, Huqab-Abd-as-Salam 4 and Huqab-Karar, the authors came to the conclusion about the mixing of different materials within the collections, and the presence of at least two components: artefacts of the Middle Paleolithic; artefacts of the "Mesolithic" era. Conclusions. In the collections of the Huqab-Abd-as-Salam 1, Huqab-Abd-as-Salam 4 and Huqab-Karar localities, the authors assume the presence of at least two cultural components – Middle Paleolithic Levalloisian and "Mesolithic". Further study of materials from other locations may allow the authors to expand this picture somewhat.
Moscow University Anthropology • Bulletin • 2022, no. 3, pp. 100-124, 2022
Materials and methods. This article is a collective research conducted by the members of the Nubi... more Materials and methods. This article is a collective research conducted by the members of the Nubian ar-chaeological and anthropological expedition of the Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology of the Lo-monosov Moscow State University. The article outlines the main results of the expedition's work over four field seasons at the Deraheib site, located at the headstream of Wadi al-Allaqi, in the northern part of the Nubian de-sert (Central Atbai) in the Republic of Sudan. From 2017 to 2022 The Nubian expedition excavated the Northern Fortress, Building 3 (Mosque) at the settlement of Deraheib, the Southern Necropolis; carried out an reconnais-sance mission to the Onib ring structure. Results and discussion. Based on the study of the obtained archaeological materials (primarily the anal-ysis of ceramics and textiles), as well as data from written sources, it was established that the medieval part of history of the monument covers the period between the 9th and 12th centuries. The archaeological site of Deraheib can be associated with the city of Al-Allaqi, mentioned in Arabic sources as a gold mining center in the Nubian desert, a trading city that was located on one of the caravan routes connecting the Red Sea port of Aidhab and the city of Aswan. The materials of the excavations of the Northern Fortress made it possible to advance a hy-pothesis that the building, erected in the 9th century, functioned more like a fortified castle of the local ruler rather than a fortress. The study of Building 3 allows us to say with confidence that it was a Friday mosque, founded at the beginning of the 10th century. Ongoing excavations in the Southern Necropolis have revealed Muslim burials (25 out of 31 investigated burials) and burials that are associated with the population that lived on the territory of Atbai in the Late Antique — Early Medieval period, known from classical sources as Blemmyes. A group of an-thropologists obtained important data on the sex and age of the population of Deraheib, traces of daily activities and pathologies reflected in the skeleton. An important direction in the research of the MSU complex expedition is the study of the modern population of Central Atbai, primarily the Bisharin tribe of the Beja tribal union. The article outlines the main directions of these studies and preliminary results.
Moscow University Anthropology Bulletin (Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria XXIII. Antropologia, 2021
From 12 until 28 of February 2020 the Nubian archaeological and anthropological mission of the An... more From 12 until 28 of February 2020 the Nubian archaeological and anthropological mission of the Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University carried out the third season of archaeological works at the site Deraheib. The site is situated in the Red Sea province of the Sudan Republic in headwaters of Wadi al-Allaqi near the border with Egypt. Archaeological excavations geodesic survey and ethnographic research have been carried out during the season. Important information has been obtained in the course of archaeological work. It allowed us to suppose that the Northern Fortress one of the most interesting archaeological feature of the site had been functioning in 9th-13th AD and most probably was a palace of the local ruler. Analysis of finds discovered while sifting the filling of the Room I of the Northern Fortress has proved the information of the medieval Arab sources which described Al-Allaqi city as a center of caravan trade. Some aspects of physical health have been demonstrated by the results of the archeoparasitological analysis. Excavations at the Building 3 (Mosque) has revealed remains of the floor consisting of the grinded tuff and column (or arch) foot. One of the main achievements of the season 2020 was starting of the ethnographical field research of the Bisharin tribe living in the surroundings of the Deraheib. Field work at Deraheib during the third season has confirmed the high perspectives of the site for archaeological anthropological and ethnographical studies.
Moscow University Anthropology Bulletin (Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria XXIII. Antropologia), 2021
Materials and methods. The material for the article was samples of light gray rock with lighter a... more Materials and methods. The material for the article was samples of light gray rock with lighter and darker inclusions taken during the study of architectural structures of the archaeological site Deraheib (Sudan), which has been investigated since 2017 by the Nubian Archaeological and Anthropological Mission of the Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology of the Lomonosov Moscow State University (NAAM). This rock was used for making floor in Building 3 (Mosque) and as a bonding material in the walls of the Northern Fortress. Decorative architectural elements carved from the same rock were found during the study of the interior rooms of the Northern Fortress. Samples of this rock were taken into Russia by agreement with the National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums (NCAM) of the Republic of Sudan. The prepared thin sections were examined at the Research Institute and the Museum of Anthropology of the Lomonosov Moscow State University. Results. The analysis of thin sections showed that highly altered volcanic-metamorphic rocks, metamorphosed tuffs of acidic or alkaline composition, widespread in this region of Sudan, served as the material for pouring floors and for the making of a binder in the architectural structures of Deraheib, as well as for decorative architectural elements. Discussion. The conducted research indicates that the architects who erected buildings in Deraheib in the medieval period used locally available material, since it was very difficult to deliver building materials from the Nile Valley, taken into account the location of the monument almost in the center of the Nubian Desert. The tuff deposits at the site allowed the architects to build durable structures using local materials. The results of the study will allow to elaborate more accurate recommendations for the restoration of medieval architectural monuments of Deraheib // Материалы и методы. Материалом послужили образцы светло-серой породы с более светлыми и более темными вкраплениями, взятые при исследовании архитектурных сооружений археологического памятника Дерахейб (Судан), который с 2017 года исследует Нубийская археолого-антропологическая экспедиция НИИ и Музея антропологии МГУ имени М.В.Ломоносова. Эта порода использовалась при заливке полов в Здании 3 (Мечеть) и в качестве связующего материала в кладке стен объекта Северная крепость. В ходе исследования внутренних помещений Северной крепости были также найдены артефакты – вырезанные из той же породы декоративные архитектурные элементы. По соглашению с Национальной корпорацией по древностям и музеям Республики Судан образцы были вывезены в Россию. Изготовленные шлифы были исследованы в НИИ и Музее антропологии МГУ. Результаты. Проведенный анализ шлифов показал, что материалом для заливки полов и для изготовления связующего вещества в архитектурных сооружениях памятника Дерахейб, а также для декоративных архитектурных элементов послужили сильно измененные вулканогенно-метаморфические породы, метаморфизованные туфы кислого или щелочного состава, широко распространенные в данном районе Судана. Заключение. Проведенное исследование свидетельствует о том, что строители, возводившие здания в Дерахейбе в средневековый период, использовали «подручный» материал, так как доставлять строительные материалы из долины Нила было весьма затруднительно, учитывая местоположение памятника почти в центре Нубийской пустыни. Залежи туфа на территории памятника позволило архитекторам Дерахейба возводить прочные здания с использованием местных материалов. Результаты проведенного исследования позволят выработать более точные рекомендации для реставрации средневековых архитектурных памятников Дерахейба.
The article provides a detailed discussion of the coffin's provenance. Based on the translation a... more The article provides a detailed discussion of the coffin's provenance. Based on the translation and analysis of the inscriptions on Tamin's coffin and on the comparison of these inscriptions with similar texts on other coffins, the authors suggest an origin from Akhmim for it. The distinctive stylistic and paleographic features of the inscription, the language and errors encountered in the text, the titles and epithets further allow us to date the coffin to the Ptolemaic period. Comparison of Tamin's coffin with other similar objects, namely, with Tasheretmin's and Hentikhetiemhotep's coffins, as well as with a whole group of other stone sacrophagi, allows us to determine the possible date of the Moscow object more precisely: the end of the third-first half of the second centuries B.C.
САРКОФАГ ТАМИН ИЗ СОБРАНИЯ НИИ И МУЗЕЯ АНТРОПОЛОГИИ МГУ имени М.В. ЛОМОНОСОВА THE COFFIN OF TAMIN FROM THE COLLECTION OF THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE AND MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY, 2021
Авторы статьи представляют новую публикацию саркофага Тамин из коллекции НИИ и Музея антропологии... more Авторы статьи представляют новую публикацию саркофага Тамин из коллекции НИИ и Музея антропологии МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова. В статье подробна описана история поступления саркофага в собрание Музея. На основании перевода и анализа надписей на саркофаге Тамин, а также сопоставления этих надписей с аналогичными текстами на других саркофагах авторы высказывают предположение об ахмимском происхождении памятника. Характерные стилистические и палеографические особенности надписи, язык, встречающиеся в ней ошибки, титулы и эпитеты позволяют также говорить о ее датировке эпохой Птолемеев. Сопоставление саркофага Тамин с другими аналогичными памятниками, в частности с саркофагами Ташеретмин и Хентихетиемхетепа, а также с целой группой других каменных саркофагов, позволяет точнее определить вероятную датировку московского памятника концом III – первой половиной II в. до н.э.
АРАВИЙСКИЕ ДРЕВНОСТИ Сборник статей в честь 70-летия Александра Всеволодовича Седова // ARABIAN ANTIQUITIES Studies Dedicated to Alexander Sedov on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday , 2020
В статье проанализированы сведения, содержащиеся в средневековых арабских источниках относительно... more В статье проанализированы сведения, содержащиеся в средневековых арабских источниках относительно региона Вади ал-Аллаки, который начиная с 9 в. становится центром золотодобычи в Нубийской пустыне. Развитие красноморской торговли в период правления династии Фатимидов приводит к развитию караванных путей, которые связали порт Айзаб, куда доставлялись товары из Йемена, Абиссинии, Занзибара, Индии и Китая, с Нилом. Один из таких путей через Нубийскую пустыню занимал две недели и шел по Вади ал-Аллаки до Асуана. По этим же путям в хадж направлялись и паломники из Египта, стран Магриба и арабской Испании. Впервые путь из Асуана в Айзаб упоминается в конце 9 в. По сведениям источников на этом пути находился город ал-Аллаки, который был центром золотоносного региона. Археологически регион изучен неравномерно, что объясняется его нахождением на границе между Египтом и Суданом и вблизи Халаибского треугольника, который является спорной территорией. В результате работы Нубийской экспедиции АН СССР была тщательно изучена 100 километровая территория Вади ал-Аллаки, при впадении в Нил. В 1989-1994 гг более 200 археологических памятников было выявлено и изучено в ходе работ итальянского Центра исследования Нубийской пустыни. В рамках проекта по изучению золотодобычи в Египте и Судане, который проводил Университет Мюнхена в 1990-х годах, были исследованы памятники, связанные с добычей золота в Вади ал-Аллаки. С 2017 года на памятнике Дерахейб (средневековое городище ал-Аллаки) работает Нубийская экспедиция НИИ и Музея антропологии МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова. Сопоставление данных арабских письменных источников 9-15 веков с археологическими данными позволяет уточнить маршруты движения торговых и паломнических караванов по Нубийской пустыне в районе Вади ал-Аллаки и высказать предположения о времени запустения городища ал-Аллаки.
Вестник древней истории / Journal of Ancient History, 2020
Единичное упоминание Береники Всезлатой (Panchrysos) Плинием Старшим (VI. 170) связывается в нове... more Единичное упоминание Береники Всезлатой (Panchrysos) Плинием Старшим (VI. 170) связывается в новейшей археологической литературе с памятником Дерахейб в Вади аль-Аллаки – центре золотодобычи и торговли в Нубийской пустыне. Текст «Естествознания» Плиния, однако, указывает на расположение Береники Всезлатой на побережье Красного моря, а не внутри материка, а сам данный эпитет может быть сопоставлен с описанием города Сабы – столицы сабеев – города ŚWM в Южной Аравии, данным Агафархидом Книдским. Описание Саб построено так же, как и описание Южной Аравии в целом, преподнесенной Агафархидом как идеальная страна совершенного материального достатка. Наименование «Всезлатая» Береника могла получить от Саб, в описании которых золото является доминирующим мотивом, подчеркивающим исключительное богатство крайнего юга Аравии. В этом отношении отождествление Береники Всезлатой и Береники-возле-Саб выглядит возможным. В свою очередь, эти два топонима могут быть гипотетически отождествлены с Береникой-возле-Дир, что отражает традицию об основании одного города (Береника) на выходе из Красного моря, ставшего известным под тремя дополнительными определениями. The unique mention of Berenice Panchrysos by Pliny the Elder (VI. 170) is connected in recent archaeological literature with the site of Deraheib in Wadi al-Allaqi – the center of gold mining and trade in the Nubian Desert. The text of Pliny’s Natural History, however, indicates the location of Berenice Panchrysos on the coast of the Red Sea, rather than inland, and this epithet could be compared with the description of Sabai – the capital of the “Sabaeans”, inhabitants of ŚWM in Southern Arabia, given by Agatharchides of Cnidos. Sabai is described by Agatharchides in the same way as South Arabia in general as an ideal land of full material prosperity. In the same way it is necessary to consider the mention of Berenice Panchrysos. It could have received its denomination “all-golden” from Sabai – South Arabian city ŚWM: in the descriptions of Sabai, gold is the dominant motive emphasizing exclusive richness of the extreme South of Arabia. In this regard, the identification of Berenice Panchrysos and Berenice-near-Sabai looks quite possible. These two place-names could also be hypothetically identified with Berenice-epi-Dires, which seems to reflect the tradition on the foundation of one city (Berenice) at the exit from the Red Sea, which came to be known under three different epithets.
Каталог выставки, которая проходила в Государственном Музее Востока 05.04.2023 – 28.05.2023. На в... more Каталог выставки, которая проходила в Государственном Музее Востока 05.04.2023 – 28.05.2023. На выставке были представлены две древнеегипетские мумии, деревянные саркофаги, а также несколько картонажей — шлемообразная маска и расписные накладки из Пермской государственной художественной галереи. Мумии впервые предстали перед публикой после окончания реставрации и всестороннего изучения. Дополнили экспозицию фотографии и документальный фильм о проделанной реставраторами и учеными работе
Выставка в Государственном музее Востока, 16.02.2021–28.03.2021
Выставка подготовлена Государстве... more Выставка в Государственном музее Востока, 16.02.2021–28.03.2021 Выставка подготовлена Государственным музеем Востока совместно с Государственным Эрмитажем, Государственным музеем изобразительных искусств им. А.С. Пушкина, Архивом Российской академии наук, Институтом истории материальной культуры Российской академии наук при поддержке Центра палеоэтнологических исследований. Выставка приурочена к 60-летию начала работы Нубийской археологической экспедиции АН СССР (1961–1963) и перекрестному году культуры Россия — Египет. Основой экспозиции являются фотографии, дневники, рисунки участников экспедиции из семейных собраний и государственных архивов. Эти материалы повествуют о работе и повседневной жизни советских археологов. На выставке представлены подлинные вещи, найденные советской экспедицией и хранящиеся в настоящее время в ГМИИ им. А. С. Пушкина и Государственном Эрмитаже.
Крол А. А., Кузнецова А. Б. Фотографическая память. Фотоархив У. М. Ф. Питри из Национального муз... more Крол А. А., Кузнецова А. Б. Фотографическая память. Фотоархив У. М. Ф. Питри из Национального музея Судана. – М., 2014. — 296 с.
Книга посвящена исследованию фотоархива выдающегося британского археолога, «отца египетской археологии» У. М. Ф. Питри. Обширное собрание фотографий ученого, которое в настоящее время хранится в Национальном музее Судана (Хартум), включает папку снимков Египта 1860–х гг. — начала XX в., сделанных в ателье братьев Абдулла, Ипполита Арну, Антонио Беато, Феликса Бонфиса, братьев Зангаки, Лекегяна и Ко, Карло Найа, Андреаса Д. Райзера, Паскаля Себа. В книге публикуются 69 фотографий из коллекции. Публикацию предваряют три статьи, первая из которых («Флиндерс Питри. Фотографическая память») посвящена биографии британского археолога и его взглядам на развитие человеческого общества, истории египетской археологии в конце XIX-первой половине XXв. Во второй статье («Коммерческие фотоателье Египта второй половины XIX в.») содержится подробный очерк истории развития фотографии от дагеротипа до изобретения «Кодака», освещаются проблемы исследования «ориентальной» фотографии. В третьей статье («Питри и ориентализм») изложены основные положения известной концепции Эдварда Саида и ее критика. Рассматривается вопрос о том, справедливо ли исследование «восточной» фотографии с точки зрения «ориентализма». В основной части книги публикуется 69 фотографий из коллекции Питри. Каждая фотография снабжена подробным описанием, в котором объясняется исторический, этнографический контекст фотографии, особенности ее композиции, технические детали ее создания. Приложение книги состоит из подробного описания фотографических ателье, действовавших в Египте в 1860-1900 гг.; каталога всех 115 фотографий из папки «Современный Египет» фотоархива Питри; списка литературы; предметно-именного указателя и карт. Книга адресована специалистам по истории, археологии, искусствоведению, а также всем интересующимся историей фотографии.
The book examines the photoarchive of Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie, a prominent British archaeologist and “the father of Egyptian archaeology.” An extensive collection of his photographs, which is now kept in the National Museum of Sudan in Khartoum includes a folder of images of Egypt ranging from the 1860s to the beginning of the twentieth century, and made in the photographic studios of the Abdullah Brothers, Hippolyte Arnoux, Antonio Beato, Felix Bonfils, the Zangaki Brothers, Lekegian, Carlo Naya, Andreas Riser, and Pascal Sebah. The book presents sixty nine photographs from the collection, divided by Petrie according to three topics: “Faces,” “The Nile and the Cataracts,” and “Mosques.” The photographs are preceded by two articles, describing Petrie’s biography and his views as well as the history of the “Oriental” photographs. The book emphasizes the analysis of “Orientalism” and its impact on the “Oriental” photography. The book will be primarily interesting for historians, archaeologists, art historians, as well as all those interested in the history of photography.
Крол А. А., Кузнецова А. Б. Фотографическая память. Фотоархив У. М. Ф. Питри из Национального муз... more Крол А. А., Кузнецова А. Б. Фотографическая память. Фотоархив У. М. Ф. Питри из Национального музея Судана. – М., 2014. — 296 с.
Книга посвящена исследованию фотоархива выдающегося британского археолога, «отца египетской археологии» У. М. Ф. Питри. Обширное собрание фотографий ученого, которое в настоящее время хранится в Национальном музее Судана (Хартум), включает папку снимков Египта 1860–х гг. — начала XX в., сделанных в ателье братьев Абдулла, Ипполита Арну, Антонио Беато, Феликса Бонфиса, братьев Зангаки, Лекегяна и Ко, Карло Найа, Андреаса Д. Райзера, Паскаля Себа. В книге публикуются 69 фотографий из коллекции. Публикацию предваряют три статьи, первая из которых («Флиндерс Питри. Фотографическая память») посвящена биографии британского археолога и его взглядам на развитие человеческого общества, истории египетской археологии в конце XIX-первой половине XXв. Во второй статье («Коммерческие фотоателье Египта второй половины XIX в.») содержится подробный очерк истории развития фотографии от дагеротипа до изобретения «Кодака», освещаются проблемы исследования «ориентальной» фотографии. В третьей статье («Питри и ориентализм») изложены основные положения известной концепции Эдварда Саида и ее критика. Рассматривается вопрос о том, справедливо ли исследование «восточной» фотографии с точки зрения «ориентализма». В основной части книги публикуется 69 фотографий из коллекции Питри. Каждая фотография снабжена подробным описанием, в котором объясняется исторический, этнографический контекст фотографии, особенности ее композиции, технические детали ее создания. Приложение книги состоит из подробного описания фотографических ателье, действовавших в Египте в 1860-1900 гг.; каталога всех 115 фотографий из папки «Современный Египет» фотоархива Питри; списка литературы; предметно-именного указателя и карт. Книга адресована специалистам по истории, археологии, искусствоведению, а также всем интересующимся историей фотографии.
The book examines the photoarchive of Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie, a prominent British archaeologist and “the father of Egyptian archaeology.” An extensive collection of his photographs, which is now kept in the National Museum of Sudan in Khartoum includes a folder of images of Egypt ranging from the 1860s to the beginning of the twentieth century, and made in the photographic studios of the Abdullah Brothers, Hippolyte Arnoux, Antonio Beato, Felix Bonfils, the Zangaki Brothers, Lekegian, Carlo Naya, Andreas Riser, and Pascal Sebah. The book presents sixty nine photographs from the collection, divided by Petrie according to three topics: “Faces,” “The Nile and the Cataracts,” and “Mosques.” The photographs are preceded by two articles, describing Petrie’s biography and his views as well as the history of the “Oriental” photographs. The book emphasizes the analysis of “Orientalism” and its impact on the “Oriental” photography. The book will be primarily interesting for historians, archaeologists, art historians, as well as all those interested in the history of photography.
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Building 3, located in the central part of the settlement of the archaeological site Deraheib (the Sudan, Nubian Desert, upper reaches of Wadi al-Allaqi). The excavations were performed by the Nubian archaeological and anthropological expedition of the Lomonosov Moscow State University’s Research Institute and the Museum of Anthropology. According to Arab sources and results of archaeological excavations an the site, between 9th and 11th centuries it was the location of the administrative center for a gold-mining region, one of the stops on the caravan route connecting Egypt and the Red Sea port of Aidhab.
Arabic sources call it the city of Al-Allaqi. Building 3 is 29 × 16 m, oriented along the west-east axis. Its walls, laid of slate slabs, have been preserved to a height of 1 to 3 m. The eastern wall has four window openings with arched ends. There is a semicircular protrusion in its center. The wall also has two entrances into the building. The outer side of the northeastern part of the wall has a square structure measuring 3 × 3 m. Several
flights of a spiral staircase can be traced inside this structure. During excavations of the building, fragments of ceramics dated between 9th and 11th centuries were discovered. A vessel containing a corroded metal object and coals was found at the base of a semicircular protrusion on the outside of the eastern wall. Radiocarbon dating determined that the building was founded in the 9th–10th centuries AD.
The data obtained during the excavations allows us to reconstruct the
architecture of the building. This is the so-called Arabic or hypostyle mosque. Its eastern half had a roof rested on four transverse rows of arches, making this part of the building the riwaq. The niche in the middle of the eastern wall was the mihrab. The western part of the mosque was exposed, the sahn. The square building in the northern part of the eastern wall was most likely a minaret. According to radiocarbon dating, the mosque was built when gold mining in the Nubian Desert and Red Sea trade through the port city of Aidhab were at their peak. The size of the building and its central location in the settlement suggest that it was a Friday mosque. The construction of the Friday mosque changed the status of Al-Allaqi — a logistics center at the crossroads of trade
routes and roads connecting the gold mines could be called a city now. Available radiocarbon analysis suggests that the mosque at Al-Allaqi is the earliest dated mosque in Lower Nubia.
Materials and methods. The article examines the materials of three locations: Huqab-Abd-as- Salam 1, Huqab-Abd-as-Salam 4, Huqab-Karar. The classification of archaeological finds (186 items in total) was carried out according to various characteristics: raw materials. Many aspects, due to the in- complete was carried out according to various characteristics: raw materials. Many aspects, due to the incomplete preservation of field documentation and imperfect methods of investigating open-type loca- tions of the 60s of the last century, cannot be clarified at this stage.
Materials and methods. The materials for the article were artifacts (stone tools and debitage, fragments of ceramics) discovered at the surface scatters and sites as well as samples for OSL dating, loss-on-ignition and pollen analysis taken from sites. For comparison, we used stone tools discovered by the Nubian expedition of the USSR Academy of
Sciences in 1961-1963. The artifacts found at the sites were documented (marked on a map, photographed and described). Several samples for OSL dating were taken at both sites. Sample preparation and gamma spectrometry, as well
as OSL measurements, were conducted by standard methods. Analysis of the decoration of ceramic fragments found at
the Onib-1 site was carried out. Also, based on the prepared thin sections, a technological and petroglyphic analyses of
the obtained fragments were carried out. Samples were taken from different layers of the sites Onib-1 and Onib-Outcrop
to determine the content of organic residues and spore-pollen analysis. Sample preparation and analysis were carried
out following the standard procedures
Results and Discussion. Analysis of the finds made at the sites indicates that the entire Wadi al-Allaqi region
from the Red Sea Mountains to the Nile Valley was inhabited during the Neolithic period. OSL dating for Onib-1 and
Onib-Outcrop sites indicates that the sedimentary deposits were formed during the Neolithic Subpluvial. These data are
also confirmed by the results of ceramic analysis. The layers in which the ceramic fragments were found can be dated
back to the 3rd millennium BC. Petrographic analysis of thin sections of ceramics from Onib-1 site indicates the use of
local material for the manufacturing of ceramics. The results of loss on ignition analysis did not reveal a sufficient content of organic residues for a comprehensive paleoecological study that overall indicates unfavorable conditions for the
accumulation of organic matter in the studied deposits.
Conclusion. The results obtained indicate high prospects of continuing field research in the Onib Depression
aimed at discovering and excavating Neolithic sites.
Keywords: Sudan; Wadi al-Allaqi; Deraheib; Onib Depression; Nubian Middle Stone Age; Neolithic period
typical for the Naqada culture; the other two can be characterized as Nubian; the dating of this group of pottery fits into the interval of Naqada IIB–IIIA (3600–3200 BC). Taking into account the nature of finds in Khor Daoud, which is located within the area of the Nubian A-Groups Culture, the site should be interpreted as a trading post where goods from Egypt, the region of the middle reaches of the Nile and the Nubian Desert were exchanged
Materials and methods. In this article we publish the so-called tribal brands (Arabic Wasm, pl. Wusum), used by the Bedouins of the Middle East (Iraq, Syria, the Arab Peninsula, Egypt, Sudan) pri-marily for branding camels. However, brands were also tribe symbols of sorts, and as such were often drawn on tents, clothing, or tattoos. Wasm was used by the Bedouins as a territorial marker, as well as to indicate caravan routes or the tribe’s migration. As such the brands were drawn on the rocks at the campsites.
Results and discussion. This article attempts to determine the time period when tribal brands were drawn on the rocks of Umm-Agaib, as well as to answer the question of who could have left them: the Blem-myes who inhabited the Nubian desert in late Antiquity; the Arabs who migrated to the region of present-day Sudan in the 9th-11th centuries because of the active gold mining in Wadi al-Allaqi region and caravan trade that connected the Red Sea port of Aidhab with the Upper Egypt cities; or the Beja, indigenous inhabitants of the Nubian Desert.
Conclusion. The author comes to the conclusion that at the current level of our knowledge of the brands left in the Nubian Desert, it’s impossible to accurately determine the time period when they were drawn. So far, we can talk about a wide time range from late Antiquity to the present.
Materials and methods. The article examines the materials of three locations: Huka-Abd-as-Salam 1, Huka-Abd-as-Salam 4, Huka-Karar. The classification of archaeological finds (186 items in total) was carried out according to various characteristics: raw materials. Many aspects, due to the incompletewas carried out according to various characteristics: raw materials. Many aspects, due to the incomplete
preservation of field documentation and imperfect methods of investigating open-type locations of the 60s
of the last century, cannot be clarified at this stage.
Results and discussion. As a result of studying the finds from the locations of Huqab-Abd-as-Salam 1, Huqab-Abd-as-Salam 4 and Huqab-Karar, the authors came to the conclusion about the mixing
of different materials within the collections, and the presence of at least two components: artefacts of the Middle Paleolithic; artefacts of the "Mesolithic" era.
Conclusions. In the collections of the Huqab-Abd-as-Salam 1, Huqab-Abd-as-Salam 4 and Huqab-Karar localities, the authors assume the presence of at least two cultural components – Middle Paleolithic Levalloisian and "Mesolithic". Further study of materials from other locations may allow the
authors to expand this picture somewhat.
Results and discussion. Based on the study of the obtained archaeological materials (primarily the anal-ysis of ceramics and textiles), as well as data from written sources, it was established that the medieval part of history of the monument covers the period between the 9th and 12th centuries. The archaeological site of Deraheib can be associated with the city of Al-Allaqi, mentioned in Arabic sources as a gold mining center in the Nubian desert, a trading city that was located on one of the caravan routes connecting the Red Sea port of Aidhab and the city of Aswan. The materials of the excavations of the Northern Fortress made it possible to advance a hy-pothesis that the building, erected in the 9th century, functioned more like a fortified castle of the local ruler rather than a fortress. The study of Building 3 allows us to say with confidence that it was a Friday mosque, founded at the beginning of the 10th century. Ongoing excavations in the Southern Necropolis have revealed Muslim burials (25 out of 31 investigated burials) and burials that are associated with the population that lived on the territory of Atbai in the Late Antique — Early Medieval period, known from classical sources as Blemmyes. A group of an-thropologists obtained important data on the sex and age of the population of Deraheib, traces of daily activities and pathologies reflected in the skeleton.
An important direction in the research of the MSU complex expedition is the study of the modern population of Central Atbai, primarily the Bisharin tribe of the Beja tribal union. The article outlines the main directions of these studies and preliminary results.
Archaeological excavations geodesic survey and ethnographic research have been carried out during the season.
Important information has been obtained in the course of archaeological work. It allowed us to suppose that the Northern Fortress one of the most interesting archaeological feature of the site had been functioning in 9th-13th AD and most probably was a palace of the local ruler. Analysis of finds discovered while sifting the filling of the Room I of the Northern Fortress has proved the information of the medieval Arab sources which described Al-Allaqi city as a center of caravan trade. Some aspects of physical health have been demonstrated by the results of the archeoparasitological analysis. Excavations at the Building 3 (Mosque) has revealed remains of the floor consisting of the grinded tuff and column (or arch) foot. One of the main achievements of the season 2020 was starting of the ethnographical field research of the Bisharin tribe living in the surroundings of the Deraheib.
Field work at Deraheib during the third season has confirmed the high perspectives of the site for archaeological anthropological and ethnographical studies.
надписей на саркофаге Тамин, а также сопоставления этих надписей с аналогичными текстами на других саркофагах авторы высказывают предположение об ахмимском происхождении памятника. Характерные стилистические и палеографические особенности надписи, язык, встречающиеся в ней ошибки, титулы и эпитеты позволяют также говорить о ее датировке эпохой Птолемеев. Сопоставление саркофага Тамин с другими аналогичными памятниками, в частности с саркофагами Ташеретмин и Хентихетиемхетепа, а также с целой группой других каменных саркофагов, позволяет точнее определить вероятную датировку московского памятника концом III – первой
половиной II в. до н.э.
быть сопоставлен с описанием города Сабы – столицы сабеев – города ŚWM в Южной Аравии, данным Агафархидом Книдским. Описание Саб построено так же, как и описание Южной Аравии в целом, преподнесенной Агафархидом как идеальная страна совершенного материального достатка. Наименование «Всезлатая» Береника могла получить от Саб, в описании которых золото является доминирующим мотивом, подчеркивающим исключительное богатство крайнего юга Аравии. В этом отношении отождествление Береники Всезлатой и Береники-возле-Саб выглядит возможным. В свою очередь, эти два топонима могут быть гипотетически отождествлены с Береникой-возле-Дир, что отражает традицию об основании одного города (Береника) на выходе из Красного моря, ставшего известным под тремя дополнительными
определениями.
The unique mention of Berenice Panchrysos by Pliny the Elder (VI. 170) is connected in recent archaeological literature with the site of Deraheib in Wadi al-Allaqi – the center of gold mining and trade in the Nubian Desert. The text of Pliny’s Natural History, however, indicates
the location of Berenice Panchrysos on the coast of the Red Sea, rather than inland, and this epithet could be compared with the description of Sabai – the capital of the “Sabaeans”, inhabitants of ŚWM in Southern Arabia, given by Agatharchides of Cnidos. Sabai is described
by Agatharchides in the same way as South Arabia in general as an ideal land of full material prosperity. In the same way it is necessary to consider the mention of Berenice Panchrysos. It could have received its denomination “all-golden” from Sabai – South Arabian city ŚWM: in the descriptions of Sabai, gold is the dominant motive emphasizing exclusive richness of
the extreme South of Arabia. In this regard, the identification of Berenice Panchrysos and Berenice-near-Sabai looks quite possible. These two place-names could also be hypothetically identified with Berenice-epi-Dires, which seems to reflect the tradition on the foundation of one city (Berenice) at the exit from the Red Sea, which came to be known under three different
epithets.
Building 3, located in the central part of the settlement of the archaeological site Deraheib (the Sudan, Nubian Desert, upper reaches of Wadi al-Allaqi). The excavations were performed by the Nubian archaeological and anthropological expedition of the Lomonosov Moscow State University’s Research Institute and the Museum of Anthropology. According to Arab sources and results of archaeological excavations an the site, between 9th and 11th centuries it was the location of the administrative center for a gold-mining region, one of the stops on the caravan route connecting Egypt and the Red Sea port of Aidhab.
Arabic sources call it the city of Al-Allaqi. Building 3 is 29 × 16 m, oriented along the west-east axis. Its walls, laid of slate slabs, have been preserved to a height of 1 to 3 m. The eastern wall has four window openings with arched ends. There is a semicircular protrusion in its center. The wall also has two entrances into the building. The outer side of the northeastern part of the wall has a square structure measuring 3 × 3 m. Several
flights of a spiral staircase can be traced inside this structure. During excavations of the building, fragments of ceramics dated between 9th and 11th centuries were discovered. A vessel containing a corroded metal object and coals was found at the base of a semicircular protrusion on the outside of the eastern wall. Radiocarbon dating determined that the building was founded in the 9th–10th centuries AD.
The data obtained during the excavations allows us to reconstruct the
architecture of the building. This is the so-called Arabic or hypostyle mosque. Its eastern half had a roof rested on four transverse rows of arches, making this part of the building the riwaq. The niche in the middle of the eastern wall was the mihrab. The western part of the mosque was exposed, the sahn. The square building in the northern part of the eastern wall was most likely a minaret. According to radiocarbon dating, the mosque was built when gold mining in the Nubian Desert and Red Sea trade through the port city of Aidhab were at their peak. The size of the building and its central location in the settlement suggest that it was a Friday mosque. The construction of the Friday mosque changed the status of Al-Allaqi — a logistics center at the crossroads of trade
routes and roads connecting the gold mines could be called a city now. Available radiocarbon analysis suggests that the mosque at Al-Allaqi is the earliest dated mosque in Lower Nubia.
Materials and methods. The article examines the materials of three locations: Huqab-Abd-as- Salam 1, Huqab-Abd-as-Salam 4, Huqab-Karar. The classification of archaeological finds (186 items in total) was carried out according to various characteristics: raw materials. Many aspects, due to the in- complete was carried out according to various characteristics: raw materials. Many aspects, due to the incomplete preservation of field documentation and imperfect methods of investigating open-type loca- tions of the 60s of the last century, cannot be clarified at this stage.
Materials and methods. The materials for the article were artifacts (stone tools and debitage, fragments of ceramics) discovered at the surface scatters and sites as well as samples for OSL dating, loss-on-ignition and pollen analysis taken from sites. For comparison, we used stone tools discovered by the Nubian expedition of the USSR Academy of
Sciences in 1961-1963. The artifacts found at the sites were documented (marked on a map, photographed and described). Several samples for OSL dating were taken at both sites. Sample preparation and gamma spectrometry, as well
as OSL measurements, were conducted by standard methods. Analysis of the decoration of ceramic fragments found at
the Onib-1 site was carried out. Also, based on the prepared thin sections, a technological and petroglyphic analyses of
the obtained fragments were carried out. Samples were taken from different layers of the sites Onib-1 and Onib-Outcrop
to determine the content of organic residues and spore-pollen analysis. Sample preparation and analysis were carried
out following the standard procedures
Results and Discussion. Analysis of the finds made at the sites indicates that the entire Wadi al-Allaqi region
from the Red Sea Mountains to the Nile Valley was inhabited during the Neolithic period. OSL dating for Onib-1 and
Onib-Outcrop sites indicates that the sedimentary deposits were formed during the Neolithic Subpluvial. These data are
also confirmed by the results of ceramic analysis. The layers in which the ceramic fragments were found can be dated
back to the 3rd millennium BC. Petrographic analysis of thin sections of ceramics from Onib-1 site indicates the use of
local material for the manufacturing of ceramics. The results of loss on ignition analysis did not reveal a sufficient content of organic residues for a comprehensive paleoecological study that overall indicates unfavorable conditions for the
accumulation of organic matter in the studied deposits.
Conclusion. The results obtained indicate high prospects of continuing field research in the Onib Depression
aimed at discovering and excavating Neolithic sites.
Keywords: Sudan; Wadi al-Allaqi; Deraheib; Onib Depression; Nubian Middle Stone Age; Neolithic period
typical for the Naqada culture; the other two can be characterized as Nubian; the dating of this group of pottery fits into the interval of Naqada IIB–IIIA (3600–3200 BC). Taking into account the nature of finds in Khor Daoud, which is located within the area of the Nubian A-Groups Culture, the site should be interpreted as a trading post where goods from Egypt, the region of the middle reaches of the Nile and the Nubian Desert were exchanged
Materials and methods. In this article we publish the so-called tribal brands (Arabic Wasm, pl. Wusum), used by the Bedouins of the Middle East (Iraq, Syria, the Arab Peninsula, Egypt, Sudan) pri-marily for branding camels. However, brands were also tribe symbols of sorts, and as such were often drawn on tents, clothing, or tattoos. Wasm was used by the Bedouins as a territorial marker, as well as to indicate caravan routes or the tribe’s migration. As such the brands were drawn on the rocks at the campsites.
Results and discussion. This article attempts to determine the time period when tribal brands were drawn on the rocks of Umm-Agaib, as well as to answer the question of who could have left them: the Blem-myes who inhabited the Nubian desert in late Antiquity; the Arabs who migrated to the region of present-day Sudan in the 9th-11th centuries because of the active gold mining in Wadi al-Allaqi region and caravan trade that connected the Red Sea port of Aidhab with the Upper Egypt cities; or the Beja, indigenous inhabitants of the Nubian Desert.
Conclusion. The author comes to the conclusion that at the current level of our knowledge of the brands left in the Nubian Desert, it’s impossible to accurately determine the time period when they were drawn. So far, we can talk about a wide time range from late Antiquity to the present.
Materials and methods. The article examines the materials of three locations: Huka-Abd-as-Salam 1, Huka-Abd-as-Salam 4, Huka-Karar. The classification of archaeological finds (186 items in total) was carried out according to various characteristics: raw materials. Many aspects, due to the incompletewas carried out according to various characteristics: raw materials. Many aspects, due to the incomplete
preservation of field documentation and imperfect methods of investigating open-type locations of the 60s
of the last century, cannot be clarified at this stage.
Results and discussion. As a result of studying the finds from the locations of Huqab-Abd-as-Salam 1, Huqab-Abd-as-Salam 4 and Huqab-Karar, the authors came to the conclusion about the mixing
of different materials within the collections, and the presence of at least two components: artefacts of the Middle Paleolithic; artefacts of the "Mesolithic" era.
Conclusions. In the collections of the Huqab-Abd-as-Salam 1, Huqab-Abd-as-Salam 4 and Huqab-Karar localities, the authors assume the presence of at least two cultural components – Middle Paleolithic Levalloisian and "Mesolithic". Further study of materials from other locations may allow the
authors to expand this picture somewhat.
Results and discussion. Based on the study of the obtained archaeological materials (primarily the anal-ysis of ceramics and textiles), as well as data from written sources, it was established that the medieval part of history of the monument covers the period between the 9th and 12th centuries. The archaeological site of Deraheib can be associated with the city of Al-Allaqi, mentioned in Arabic sources as a gold mining center in the Nubian desert, a trading city that was located on one of the caravan routes connecting the Red Sea port of Aidhab and the city of Aswan. The materials of the excavations of the Northern Fortress made it possible to advance a hy-pothesis that the building, erected in the 9th century, functioned more like a fortified castle of the local ruler rather than a fortress. The study of Building 3 allows us to say with confidence that it was a Friday mosque, founded at the beginning of the 10th century. Ongoing excavations in the Southern Necropolis have revealed Muslim burials (25 out of 31 investigated burials) and burials that are associated with the population that lived on the territory of Atbai in the Late Antique — Early Medieval period, known from classical sources as Blemmyes. A group of an-thropologists obtained important data on the sex and age of the population of Deraheib, traces of daily activities and pathologies reflected in the skeleton.
An important direction in the research of the MSU complex expedition is the study of the modern population of Central Atbai, primarily the Bisharin tribe of the Beja tribal union. The article outlines the main directions of these studies and preliminary results.
Archaeological excavations geodesic survey and ethnographic research have been carried out during the season.
Important information has been obtained in the course of archaeological work. It allowed us to suppose that the Northern Fortress one of the most interesting archaeological feature of the site had been functioning in 9th-13th AD and most probably was a palace of the local ruler. Analysis of finds discovered while sifting the filling of the Room I of the Northern Fortress has proved the information of the medieval Arab sources which described Al-Allaqi city as a center of caravan trade. Some aspects of physical health have been demonstrated by the results of the archeoparasitological analysis. Excavations at the Building 3 (Mosque) has revealed remains of the floor consisting of the grinded tuff and column (or arch) foot. One of the main achievements of the season 2020 was starting of the ethnographical field research of the Bisharin tribe living in the surroundings of the Deraheib.
Field work at Deraheib during the third season has confirmed the high perspectives of the site for archaeological anthropological and ethnographical studies.
надписей на саркофаге Тамин, а также сопоставления этих надписей с аналогичными текстами на других саркофагах авторы высказывают предположение об ахмимском происхождении памятника. Характерные стилистические и палеографические особенности надписи, язык, встречающиеся в ней ошибки, титулы и эпитеты позволяют также говорить о ее датировке эпохой Птолемеев. Сопоставление саркофага Тамин с другими аналогичными памятниками, в частности с саркофагами Ташеретмин и Хентихетиемхетепа, а также с целой группой других каменных саркофагов, позволяет точнее определить вероятную датировку московского памятника концом III – первой
половиной II в. до н.э.
быть сопоставлен с описанием города Сабы – столицы сабеев – города ŚWM в Южной Аравии, данным Агафархидом Книдским. Описание Саб построено так же, как и описание Южной Аравии в целом, преподнесенной Агафархидом как идеальная страна совершенного материального достатка. Наименование «Всезлатая» Береника могла получить от Саб, в описании которых золото является доминирующим мотивом, подчеркивающим исключительное богатство крайнего юга Аравии. В этом отношении отождествление Береники Всезлатой и Береники-возле-Саб выглядит возможным. В свою очередь, эти два топонима могут быть гипотетически отождествлены с Береникой-возле-Дир, что отражает традицию об основании одного города (Береника) на выходе из Красного моря, ставшего известным под тремя дополнительными
определениями.
The unique mention of Berenice Panchrysos by Pliny the Elder (VI. 170) is connected in recent archaeological literature with the site of Deraheib in Wadi al-Allaqi – the center of gold mining and trade in the Nubian Desert. The text of Pliny’s Natural History, however, indicates
the location of Berenice Panchrysos on the coast of the Red Sea, rather than inland, and this epithet could be compared with the description of Sabai – the capital of the “Sabaeans”, inhabitants of ŚWM in Southern Arabia, given by Agatharchides of Cnidos. Sabai is described
by Agatharchides in the same way as South Arabia in general as an ideal land of full material prosperity. In the same way it is necessary to consider the mention of Berenice Panchrysos. It could have received its denomination “all-golden” from Sabai – South Arabian city ŚWM: in the descriptions of Sabai, gold is the dominant motive emphasizing exclusive richness of
the extreme South of Arabia. In this regard, the identification of Berenice Panchrysos and Berenice-near-Sabai looks quite possible. These two place-names could also be hypothetically identified with Berenice-epi-Dires, which seems to reflect the tradition on the foundation of one city (Berenice) at the exit from the Red Sea, which came to be known under three different
epithets.
несколько картонажей — шлемообразная маска и расписные накладки из Пермской государственной художественной галереи. Мумии впервые предстали перед публикой после окончания реставрации и всестороннего изучения. Дополнили экспозицию фотографии и документальный фильм о проделанной реставраторами и учеными работе
Выставка подготовлена Государственным музеем Востока совместно с Государственным Эрмитажем, Государственным музеем изобразительных искусств им. А.С. Пушкина, Архивом Российской академии наук, Институтом истории материальной культуры Российской академии наук при поддержке Центра палеоэтнологических исследований. Выставка приурочена к 60-летию начала работы Нубийской археологической экспедиции АН СССР (1961–1963) и перекрестному году культуры Россия — Египет.
Основой экспозиции являются фотографии, дневники, рисунки участников экспедиции из семейных собраний и государственных архивов. Эти материалы повествуют о работе и повседневной жизни советских археологов. На выставке представлены
подлинные вещи, найденные советской экспедицией и хранящиеся в настоящее время в ГМИИ им. А. С. Пушкина и Государственном Эрмитаже.
Книга посвящена исследованию фотоархива выдающегося британского археолога, «отца египетской археологии» У. М. Ф. Питри. Обширное собрание фотографий ученого, которое в настоящее время хранится в Национальном музее Судана (Хартум), включает папку снимков Египта 1860–х гг. — начала XX в., сделанных в ателье братьев Абдулла, Ипполита Арну, Антонио Беато, Феликса Бонфиса, братьев Зангаки, Лекегяна и Ко, Карло Найа, Андреаса Д. Райзера, Паскаля Себа.
В книге публикуются 69 фотографий из коллекции. Публикацию предваряют три статьи, первая из которых («Флиндерс Питри. Фотографическая память») посвящена биографии британского археолога и его взглядам на развитие человеческого общества, истории египетской археологии в конце XIX-первой половине XXв. Во второй статье («Коммерческие фотоателье Египта второй половины XIX в.») содержится подробный очерк истории развития фотографии от дагеротипа до изобретения «Кодака», освещаются проблемы исследования «ориентальной» фотографии. В третьей статье («Питри и ориентализм») изложены основные положения известной концепции Эдварда Саида и ее критика. Рассматривается вопрос о том, справедливо ли исследование «восточной» фотографии с точки зрения «ориентализма».
В основной части книги публикуется 69 фотографий из коллекции Питри. Каждая фотография снабжена подробным описанием, в котором объясняется исторический, этнографический контекст фотографии, особенности ее композиции, технические детали ее создания.
Приложение книги состоит из подробного описания фотографических ателье, действовавших в Египте в 1860-1900 гг.; каталога всех 115 фотографий из папки «Современный Египет» фотоархива Питри; списка литературы; предметно-именного указателя и карт.
Книга адресована специалистам по истории, археологии, искусствоведению, а также всем интересующимся историей фотографии.
The book examines the photoarchive of Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie, a prominent British archaeologist and “the father of Egyptian archaeology.” An extensive collection of his photographs, which is now kept in the National Museum of Sudan in Khartoum includes a folder of images of Egypt ranging from the 1860s to the beginning of the twentieth century, and made in the photographic studios of the Abdullah Brothers, Hippolyte Arnoux, Antonio Beato, Felix Bonfils, the Zangaki Brothers, Lekegian, Carlo Naya, Andreas Riser, and Pascal Sebah. The book presents sixty nine photographs from the collection, divided by Petrie according to three topics: “Faces,” “The Nile and the Cataracts,” and “Mosques.” The photographs are preceded by two articles, describing Petrie’s biography and his views as well as the history of the “Oriental” photographs. The book emphasizes the analysis of “Orientalism” and its impact on the “Oriental” photography. The book will be primarily interesting for historians, archaeologists, art historians, as well as all those interested in the history of photography.
Книга посвящена исследованию фотоархива выдающегося британского археолога, «отца египетской археологии» У. М. Ф. Питри. Обширное собрание фотографий ученого, которое в настоящее время хранится в Национальном музее Судана (Хартум), включает папку снимков Египта 1860–х гг. — начала XX в., сделанных в ателье братьев Абдулла, Ипполита Арну, Антонио Беато, Феликса Бонфиса, братьев Зангаки, Лекегяна и Ко, Карло Найа, Андреаса Д. Райзера, Паскаля Себа.
В книге публикуются 69 фотографий из коллекции. Публикацию предваряют три статьи, первая из которых («Флиндерс Питри. Фотографическая память») посвящена биографии британского археолога и его взглядам на развитие человеческого общества, истории египетской археологии в конце XIX-первой половине XXв. Во второй статье («Коммерческие фотоателье Египта второй половины XIX в.») содержится подробный очерк истории развития фотографии от дагеротипа до изобретения «Кодака», освещаются проблемы исследования «ориентальной» фотографии. В третьей статье («Питри и ориентализм») изложены основные положения известной концепции Эдварда Саида и ее критика. Рассматривается вопрос о том, справедливо ли исследование «восточной» фотографии с точки зрения «ориентализма».
В основной части книги публикуется 69 фотографий из коллекции Питри. Каждая фотография снабжена подробным описанием, в котором объясняется исторический, этнографический контекст фотографии, особенности ее композиции, технические детали ее создания.
Приложение книги состоит из подробного описания фотографических ателье, действовавших в Египте в 1860-1900 гг.; каталога всех 115 фотографий из папки «Современный Египет» фотоархива Питри; списка литературы; предметно-именного указателя и карт.
Книга адресована специалистам по истории, археологии, искусствоведению, а также всем интересующимся историей фотографии.
The book examines the photoarchive of Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie, a prominent British archaeologist and “the father of Egyptian archaeology.” An extensive collection of his photographs, which is now kept in the National Museum of Sudan in Khartoum includes a folder of images of Egypt ranging from the 1860s to the beginning of the twentieth century, and made in the photographic studios of the Abdullah Brothers, Hippolyte Arnoux, Antonio Beato, Felix Bonfils, the Zangaki Brothers, Lekegian, Carlo Naya, Andreas Riser, and Pascal Sebah. The book presents sixty nine photographs from the collection, divided by Petrie according to three topics: “Faces,” “The Nile and the Cataracts,” and “Mosques.” The photographs are preceded by two articles, describing Petrie’s biography and his views as well as the history of the “Oriental” photographs. The book emphasizes the analysis of “Orientalism” and its impact on the “Oriental” photography. The book will be primarily interesting for historians, archaeologists, art historians, as well as all those interested in the history of photography.