Species in the family Capulidae (Littorinimorpha: Capuloidea) display a wide range of shell morph... more Species in the family Capulidae (Littorinimorpha: Capuloidea) display a wide range of shell morphologies. Several species are known to live in association with other benthic invertebrates—mostly bivalves and sabellid worms, but also other gastropods—and are believed to be kleptoparasitic filter feeders that take advantage of the water current produced by the host. This peculiar trophic ecology, implying a sedentary lifestyle, has resulted in highly convergent shell forms. This is particularly true for the genus Hyalorisia Dall, 1889, which occurs in deep water in the Caribbean and Indo-West Pacific provinces, with two nominal species recognized so far. Combining morphological, ecological and molecular data, we assessed the diversity of the genus, its phylogenetic position inside the family and its association with its bivalve host, the genus Propeamussium de Gregorio, 1884 (Pectinoidea), resulting in the description of nine new cryptic species. When sympatric, species of Hyalorisia ...
Les spécimens qui ont servi à définir ou à illustrer les nombreuses espèces reconnues par les nat... more Les spécimens qui ont servi à définir ou à illustrer les nombreuses espèces reconnues par les naturalistes comme des espèces distinctes ont généralement été recensés (catalogués à part comme étant les types d'espèces nouvelles ou les spécimens de référence de révisions) dans la plupart des institutions où ils sont déposés. Ces « types » et « figurés », rangés souvent séparément des autres collections (on parle alors de « typothèque »), sont considérés comme le fleuron des collections naturalistes et ont la plus forte valeur patrimoniale et scientifique, d'autant plus que beaucoup proviennent de récoltes anciennes, dans des sites disparus depuis longtemps. Avec l'avènement de l'informatique, de la photographie numérique et de l'espace internet, la mise à disposition de typothèques virtuelles, donc accessibles à tous, se concrétise. C'est une voie dans laquelle sont engagées nombre d'institutions dans le monde, dont le Muséum de Paris. À l'occasion de cet ouvrage sur le stratotype Stampien, une grande partie des « types et figurés » des collections historiques de la typothèque de Paléontologie ont été photographiés et sont ou seront consultables sur le site WEB du Muséum. Nous présentons ici, à partir d'images numériques : • Une planche consacrée aux fossiles du bassin de Rennes dont les dépôts ne sont maintenant accessibles que par forage ). • Ce qui reste du matériel collecté dans les calcaires continentaux d'Étampes et magnifiquement illustré dans l'ouvrage de Deshayes (Figs 282-283) comme le montre la reproduction des dessins que nous avons associés [131]. • Une partie des espèces publiées par Meunier (Fig. 284) [334]. • La quasi-totalité des espèces de mollusques du bassin de Paris figurées plus ou moins correctement par Cossmann & Lambert (Figs 285-290) [90, 92, 93, 94, 98, 99]. Sous le terme de type*, l'habitude est de regrouper les spécimens sur lesquels est fondée la définition des espèces. Les règles (de procédure) pour la « création » d'espèces nouvelles sont réunies dans un Code de Nomenclature*. Elles ont été instituées parallèlement à la création d'un vocabulaire spécialisé. Les termes « holotype* », « syntype* », « paratype* », « lectotype* », « paralectotype* » que l'on note dans les légendes des planches qui suivent sont issus de cette terminologie particulière. Les spécimens dits « figurés » à la différence des spécimens caractérisés par l'un des termes précédents, n'ont pas de sens précis dans le cadre du Code de Nomenclature. En réalité, et pour simplifier, disons qu'il n'existe qu'un seul spécimen de référence, un « étalon* » pour chaque espèce, que l'on nomme le type porte-nom*. Les autres exemplaires bien qu'ils facilitent souvent grandement la reconnaissance et la caractérisation d'une espèce sont optionnels. Les « spécimens figurés » permettent de contrôler et d'approfondir (variabilité à l'intérieur de l'espèce, par exemple) ce que représentent les publications qui décrivent pour Figure 280 -Ancienne vitrine du Muséum de Bordeaux (en cours de réfection) montrant une partie des fossiles du Stampien d'Aquitaine (collection générale).
The family Pinnidae Leach, 1819, includes approximately 50 species of large subtidal and coastal ... more The family Pinnidae Leach, 1819, includes approximately 50 species of large subtidal and coastal marine bivalves. These commercially important species occur in tropical and temperate waters around the world and are most frequently found in seagrass meadows. The taxonomy of the family has been revised a number of times since the early 20th Century, the most recent revision recognizing 55 species distributed in three genera: Pinna, Atrina and Streptopinna, the latter being monotypic. However, to date no phylogenetic analysis of the family has been conducted using morphological or molecular data. The present study analyzed 306 pinnid specimens from around the world, comprising the three described genera and ca. 25 morphospecies. We sequenced the mitochondrial genes 16S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, and the nuclear ribosomal genes 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA. Phylogenetic analysis of the data revealed monophyly of the genus Atrina but also that the genus Streptopinna is nested within Pinna. Based on the strong support for this relationship we propose a new status for Streptopinna Martens, 1880 and treat it as a subgenus (status nov.) of Pinna Linnaeus, 1758. The phylogeny and the species delimitation analyses suggest the presence of cryptic species in many morphospecies displaying a wide Indo-Pacific distribution, including Pinna muricata, Atrina assimilis, A. exusta and P. (Streptopinna) saccata but also in the Atlantic species A. rigida. Altogether our results highlight the challenges associated with morphological identifications in Pinnidae due to the presence of both phenotypic plasticity and morphological stasis and reveal that many pinnid species are not as widely distributed as previously thought.
Snails in the closely related trochid genera Phorcus Risso, 1826 and Osilinus Philippi, 1847 are ... more Snails in the closely related trochid genera Phorcus Risso, 1826 and Osilinus Philippi, 1847 are ecologically important algal grazers in the intertidal zone of the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Here we present the first complete molecular phylogeny for these genera, based on the nuclear 28S rRNA gene and the mitochondrial 16S rRNA and COI genes, and show that the current classification is erroneous. We recognize nine species in a single genus, Phorcus: estimated by BEAST analysis, this arose 30 (±10) Ma; it consists of two subgenera, Phorcus and Osilinus, which we estimate diverged 14 (±4.5) Ma. Osilinus kotschyi, from the Arabian and Red Seas, is not closely related and is tentatively referred to Priotrochus Fischer, 1879. Our phylogeny allows us to address biogeographical questions concerning the origins of the Mediterranean and Macaronesian species of this group. The former appear to have evolved from Atlantic ancestors that invaded the Mediterranean on several occasions after the Zanclean Flood, which ended the Messinian Salinity Crisis 5.3 Ma; whereas the latter arose from several colonizations of mainland Atlantic ancestors within the last 3 (±1.5) Ma.
a b s t r a c t Bathymodiolinae mussels have been used as a biological model to better understand... more a b s t r a c t Bathymodiolinae mussels have been used as a biological model to better understand the evolutionary origin of faunas associated with deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. Most studies to date, however, have sampled with a strong bias towards vent and seep species, mainly because of a lack of knowledge of closely related species from organic falls. Here we reassess the species diversity of deep-sea mussels using two genes and a large taxon sample from the South-Western Pacific. This new taxonomic framework serves as a basis for a phylogenetic investigation of their evolutionary history. We first highlight an unexpected allopatric pattern and suggest that mussels usually reported from organic falls are in fact poorly specialized with regard to their environment. This challenges the adaptive scenarios proposed to explain the diversification of the group. Second, we confirm that deep-sea mussels arose from organic falls and then colonized hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in multiple events. Overall, this study constitutes a new basis for further phylogenetic investigations and a global systematic revision of deep-sea mussels.
Because they house large biodiversity collections and are also research centres with sequencing f... more Because they house large biodiversity collections and are also research centres with sequencing facilities, natural history museums are well placed to develop DNA barcoding best practices. The main difficulty is generally the vouchering system: it must ensure that all data produced remain attached to the corresponding specimen, from the field to publication in articles and online databases. The Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris is one of the leading laboratories in the Marine Barcode of Life (MarBOL) project, which was used as a pilot programme to include barcode collections for marine molluscs and crustaceans. The system is based on two relational databases. The first one classically records the data (locality and identification) attached to the specimens. In the second one, tissue-clippings, DNA extractions (both preserved in 2D barcode tubes) and PCR data (including primers) are linked to the corresponding specimen. All the steps of the process [sampling event, specimen identification, molecular processing, data submission to Barcode Of Life Database (BOLD) and GenBank] are thus linked together. Furthermore, we have developed several web-based tools to automatically upload data into the system, control the quality of the sequences produced and facilitate the submission to online databases. This work is the result of a joint effort from several teams in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), but also from a collaborative network of taxonomists and molecular systematists outside the museum, resulting in the vouchering so far of 41 000 sequences and the production of 11 000 COI sequences.
Species in the family Capulidae (Littorinimorpha: Capuloidea) display a wide range of shell morph... more Species in the family Capulidae (Littorinimorpha: Capuloidea) display a wide range of shell morphologies. Several species are known to live in association with other benthic invertebrates—mostly bivalves and sabellid worms, but also other gastropods—and are believed to be kleptoparasitic filter feeders that take advantage of the water current produced by the host. This peculiar trophic ecology, implying a sedentary lifestyle, has resulted in highly convergent shell forms. This is particularly true for the genus Hyalorisia Dall, 1889, which occurs in deep water in the Caribbean and Indo-West Pacific provinces, with two nominal species recognized so far. Combining morphological, ecological and molecular data, we assessed the diversity of the genus, its phylogenetic position inside the family and its association with its bivalve host, the genus Propeamussium de Gregorio, 1884 (Pectinoidea), resulting in the description of nine new cryptic species. When sympatric, species of Hyalorisia ...
Les spécimens qui ont servi à définir ou à illustrer les nombreuses espèces reconnues par les nat... more Les spécimens qui ont servi à définir ou à illustrer les nombreuses espèces reconnues par les naturalistes comme des espèces distinctes ont généralement été recensés (catalogués à part comme étant les types d'espèces nouvelles ou les spécimens de référence de révisions) dans la plupart des institutions où ils sont déposés. Ces « types » et « figurés », rangés souvent séparément des autres collections (on parle alors de « typothèque »), sont considérés comme le fleuron des collections naturalistes et ont la plus forte valeur patrimoniale et scientifique, d'autant plus que beaucoup proviennent de récoltes anciennes, dans des sites disparus depuis longtemps. Avec l'avènement de l'informatique, de la photographie numérique et de l'espace internet, la mise à disposition de typothèques virtuelles, donc accessibles à tous, se concrétise. C'est une voie dans laquelle sont engagées nombre d'institutions dans le monde, dont le Muséum de Paris. À l'occasion de cet ouvrage sur le stratotype Stampien, une grande partie des « types et figurés » des collections historiques de la typothèque de Paléontologie ont été photographiés et sont ou seront consultables sur le site WEB du Muséum. Nous présentons ici, à partir d'images numériques : • Une planche consacrée aux fossiles du bassin de Rennes dont les dépôts ne sont maintenant accessibles que par forage ). • Ce qui reste du matériel collecté dans les calcaires continentaux d'Étampes et magnifiquement illustré dans l'ouvrage de Deshayes (Figs 282-283) comme le montre la reproduction des dessins que nous avons associés [131]. • Une partie des espèces publiées par Meunier (Fig. 284) [334]. • La quasi-totalité des espèces de mollusques du bassin de Paris figurées plus ou moins correctement par Cossmann & Lambert (Figs 285-290) [90, 92, 93, 94, 98, 99]. Sous le terme de type*, l'habitude est de regrouper les spécimens sur lesquels est fondée la définition des espèces. Les règles (de procédure) pour la « création » d'espèces nouvelles sont réunies dans un Code de Nomenclature*. Elles ont été instituées parallèlement à la création d'un vocabulaire spécialisé. Les termes « holotype* », « syntype* », « paratype* », « lectotype* », « paralectotype* » que l'on note dans les légendes des planches qui suivent sont issus de cette terminologie particulière. Les spécimens dits « figurés » à la différence des spécimens caractérisés par l'un des termes précédents, n'ont pas de sens précis dans le cadre du Code de Nomenclature. En réalité, et pour simplifier, disons qu'il n'existe qu'un seul spécimen de référence, un « étalon* » pour chaque espèce, que l'on nomme le type porte-nom*. Les autres exemplaires bien qu'ils facilitent souvent grandement la reconnaissance et la caractérisation d'une espèce sont optionnels. Les « spécimens figurés » permettent de contrôler et d'approfondir (variabilité à l'intérieur de l'espèce, par exemple) ce que représentent les publications qui décrivent pour Figure 280 -Ancienne vitrine du Muséum de Bordeaux (en cours de réfection) montrant une partie des fossiles du Stampien d'Aquitaine (collection générale).
The family Pinnidae Leach, 1819, includes approximately 50 species of large subtidal and coastal ... more The family Pinnidae Leach, 1819, includes approximately 50 species of large subtidal and coastal marine bivalves. These commercially important species occur in tropical and temperate waters around the world and are most frequently found in seagrass meadows. The taxonomy of the family has been revised a number of times since the early 20th Century, the most recent revision recognizing 55 species distributed in three genera: Pinna, Atrina and Streptopinna, the latter being monotypic. However, to date no phylogenetic analysis of the family has been conducted using morphological or molecular data. The present study analyzed 306 pinnid specimens from around the world, comprising the three described genera and ca. 25 morphospecies. We sequenced the mitochondrial genes 16S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, and the nuclear ribosomal genes 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA. Phylogenetic analysis of the data revealed monophyly of the genus Atrina but also that the genus Streptopinna is nested within Pinna. Based on the strong support for this relationship we propose a new status for Streptopinna Martens, 1880 and treat it as a subgenus (status nov.) of Pinna Linnaeus, 1758. The phylogeny and the species delimitation analyses suggest the presence of cryptic species in many morphospecies displaying a wide Indo-Pacific distribution, including Pinna muricata, Atrina assimilis, A. exusta and P. (Streptopinna) saccata but also in the Atlantic species A. rigida. Altogether our results highlight the challenges associated with morphological identifications in Pinnidae due to the presence of both phenotypic plasticity and morphological stasis and reveal that many pinnid species are not as widely distributed as previously thought.
Snails in the closely related trochid genera Phorcus Risso, 1826 and Osilinus Philippi, 1847 are ... more Snails in the closely related trochid genera Phorcus Risso, 1826 and Osilinus Philippi, 1847 are ecologically important algal grazers in the intertidal zone of the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Here we present the first complete molecular phylogeny for these genera, based on the nuclear 28S rRNA gene and the mitochondrial 16S rRNA and COI genes, and show that the current classification is erroneous. We recognize nine species in a single genus, Phorcus: estimated by BEAST analysis, this arose 30 (±10) Ma; it consists of two subgenera, Phorcus and Osilinus, which we estimate diverged 14 (±4.5) Ma. Osilinus kotschyi, from the Arabian and Red Seas, is not closely related and is tentatively referred to Priotrochus Fischer, 1879. Our phylogeny allows us to address biogeographical questions concerning the origins of the Mediterranean and Macaronesian species of this group. The former appear to have evolved from Atlantic ancestors that invaded the Mediterranean on several occasions after the Zanclean Flood, which ended the Messinian Salinity Crisis 5.3 Ma; whereas the latter arose from several colonizations of mainland Atlantic ancestors within the last 3 (±1.5) Ma.
a b s t r a c t Bathymodiolinae mussels have been used as a biological model to better understand... more a b s t r a c t Bathymodiolinae mussels have been used as a biological model to better understand the evolutionary origin of faunas associated with deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. Most studies to date, however, have sampled with a strong bias towards vent and seep species, mainly because of a lack of knowledge of closely related species from organic falls. Here we reassess the species diversity of deep-sea mussels using two genes and a large taxon sample from the South-Western Pacific. This new taxonomic framework serves as a basis for a phylogenetic investigation of their evolutionary history. We first highlight an unexpected allopatric pattern and suggest that mussels usually reported from organic falls are in fact poorly specialized with regard to their environment. This challenges the adaptive scenarios proposed to explain the diversification of the group. Second, we confirm that deep-sea mussels arose from organic falls and then colonized hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in multiple events. Overall, this study constitutes a new basis for further phylogenetic investigations and a global systematic revision of deep-sea mussels.
Because they house large biodiversity collections and are also research centres with sequencing f... more Because they house large biodiversity collections and are also research centres with sequencing facilities, natural history museums are well placed to develop DNA barcoding best practices. The main difficulty is generally the vouchering system: it must ensure that all data produced remain attached to the corresponding specimen, from the field to publication in articles and online databases. The Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris is one of the leading laboratories in the Marine Barcode of Life (MarBOL) project, which was used as a pilot programme to include barcode collections for marine molluscs and crustaceans. The system is based on two relational databases. The first one classically records the data (locality and identification) attached to the specimens. In the second one, tissue-clippings, DNA extractions (both preserved in 2D barcode tubes) and PCR data (including primers) are linked to the corresponding specimen. All the steps of the process [sampling event, specimen identification, molecular processing, data submission to Barcode Of Life Database (BOLD) and GenBank] are thus linked together. Furthermore, we have developed several web-based tools to automatically upload data into the system, control the quality of the sequences produced and facilitate the submission to online databases. This work is the result of a joint effort from several teams in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), but also from a collaborative network of taxonomists and molecular systematists outside the museum, resulting in the vouchering so far of 41 000 sequences and the production of 11 000 COI sequences.
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Papers by Barbara BUGE