Al-mustafa Open University

دین اسلام ، دین عقل و خرد و عقلانیت و منطق است و در کتاب آسمانی آن که قرآن کریم است، تمامی راه ­حل­ها و دستورالعمل­ های لازم برای بشر فرستاده شده که با تدبر و تفکر عمیق می ­توان به مفاهیم آن دست یافت و به سعادت رسید و در مورد بیماری کرونا نیز قرآن کریم راه ­حل­ هایی کاربردی دارد که سعی شده به شکل ساده و شیوا و پُربار بیان شود؛ لذا کتاب بشارت و هدایت و انسانیت و تکامل و تفکر است و انسان­ ها را به سمت زندگی امن و زیبا و مملو از آرامش و صحت و سلامتی سوق می ­دهد. به همین سبب، هر گاه و در هر زمان به سخنان و رهنمودهای قرآن کریم عمل شد، سعادت و نیکبختی به سوی بشر سرازیر شد و هر گاه قرآن مهجور ماند، مشکلات و بیماری­ ها و مصائب گوناگون دامن بشر را گرفت.
از طرف دیگر، خدای متعال همواره برای کمک به انسان ­ها و مؤمنان آماده است و لطفش گسترده است و هر چند انسان­ ها دیدار و عبادت با پروردگار را به تأخیر می ­اندازند؛ اما خداوند همیشه به اصطلاح برخط است و منتظر پیغام اتصال بندگی انسان­ هاست؛ لذا در مشکلات و سختی­ ها انسان را رها نمی­ کند و با نگاه مهربانه به بندگان می ­نگرد. بندگان ممکن است گاهی از خداوند غافل شوند؛ ولی خدای متعال هیچ­گاه از بندگان غافل نمی­ شود.
بر این اساس، بلاها و مشکلات و بیماری­ هایی نظیر آنفلوآنزا، ویروس کرونا و دیگر بیماری­ ها نیز برای آزمون گرفتن و ارزشیابی از بندگان است که اگر امید به آینده روشن و امید به زندگی در جامعه تزریق شود، می ­توان بر این ویروس پیروز شد و آن را شکست داد. در این مقاله تلاش شد با این طرح کلیت بحث به بررسی فرصت­ ها و چالش­ های مواجهه با چنین بیماری ­های نوظهوری با تمسک به آیات قرآن کریم پرداخته شود.

رفاه و آسایش معقول آحاد جامعه از منظر ادیان الهی و سیره عقلا موضوعی ضروری است که وجوب نفقه زنان و کودکان بر پدر خانواده، وجوب وجوهات شرعی اعم از زکات و خمس و کفارات بر اغنیا و دولت­ ها در راستای برخورداری همگان از رفاه معقول و متعارف از قراین مسئله است. در این میان و با گسترش تمدن و ابداع و ازدیاد امکانات زندگی و نقش آن­ها در تأمین رفاه معقول، این پرسش راهبردی طرح می­ شود که آیا تهیه امکانات جدید بر سرپرست یا دولت واجب است؟ رسیدن به پاسخ این پرسش و بیان حکم نیازمند طرح قاعده­ای با عنوان «تأمین رفاه» است که از مجموع ادله اربعه اعم از کتاب، سنت، عقل و اجماع قابل استنباط است؛ مقوله ­ای که در این پژوهش، به ویژه با توجه به رسالت حکومت­ ها ناظر به شرایط خاص تحریمی و فشارهای اقتصادی از یکسو و ناهمواری­ های ایجاد شده ناشی از ویروس کرونا که تنگناهای اقتصادی به دنبال داشته، مورد فحص و بررسی قرار گرفته است.

در عصر حاضر با توجه به رشد روزافزون بیماری­ های روحی و جسمی، پرداختن به مفهوم بیماری از منظر آموزه­ های اسلامی و تبیین جایگاه آن در برنامه درسی مدارس، ضروری به نظر می ­رسد. بنابراین هدف پژوهش حاضر، تبیین ضرورت آموزش مفهوم بیماری از منظر آموزه­ های اسلامی و بررسی آن در سند تحول بنیادین جمهوری اسلامی ایران است. بررسی مفاهیم و مصادیق بیماری جسمی و پیامدهایی که بر روح و روان دارد، عموماً به عنوان یک امر گریزناپذیر چرخه زندگی عموم افراد را شامل می ­شود که در این زمینه می ­توان با ارائه تصویری صحیح از مفهوم بیماری مطابق با آموزه ­های اسلامی میزان سازگاری آن­ها را افزایش داد و باورها و عقاید دینی را در سپری کردن دوران بیماری، اثربخش دانست.
در پژوهش حاضر با روش توصیفی انجام یافته، مفهوم بیماری در سه مقوله تأثیر معنویت از دیدگاه پژوهشگران، ثمرات آن از منظر آیات و روایات و لزوم پرداختن به آن در برنامه درسی دانش آموزان مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و با توجه به آموزه­ های اسلامی، مفاهیم مختلفی از بیماری استنباط شد که عبارتند از ابتلا و آزمایش، مصلحت الهی، کفاره و تطهیر گناهان، تنبیه و تأدیب، رشد و کمال، تلنگر، توجه به خداوند، اجر و پاداش و عنایت الهی.
از طرف دیگر، سند تحول بنیادین آموزش و پرورش به عنوان سند بالادستی آموزش و پرورش با تأکید بر مفاهیم شناسایی شده از مفهوم بیماری از منظر اسلام مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت و نتایج آن نشان داد در بخش­ های مختلف سند، به این مفهوم پرداخته نشده است.

One of the human problems in all ages has been how to deal with hardships, which has led the quality of dealing with trial and error in how to manage events; But when these events lead to calamity in the grief of losing a loved one or preparing the ground for rebellion and sin or disobedience and other effects on life in the material house, it adds to the difficulty of suffering and affliction; Therefore, by bestowing a special blessing from God, man was adorned with the blessing of patience, endurance and perseverance, which could make him successful in the face of any difficulty and hardship, and by increasing the power of inner control and control of all forces, especially anger. And anger takes a step back to bring peace and tranquility to life.
Due to the importance of this issue, which plays an important role in material and spiritual development in individual, family and social life, the present study, which was compiled using library studies and descriptive research methods, tried to study the category based on the sources of heavy weights - Quran And narrations - to explain the effects and effects of patience and perseverance on individual and social life that the results of the study showed the importance of "factor" virtue of patience and endurance and its characteristics in Islam and human nature as a common chapter of human creation in Facing historical bottlenecks; The realization of the position that the patient and the endured adorned with, especially in the face of epidemic disasters such as the outbreak of the Corona virus, which as a family of the natural evil dynasty has become the scourge of the modern age, paves the way for opening divine blessings in the qualitative logic of travel. They ascend to the world of meaning with all their heart, and for this purpose, a detailed discussion was presented on the quality of dealing with the corona virus.

The issue of the “Trinity” is one of the most important and complex doctrinal principles of the Christian world and because of the many intellectual and philosophical difficultas that this belief entails, Christian scholars have faced serious challenges and in interfaith dialogue, this issue is always mentioned as one of the problems that the Christian intellectual system and ideas face. Many factors have been involved in the formation of the doctrine of the Trinity among christians, including the thoughts of Paul and Greek philosophy. The irrationality of the Trinity is now considered one of the prerequisites for the denial of Christianity among scholars of various religions. Therefore, recognizing the truth of the Trinity and the justifications of its acceptors along with examining the consequences of accepting the Trinity is one of the issues that this research which was carried out by a qualitative method and using library studies and reviewing of scientific documents, try to discover it. The results of this comparative research indicate the rejection of the doctrine of the Trinity based on the sources of monotheistic religions and rational arguments that show that this belief is not divine and is rooted in heresies that have entered the religion of early Christianity.

The key word “Rafiḍi” in historical sources comes in the form of “Rafiḍia”, “Rafiḍian” and “Rafiḍis” and it is derived from the word “Rafiḍi” meaning to leave, and in the theological term of the opponents of the Imamiyya denomination, it is a title that refers to all Shia sects and sometimes to a specific group and sect of Shia and sometimes to those who express love for the family of the Prophet, is applied. In this research, which has been done by library method and review of documents, various sources of Shia and Sunni hadiths have been used and an attempt has been made to point out their role in Islamic history and civilization by explaining the concept of Rafiḍi. The importance of the discussion is especially evident from the fact that the Rafiḍi discussion has caused ambiguity among Muslims, so the main question of the article was where did the origin of this naming start and what period does it go back to? In order to answer this basic question and the subject that helps to clarify the ambiguities in this area, this article was conducted with a historical approach to expressing the problem and exploring the nature and explanation of the discussion to reach the basic question of the research.

The pervasive phenomenon of the Islamic uprising has taken the West by surprise, and for this reason, with the available tools, it analyzed it to discover the strengths and weaknesses of the problem, and to be able to face such an analysis; but on the other hand, the religion of Islam is a religion of development and  it calls for all kinds of knowledge and asks the Muslim ummah to improve the elements of power in  their soul and try to be the best ummah and to be the pioneer of the people of the world. The religion of Islam in the West and the interaction way Western societies and governments and their interaction with Muslim minorities in those countries is a topic that has been the focus of analysts and culturologists for nearly two decades in scientific, academic, and media circles in Europe and the United States. Meanwhile, it seems that different attitudes and schools of thought towards Islam and Muslims living in Europe and America are far from the objective and practical situation of social movements of minorities and Islamic currents in these areas, in other words, due to the existence of different views and approaches on how to interact with these religious minorities, Islamic currents in the West find themselves in deep identity straits. Accordingly, the present study sought to explain the concept of Islamophobia and Islamism in the West, which was used to explain this meaning and concept.

This article was compiled with the aim of understanding the meaning of the Quranic Interior and the extent of its knowledge from the perspective of Allameh Tabatabai and Allameh Ma'refat. In this identification, the differences between the two were also examined. According to Allameh Tabatabai, the Interior of the Quran is a fact on which the Verses of the Quran are based on preaching, and it is not one of the concepts that are shown in words and phrases for the awareness of the mind; rather, it is one of the transcendent objective concepts that God has limited to words in order to bring its understanding closer to the human mind, as defined in the Quran in the general sense of the Verses, which is called adaptation and application. On the other hand, Allameh Ma'refat believes that the Quranic Interior is the general or secondary meaning of the Verse from which the Verse and the specific aspects and the dignity of the revelation of the Verse are inferred. The last point is that Allameh Tabatabai and Allameh Ma'refat both came to the conclusion that the Quranic Interior has several levels and one of the reasons why the Quranic Interior is many times according to Allameh Tabatabai according to the different levels of its people, their levels and different moral purity of people. That they follow; while one of the reasons for the many levels of the Quranic Interior from the point of view of Allameh Ma'refat is due to the power of understanding of the audience, and it is because it propagates the comprehensive and eternal message of the Holy Quran.

One of the challenges that hinders the progress of the Islamic nation and its civilization and is at the forefront of these challenges and is presented by the dominant countries, is the strategy of internal pressure. Takfiri currents are among these pressures, currents that spread sedition; Whether these seditions spread or provoke sectarian strife. One of the ways to deal with takfiri currents is to strengthen the divine piety, which according to Islamic law, requires meditation. Due to fanatical motives, negative feelings and irrational use of religious texts, takfiri currents are on the path of spreading extremism and moving towards their illegitimate goals by misinterpreting some verses of the Holy Quran. The result of these takfiri movements is the development of religious differences. Therefore, takfiri currents are one of the main factors against the realization of Islamic civilization and the main cause of divergence in Islamic and religious values ​​that has been studied in this study.

Since the revelation of the Holy Quran to the Prophet Mohammad, Muslim thinkers have been interested in the interpretation of the 35th verse of the Surah “Light”. From Fārābi, Avicenna and Sohrawardi to contemporary Islamic scholars, the structure, content and symbolism of this verse, reputed by the title of the verse of the Light, have been studied and commented on several methods. Imam Abu Hamed Mohammad Ghazali, the Great Iranian Master of jurisprudence, theology, ethics, philosophy, logic and gnostic has written a very concise essay on this subject, in order to answer the question of a disciple who asks him to interpret this quranic verse. This book, written in Arabic, is called “Mishkat-al-Anwar”, which means “The Niche of the lights”. In this article, we will faithfully follow the approach taken by Ghazali, this famous Muslim thinker, who was born in Iranian region of Khorasan at the time of the Seljukide dynasty, to explain the quranic notion of the Light. In the examined verse, the terms are positioned according to a well-ordered hierarchical order. The glass is in a niche. The lamp is in the glass. This shows the hierarchy between the sources of light. That is why the quranic verse says “Light on Light”.

This study is an examination of the relationship between Islamic and Christian ethical thoughts. In this study, we find that faith is the central element of both ethical thoughts. Ayatollah Mesbah Yazdi defining the Islamic ethical thoughts, understands faith as the key determiner of ethics, which is rationally understood by human reason. On the contrary Søren Kierkegaard who argues that surrendering to the will of God, regardless of the rationality of commands of God, is the highest moral trait. Kierkegaard concludes that the goal of humans is to reach the Abrahamic level of submission to the will of God, whereas Ayatollah Mesbah Yazdi concludes that the goal of human life is to find happiness obtained by seeking proximity to God.  Both ethical thoughts emphasize the importance of God as the true judge of virtues concluding that acting in accordance with the wish of God is the highest level of morality; but the Islamic ethical thought concludes that ethics are based on ethical truths. The final goal for both ethical thoughts is reaching nearness to God, through human responsibility. This means that both ethical thoughts argue that being ethical means the fulfilment of ethical responsibilities towards God, oneself and others. Finally working together in a symbiosis where God and all His creations are closely connected and upholding virtues in relation to all dimensions of life will lead to final bliss.

Every society has a kind of system of government that in order to manage and policy, it is necessary to solve the problems of society according to a set of principles and laws and guide the living standards of the people towards the enjoyment of welfare and prosperity. Accordingly and considering the importance of this issue, in this study, which was done by qualitative method and using library studies and field research, three important points were considered in this qualitative and comparative study: First, the need to establish an Islamic state and the need to maintain Islamic power to achieve Islamic goals, perceptions and principles. The second is the duty of the people, such as the one who controls the government and the scholars, who must preserve the legislation of Islam and implement the Islamic laws and the third is the way to establish the Islamic state and religious legislation in Pakistan. Therefore, the research was conducted to examine the validity and reliability of the Islamic government system according to Quran and Sunnah and discussed what was the contribution of Imam Ali in setting up exemplary Islamic political system and managerial system and why we should follow the Islamic management and political system created by Imam Ali.

Revelation as the relationship between God and the holy prophets of which provides conditions to receive and declare the divine message. It is a phenomenon occurring among religions so that in order to understand it, requires a departure from material calculations and an understanding the divine world; because the phenomenon of revelation can be comprehend in the relation to God and the divine prophets and is done through the role of the angel of revelation. From this point of view, revelation is a phenomenon beyond the limit of human thought and scientific tools cannot recognize it as it will not experience or repeat again. In the process of receiving revelation, the Prophet, in a heavenly relationship, receives truths from the unseen world by his heart, it occurs without the support of his organs and senses, and without the power of his thought and intellect. Therefore, some people believe in that the truth of revelation is unknown to man and it is not possible to provide a comprehensive definition for it. At the same time, what has been said try to bring the human mind closer to this phenomenon and spiritual connection. Therefore, the possibility of recognizing the nature of revelation does not require denying the principle of revelation and prophecy of the prophets, Because revelation and prophecy is a theological issue that has been confirmed by conclusive proofs. In this research, and according to the explained course, we try to study the nature of the phenomenon of revelation and the divine religions comparatively. For this purpose, a qualitative research method of library studies used for religious documents and sources.

Sovereignty is a power from which the legal order derives and is not subject to external norms or pre-norms and there is no power higher of it; Sovereignty also gives existence to the government and is inseparable from it. Internal sovereignty includes the authority of the government, which is used to govern of the country's political board and the exercise of power is used to pursue the interests and affairs of citizens. On the other hand, external sovereignty requires the denial of any affiliation or obedience to other governments. Considering the political system of any society, two types of governance can be expected. In the meantime, the Safavid era and the Safavid government as a part of the history and civilization of several thousand years of Iran, to achieve the goal of sovereignty can be considered and studied by scholars; a sovereign that considered himself a messenger of God and worked hard to dominate and expand the realm under his influence. A group of religious scholars and leaders of that time also confirmed the connection of this government with the extraterrestrial calculations considered by the Safavid rulers, because with the formation and establishment of this government, a glimmer of hope to achieve the goal and stabilize the religious position in Iran at that time, gained legitimacy, which indicates the mutual support between this group of Safavid rulers. Therefore, this group helped the government and the Safavids also acted according to their perception of religion. By regarding this explanation, in the present study, by examining the history of the basics of the government and the establishment of the government, the Safavid government was studied and analyzed as a case study and using the course of historical developments with the qualitative research method.