Biotecnology

India has rich biodiversity and plants have been a source to cure different health problems from ancient times. Enteric problems such as diarrhea are caused by unhygienic eating habits and indigestion which often cause stomach pain, bloating, vomiting/loose or watery stools and food poisoning. Several bacteria and protozoan are the main causes. Imbalances in the natural concentration of the bacterial populations or toxins released by the microbes in the intestine effect the functioning of enteric system. Enterotoxins alter the water absorption levels resulting in diarrhea. Various home remedies like Ajwain/Coffee/Bael and Pomegranate have been used as traditional medicines in different parts of India to control the digestive disorders. Aqueous extracts of the above plants prepared as traditional medicines were assessed to check their efficacy during the study. The extracts of Bael leaves / peel of pomegranate are found to be effective in controlling enteric problems.

Corona is an avian and mammalian Ribovirus which generally evade host immune mechanism hampering respiratory tract of the host. Structurally it has an envelope of protein enclosing a single-stranded positively coiled RNA genome. Coronavirus uses around 4-5 different classes of protein for its replication in the host cell. Due to the high mutation rate of the viral genome development of a vaccine against corona has been a difficult task. In the current scenario, the world is facing a problem with CoViD-19 as the biggest pandemic. Several combinations of drugs like Hydroxychloroquine, Plaquine, Chloroquine, etc. targeting viral protein have been utilized for controlling viral infection. The possibility of insect brain proteins was checked against the selected non-structural proteins of CoViD-19 that take an active role in the replication of the virus in the host. Molecular docking methodology plays an important role in predicting interaction between the insect proteins with non-structural protein (nsp) of coronavirus. The results predict good bonding affinity with possible interaction as hydrogen bond and salt bridge between antibacterial protein and nsp of CoViD-19 indicating as afuture alternative medications

Moonlight proteins are multifunctional proteins i.e, capable to perform multiple physiologically relevant biochemical or biophysical functions other than the one assigned in cell. Studies indicated that some of these play an important role in disease, identifying novel biochemical pathways, protein mechanisms in system biology and help in improving the prediction of protein functions. Discovery of antibiotics leads to the control of bacterial and fungal infections. Consistent over dose of antibiotics led to development of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria. Plants and animals based proteins proved to work against drug-resistant bacteria. For e.g., insects like cockroaches release antibacterial peptides in their hemolymph when induced with pathogenic bacteria like E.coli. In our previous study, the proteins isolated from brain tissue lysate of cockroaches also showed significant control on the growth of drug-resistant and pathogenic bacteria. Current study deals with identification and characterisation of two such proteins isolated from the brain tissue of cockroach. Their identification will help in bringing better understanding and assess to their future course of action. Mass spectrometer (MS) technique combined with high-resolution Q-Exactive orbitrap and liquid chromatography (LC) were considered for identification of protein in crude tissue lysate samples that were separated in the polyacrylamide gel. Of the 79 proteins identified from crude brain tissue lysate, the two proteins Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and Transferrin isolated using gel based technique were identified by Q-TOF HRLC-MS/MS and their structure homology was modelled using SWISS MODEL. These two proteins have already been proved to behave as antibacterial, also they play a very important role in cellular glucose metabolism and iron transport in others, defining their moonlight property. Due to this property, they can as well be used to address the increasing problem of multidrug antibiotic resistance. These can be assessed and studied further for their possible action on bacteria which can help in the development of new peptide drugs.

Moonlight proteins are multifunctional proteins i.e, capable to perform multiple physiologically relevant biochemical or biophysical functions other than the one assigned in cell. Studies indicated that some of these play an important role in disease, identifying novel biochemical pathways, protein mechanisms in system biology and help in improving the prediction of protein functions. Discovery of antibiotics leads to the control of bacterial and fungal infections. Consistent over dose of antibiotics led to development of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria. Plants and animals based proteins proved to work against drug-resistant bacteria. For e.g., insects like cockroaches release antibacterial peptides in their hemolymph when induced with pathogenic bacteria like E.coli. In our previous study, the proteins isolated from brain tissue lysate of cockroaches also showed significant control on the growth of drug-resistant and pathogenic bacteria. Current study deals with identification and characterisation of two such proteins isolated from the brain tissue of cockroach. Their identification will help in bringing better understanding and assess to their future course of action. Mass spectrometer (MS) technique combined with highresolution Q-Exactive orbitrap and liquid chromatography (LC) were considered for identification of protein in crude tissue lysate samples that were separated in the polyacrylamide gel. Of the 79 proteins identified from crude brain tissue lysate, the two proteins Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and Transferrin isolated using gel based technique were identified by Q-TOF HRLC-MS/MS and their structure homology was modelled using SWISS MODEL. These two proteins have already been proved to behave as antibacterial, also they play a very important role in cellular glucose metabolism and iron transport in others, defining their moonlight property. Due to this property, they can as well be used to address the increasing problem of multidrug antibiotic resistance. These can be assessed and studied further for their possible action on bacteria which can help in the development of new peptide drugs.

Wastewater farming includes cereal, horticulture, floriculture, fodder crops and even aquaculture. In the urban areas, small scale farming practices include the agriculture of green leafy vegetables that are considered to be rich in Fe, Mg, comprise fibers and vitamins. Vegetables grown on waste lands of the urban areas often utilize wastewaters of domestic and industrial origin. Heavy metal load due to inlet of industrial effluents and sewage water leads to bioaccumulation of metals in plants and vegetables that enters the human body. Apart from the essential elements, the heavy metals in food cause various disorders including neurological and genetic, instead of preventing nutrient based current generation problems such as early balding, digestive problems, weak immunity. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of Spinach sample collected from drainage water irrigated fields of Goregaon, Mumbai using laboratory grade chemical tests indicated the presence of heavy metals Pb, As, Cd, ...

Corona is an avian and mammalian Ribovirus which generally evade host immune mechanism hampering respiratory tract of the host. Structurally it has an envelope of protein enclosing a single-stranded positively coiled RNA genome. Coronavirus uses around 4-5 different classes of protein for its replication in the host cell. Due to the high mutation rate of the viral genome development of a vaccine against corona has been a difficult task. In the current scenario, the world is facing a problem with CoViD-19 as the biggest pandemic. Several combinations of drugs like Hydroxychloroquine, Plaquine, Chloroquine, etc. targeting viral protein have been utilized for controlling viral infection. The possibility of insect brain proteins was checked against the selected non-structural proteins of CoViD-19 that take an active role in the replication of the virus in the host. Molecular docking methodology plays an important role in predicting interaction between the insect proteins with non-structural protein (nsp) of coronavirus. The results predict good bonding affinity with possible interaction as hydrogen bond and salt bridge between antibacterial protein and nsp of CoViD-19 indicating as afuture alternative medications.

Antibiotics are used for human therapy, farm animals and even in aquaculture. The overuse and misuse of these antibiotics result in pathogenic bacteria resistant to multiple drugs, which can be generated either by accumulating multiple genes on-resistance (R) plasmids or increased expression of multidrug efflux pump genes. The development of resistance in bacteria to conventional antibiotics restricts their use for treatment lead to the need for searching for an alternative to avoid this scenario. An antimicrobial protein of plant and animal origin is one of the most trending solutions for this issue. In our previous study, 7 such proteins were isolated from brain tissue lysate of Periplaneta americana. These proteins were further identified and characterized to be transferrin and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) using Mass Spectrometry techniques. The current study is aimed at analysing structure homology modeling and docking of transferring protein with its receptor on cell membrane of MRSA using the GRAMM-X docking server and further analysis using PDBsum. The results indicated significant interactions of Transferrin with its GAPDH receptor on MRSA. The results can be of future use to design an analogous drug based on the mechanism of action and binding site of transferrin on MRSA as well as probable ways of drug delivery for a better results.

India has rich biodiversity and plants have been a source to cure different health problems from ancient times. Enteric problems such as diarrhea are caused by unhygienic eating habits and indigestion which often cause stomach pain, bloating, vomiting/loose or watery stools and food poisoning. Several bacteria and protozoan are the main causes. Imbalances in the natural concentration of the bacterial populations or toxins released by the microbes in the intestine effect the functioning of enteric system. Enterotoxins alter the water absorption levels resulting in diarrhea. Various home remedies like Ajwain/Coffee/Bael and Pomegranate have been used as traditional medicines in different parts of India to control the digestive disorders. Aqueous extracts of the above plants prepared as traditional medicines were assessed to check their efficacy during the study. The extracts of Bael leaves / peel of pomegranate are found to be effective in controlling enteric problems.

Objective: The present study aims to isolate and identify chitinase producing organism. Further, it elucidates the effects of process parameters on chitinase production. Method: The soil samples collected were evaluated for chitinase producing strain by carrying out enrichment in minimal salt medium containing colloidal chitin as sole carbon source. The chitinolytic activity of the strain was investigated by the ability of the isolate to produce zone of clearance on colloidal chitin agar. The shake flask method was employed to investigate the effect of process parameters on chitinase biosynthesis. Results: Amongst the isolated strains, one chitinolytic strain was selected for the study. Biochemical identification tests indicated that the strain belonged to genus Bacillus. 16S rDNA sequencing test confirmed the identity of the isolate and identified up to species level. The strain was identified as Bacillus cereus strain. The optimum carbon source for chitinase production was colloid...

Objective: A large amount of feather waste is generated from the poultry industry. This waste containing a considerable amount of keratin can be utilized by microorganisms thus leading to its environmentally safe disposal. The objective of the study was to isolate and identify a feather degrading bacterium from poultry farm soil, optimize the cultural conditions, followed by exploring the applications. Method: Briefly, the study was carried out by collecting soil samples, enrichment using an appropriate enrichment medium, followed by screening, identification and then optimizing cultural conditions Results: The isolated keratinolytic bacterium carried out complete degradation of the feather waste within 7 days and was found to be of Bacillus sp. by biochemical identification and showed 98% homology with Bacillus sonorensis strain NRRLB-23154 by 16SrRNA sequencing. On optimization of growth medium, the enzyme production as determined by the enzyme activity increased. Conclusion: The ...