Papers by Christopher Hopwood
Assessment, 2012
The DSM-5 Personality and Personality Disorder Work Group have proposed diagnosing personality di... more The DSM-5 Personality and Personality Disorder Work Group have proposed diagnosing personality disorder based in part on 25 pathological traits. Initial research suggests that five factors explain the covariance among these traits and that these factors reflect the domains of the well-validated Five-Factor Model (FFM) of normative personality. This finding is important because it signifies the potential to apply normative trait research to personality disorder classification in the DSM-5. In this study, trait scale scores on the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) and domain scores from the FFM Rating Form (FFMRF) were subjected to a conjoint exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to test the higher-order convergence of the DSM-5 pathological trait model and the FFM in a nonclinical sample (N = 808). Results indicate that the five higher-order factors of the conjoint EFA reflect the domains of the FFM. The authors briefly discuss implications of this correspondence between the normative FFM and the pathological PID-5.
Personality and Mental Health, 2012
Determining the relative validity of trait, symptom and prototype approaches to rating personalit... more Determining the relative validity of trait, symptom and prototype approaches to rating personality disorders (PDs) is a pressing concern given that each of these approaches has been considered for the DSM-5. However, as of yet, there is limited empirical evidence to guide this decision. In this study, we compared the proposed DSM-5 traits, DSM-IV symptoms and diagnostic prototypes that were initially slated for inclusion in the DSM-5 for assessing antisocial and borderline PDs. Trait and symptom count models converged with one another within diagnoses more than either did with the prototypes but also showed more overlap across diagnoses than the prototypes. The traits generally showed superior criterion validity relative to the symptoms, which were superior to the prototypes, with the exception that symptoms were more valid than traits for predicting externalizing problems. This pattern suggests that traits are the single most effective method for describing antisocial and borderline PDs but that combining traits and symptoms, as currently proposed for the DSM-5, may be the best combination of these three approaches to assessing personality pathology.
Journal of Personality Disorders, 2015
In this naturalistic study, the authors adopt the lens of interpersonal theory to examine between... more In this naturalistic study, the authors adopt the lens of interpersonal theory to examine between- and within-person differences in dynamic processes of daily affect and interpersonal behaviors among individuals (N = 101) previously diagnosed with personality disorders who completed daily diaries over the course of 100 days. Dispositional ratings of interpersonal problems and measures of daily stress were used as predictors of daily shifts in interpersonal behavior and affect in multilevel models. Results indicate that ∼40%-50% of the variance in interpersonal behavior and affect is due to daily fluctuations, which are modestly related to dispositional measures of interpersonal problems but strongly related to daily stress. The findings support conceptions of personality disorders as a dynamic form of psychopathology involving the individuals interacting with and regulating in response to the contextual features of their environment.
Journal of personality disorders, 2015
The purpose of this special issue of the Journal of Personality Disorders is to promote the integ... more The purpose of this special issue of the Journal of Personality Disorders is to promote the integration of personality structure and dynamics towards more evidence-based and clinically useful conceptualizations of personality pathology. In this article, we describe a contemporary model of personality structure that is useful for distinguishing patients from one another and the connections between this structure and within-person dynamics that occur across different levels of an individual personality, across situations, and within situations. In so doing, we connect the personality trait tradition that has tended to emphasize stable individual differences with traditions that have tended to focus on the more dynamic aspects of interpersonal behavior and emotional experience. We then introduce the empirical articles in this special issue within this integrative context, in order to demonstrate the value in connecting personality structure to dynamics for research and practice.
Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs, 2007
Personality variables may have important implications for the description and treatment of indivi... more Personality variables may have important implications for the description and treatment of individuals with alcohol problems. The purpose of this article was to examine the specificity of previously observed trait/alcohol relations and the temporal relations of trait elevations and alcohol problems. The relationships between Five-Factor Model personality traits, as measured by the Revised NEO Personality Inventory, and past and current alcohol diagnoses were examined among 704 participants in the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study (CLPS). Results suggest that the traits previously found to be associated with alcohol-related problems in nonclinical populations also differentiate patients with alcohol-use disorders from other patients in the CLPS sample and that these traits correspond to findings using other personality models. In particular, alcohol use is characterized by relatively high impulsiveness and excitement seeking and low agreeableness (particularly tr...
Assessment, Jan 27, 2015
In our article "Evidence for the Criterion Validity and Clinical Utility of the Pathological... more In our article "Evidence for the Criterion Validity and Clinical Utility of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory" (2012), we provided incorrect values for the rcontrast-cv coefficients we presented in Table 1. In the current report, we provide correct rcontrast-cv values in Table 1 and discuss the implications of our updated results, particularly with respect to how these results differ from our initial report.
Personality and Individual Differences, 2011
Recent research suggests that several forms of adult psychopathology can be understood as reflect... more Recent research suggests that several forms of adult psychopathology can be understood as reflecting lower-order elements of a higher-order internalizing/externalizing structure. Internalizing and externalizing factors have been identified with several measures of psychopathology constructs, including the widely used Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). However, research comparing different models of this structure as well as the fit of the structure across sex
Social psychological and personality science, 2014
A classical twin study was used to estimate the magnitude of genetic and environmental influences... more A classical twin study was used to estimate the magnitude of genetic and environmental influences on four measurements of within-person variability: dominance flux, warmth flux, spin and pulse. Flux refers to the variability of an individual's interpersonal dominance and warmth. Spin measures changes in the tone of interpersonal styles and pulse measures changes in the intensity of interpersonal styles. Daily reports of interpersonal styles were collected from 494 same-sex female twins (142 monozygotic pairs and 105 dizygotic pairs) over 45 days. For dominance flux, warmth flux, and spin, genetic effects accounted for a larger proportion of variance (37%, 24%, and 30%, respectively) than shared environmental effects (14%, 13%, 0%, respectively), with the remaining variance due to the non-shared environment (62%, 50%, 70% respectively). Pulse appeared to be primarily influenced by the non-shared environment, although conclusions about the contribution of familial influences were ...
Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 2014
Patient-reported outcome (PRO) refers to measures that emphasize the subjective view of patients ... more Patient-reported outcome (PRO) refers to measures that emphasize the subjective view of patients about their health-related conditions and behaviors. Typically, PROs include self-report questionnaires and clinical interviews. Defining PROs for borderline personality disorder (BPD) is particularly challenging given the disorder's high symptomatic heterogeneity, high comorbidity with other psychiatric conditions, highly fluctuating symptoms, weak correlations between symptoms and functional outcomes, and lack of valid and reliable experimental measures to complement self-report data. Here, we provide an overview of currently used BPD outcome measures and discuss them from clinical, psychometric, experimental, and patient perspectives. In addition, we review the most promising leads to improve BPD PROs, including the DSM-5 Section III, the Recovery Approach, Ecological Momentary Assessments, and novel experimental measures of social functioning that are associated with functional a...
Evidence-based mental health, 2014
Eating behaviors, 2014
Although obesity stigmatization contributes to significant health, economic, and quality-of-life ... more Although obesity stigmatization contributes to significant health, economic, and quality-of-life challenges for U.S. adults, the prevalence and nature of stigmatizing attitudes requires an update and clarification. The present study sought to examine the prevalence and major dimensions of negative attitudes toward obesity through assessment of young U.S. adults' responses to the Attitudes Toward Obese Persons Scale. Participants were women (n=578) and men (n=233) who completed self-report questionnaires assessing obesity stigmatization and eating disorder features. Results indicate that at least one stigmatizing attitude was endorsed by 92.5% of respondents, with an average endorsement rate of 32.8% across items. Eating disorder features, body size, and gender were not related to one's likelihood of endorsing negative attitudes toward obesity. Distinct clusters of negative attitudes were identified involving beliefs that "obese people suffer" and "obese people...
Eating behaviors, 2014
Although several studies suggest that negative affect and interpersonal problems serve as importa... more Although several studies suggest that negative affect and interpersonal problems serve as important contributors for eating-related problems, much of this research has been conducted among women and less is known about their roles in precipitating and maintaining eating problems among men. Previous studies with undergraduate men suggest that difficulties in emotion regulation are associated with disordered eating even after controlling for differences in body mass index (BMI) and negative affect. The present study sought to replicate these findings and extend them to assess any unique variance explained by problems in interpersonal functioning among both men and women. Participants were men (n=213) and women (n=521) undergraduates at a large Midwestern university who completed a demographic information form, the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q), the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and the Inventory of Inter...
Personality and mental health, 2008
Recent theory and research suggest a relation between five-factor model personality traits and me... more Recent theory and research suggest a relation between five-factor model personality traits and mental health treatment utilization, even after controlling for psychiatric disorders and global functioning. The current report further tests this hypothesis in a large clinical sample, using a wider array of treatment modalities than has been previously studied. Overall, results were limited and inconsistent. Although neuroticism was related to utilization across treatment modalities, many of these relationships resulted from its association with psychiatric diagnoses. Other traits showed limited and inconsistent relations to the use of psychosocial and psychiatric treatments.
Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 2015
Identifying personality disorder (PD) risk factors for suicide attempts is an important considera... more Identifying personality disorder (PD) risk factors for suicide attempts is an important consideration for research and clinical care alike. However, most prior research has focused on single PDs or categorical PD diagnoses without considering unique influences of different PDs or of severity (sum) of PD criteria on the risk for suicide-related outcomes. This has usually been done with cross-sectional or retrospective assessment methods. Rarely are dimensional models of PDs examined in longitudinal, naturalistic prospective designs. In addition, it is important to consider divergent risk factors in predicting the risk of ever making a suicide attempt versus the risk of making an increasing number of attempts within the same model. This study examined 431 participants who were followed for 10 years in the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study. Baseline assessments of personality disorder criteria were summed as dimensional counts of personality pathology and examined as predictors of suicide attempts reported at annual interviews throughout the 10-year follow-up period. We used univariate and multivariate zero-inflated Poisson regression models to simultaneously evaluate PD risk factors for ever attempting suicide and for increasing numbers of attempts among attempters. Consistent with prior research, borderline PD was uniquely associated with ever attempting. However, only narcissistic PD was uniquely associated with an increasing number of attempts. These findings highlight the relevance of both borderline and narcissistic personality pathology as unique contributors to suicide-related outcomes.
Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets, 2000
Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 2014
Suicide is a leading cause of death among adolescents and suicidal behavior is one of the primary... more Suicide is a leading cause of death among adolescents and suicidal behavior is one of the primary risk factors for youth psychiatric hospitalizations. A number of studies indicate that depression and substance abuse are associated with suicide risk in this population, but less is known about the role of borderline personality features or their incremental influence over other known risk factors in indicating suicidal behavior among adolescents. This study examined whether borderline features were associated with suicide risk when controlling for symptoms of depression and substance abuse in a sample of adolescents hospitalized in an inpatient psychiatric facility. Self-report data from 477 adolescent psychiatric inpatients were used to test hypotheses about the association of borderline features with suicide risk after controlling for other common risk factors. Borderline features were significantly related to suicide risk even after accounting for symptoms of depression and substance abuse. These findings underscore the clinical value of routinely assessing borderline features among adolescents.
Background. Several conceptual models have been considered for the assessment of personality path... more Background. Several conceptual models have been considered for the assessment of personality pathology in DSM-5. This study sought to extend our previous findings to compare the long-term predictive validity of three such models: the Five-Factor Model (FFM), the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP), and DSM-IV personality disorders (PDs). Method. An inception cohort from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorder
Substance Use & Misuse, 2015
Emotion regulation at treatment entry was evaluated among 115 patients in an inner-city substance... more Emotion regulation at treatment entry was evaluated among 115 patients in an inner-city substance use residential facility who either persisted (N = 94) or discontinued treatment (N = 21). Emotion regulation capacity including emotional clarity and the ability to engage in goal-directed behavior despite emotional distress, as well as lower scores on a measure of trait-negative emotionality, were associated with treatment persistence, whereas motivational variables were not. Findings indicate the importance of regulating negative emotions for treatment engagement among substance abusers.
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Papers by Christopher Hopwood