Papers by Jomills Braddock
Proceedings of the 2019 AERA Annual Meeting, 2019
Journal of Language and Social Psychology, Dec 1, 2007
This study examines in soccer fanzine two identity management strategies-BIRGing and blasting-of ... more This study examines in soccer fanzine two identity management strategies-BIRGing and blasting-of two groups of highly identified soccer fans with allegiance to the same team. Results showed strong support for the BIRG phenomenon among both ultra fans groups but little evidence of the blasting phenomenon among either group. The implications of these findings are discussed in regards to social identity management among sport fans.
University of Arkansas Press eBooks, Sep 7, 2017
Proceedings of the 2019 AERA Annual Meeting, 2019
Since the original development of organized school sports in early 19th century America, the focu... more Since the original development of organized school sports in early 19th century America, the focus has been on athletic participation among males. Sports were originally designed to instill in boys and young men such traits as cooperation, strength, assertiveness, and responsibility (Coakley, 2004; Cahn, 1994; Messner, 1992). As a result, opportunities for female athletic participation have traditionally been limited. However, since the early 1970's, social and legal forces have led to greater interest and substantial gains in the participation of girls and women in sport (Feltz, 1978; Feltz and Weiss, 1984; Thirer and Wright, 1985; Kane, 1988; Melnick, Vanfossen and Sabo, 1988; Trent and Braddock, 1992; Holland and Andre, 1994; Zimmerman and Reavill, 1998). Specifically, the enactment of Title LX, the 1972 Education Amendments to the Civil Rights Act, the major federal law which prohibits sex discrimination in any educational program receiving federal funds, has served as a major catalyst for girls' and women's increased access to athletic participation opportunities. Title LX applies to most public and private colleges and universities, as well as to most high schools, middle schools and elementary schools in the United States (U. S. Commission on Civil Rights, 1978).Despite considerable attention given to enforcement and compliance in meeting the Title LX mandate of achieving gender equity (Stafford 2004), evidence continues to reveal that there is much room for improvement. For example, a report entitled Title IX at 30: A Report Card on Gender Equity, issued by the National Council for Women and Girls in 2002, rated progress toward achieving gender equity in athletics as earning a "C+" grade. Findings of other studies indicate similar results. For example, Braddock, Sokol-Katz, Green, and Basinger-Fleischman (2005) report that in 1971 -one year before Title LX was passed- the rate of female high school interscholastic athletic participation was only eight percent of that of males. During the first decade following the passage of Title LX, female interscholastic athletic participation increased dramatically, though still remaining far behind that of males. In 1975, for example, female participation rates grew to thirty-two percent of that of males, and in 1979 female participation was forty-eight percent of that of males. For both genders, participation leveled off during the 1980s and again increased during the 1990s, though for females, this increase was not as sharp as that immediately following the passage of Title LX. In 2001, three decades later, females' rate of athletic participation had reached only sixty-nine percent of that of males.Despite these mixed findings, which reveal considerable progress but still a long way to go toward achieving gender equality in athletic participation, less attention has focused on the extent to which women of color, particularly African Americans and Latinas, have benefited as much as white women (Braddock et al., 2005). Although a few advocacy groups have examined race and gender equity trends in athletic involvement among high school students, academic researchers, due, in part, to limited available data, have not devoted serious attention to this issue. The purpose of the present study is to address this void in the research literature by comparing Post-Title LX trends in black and white females' sport participation in high school and directly examining the effect of race on sport participation opportunities, drawing upon secondary analyses of data from four separate national longitudinal surveys.REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUREBenefits of Participation in School SportsIn his influential monograph, The Adolescent Society (1961), Coleman argued that time and energy devoted to extra-curricular activities, including school sports, directed precious time away from proper academic achievement, suggesting a negative association between participation in school sports and academic success. …
Background: Anti-black and anti-Hispanic attitudes in the U.S. must be included in efforts to und... more Background: Anti-black and anti-Hispanic attitudes in the U.S. must be included in efforts to understand resistance to public health measures, such as mask wearing, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Focusing on the structural and individual context of racism will enable us to improve public health and better prepare for future public health challenges. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between mask usage, racial segregation, and racial disparities in COVID-19 deaths.Methods: We used linear regression to assess whether the racial/ethnic composition of deaths and residential segregation predicted Americans’ decisions to wear masks in July 2020. Results: After controlling for mask mandates, mask usage increased when the White death rates relative to Black and Hispanic rates increased. Conclusions: Mask wearing may be shaped by an insensitivity to Black and Hispanic deaths and a corresponding unwillingness to engage in health protective behaviors. The broader histo...
Journal of African American Studies, 2021
Sociological Spectrum, 2005
Using 2000 aggregate Office of Civil Rights (OCR) data combined with demographic and contextual d... more Using 2000 aggregate Office of Civil Rights (OCR) data combined with demographic and contextual data from National Center for Educational Statistics (NCES); this paper finds gender parity in only a handful of states, wide variation among states in girls and boys access to single-gender interscholastic sports and teams, and that states vary widely in patterns of participation in single-gender sports activities. Regression analyses suggest that gender disparities in athletic participation opportunities among states is associated with states per pupil expenditures and student racial composition. Gender disparities in single-gender athletic participation rates among states are strongly associated with participation opportunities as well as per pupil expenditures and student racial and composition.
Ethnicity & Disease
Introduction: Although Black Americans are not substantially more likely to be diagnosed with COV... more Introduction: Although Black Americans are not substantially more likely to be diagnosed with COVID-19, hospitalization rates and death rates are considerably higher than for White Americans. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between systemic racism generally, and residential segregation in particular, and racial/ethnic disparities in deaths due to COVID-19.Methods: To assess racial disparities in COVID-19 and systemic racism in US states, we calculated descriptive statistics and bivariate Pearson correlations. Using data on deaths through December 2020, we developed a weighted logistic mixed model to assess whether state-level systemic racism generally and residential segregation, in particular, predicted the probability of COVID-19 deaths among Americans, considering key sociodemographic factors.Results: Residential segregation is a stronger predictor of COVID-19 deaths among Black Americans, as compared to systemic racism more generally. Looking at the interac...
Health Equity, 2020
Purpose: Racism is an essential factor to understand racial health disparities in infection and m... more Purpose: Racism is an essential factor to understand racial health disparities in infection and mortality due to COVID-19 and must be thoroughly integrated into any successful public health response. But highlighting the effect of racism generally does not go far enough toward understanding racial/ethnic health disparities or advocating for change; we must interrogate the various forms of racism in the United States, including behaviors and practices that are not recognized by many as racism. Methods: In this article, we explore the prevalence and demographic distribution of various forms of racism in the United States and how these diverse racial ideologies are potentially associated with racialized responses to the COVID-19 crisis. Results: We find that among white Americans, more than a quarter express traditional racist attitudes, whereas more than half endorse more contemporary and implicit forms of racist ideology. Each of these types of racism helps us explain profound disparities related to COVID-19. Conclusions: Despite a robust literature documenting persistent patterns of racial disparities in the United States, a focus on the role that various forms of racism play in perpetuating these disparities is absent. These distinctions are essential to realizing health equity and countering disparities in COVID-19 and other health outcomes among people of color in the United States.
Challenge a Journal of Research on African American Men, 2008
Encyclopedia of Diversity in Education
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Papers by Jomills Braddock