TTT diagram is a plot of temperature versus the logarithm of time for a steel alloy of definite c... more TTT diagram is a plot of temperature versus the logarithm of time for a steel alloy of definite composition.  TTT diagram indicates a specific transformation starts and ends and it also shows what percentage of transformation of austenite at a particular temperature is achieved.  The aims of TTT diagrams is determined type of structure for and portion in the curve and to obtained on specific properties. It is also called isothermal transformation diagram Pearlite  The eutectoid reaction is fundamental to the development of microstructures in steel alloys. (0.76 wt% C) ⇌ (0.022 wt% C) + Fe 3 C (6.70 wt% C) Pearlite is the microstructural product of this transformation.-Above eutectoid temperature: only austenite exists Below eutectoid temperature: nucleation + growth-The percentage of the transformation product is related to the holding temperature and holding time.-The thickness of the ferrite/cementite layers in pearlite depends on the temperature. With decreasing temperature, the layers become progressively thinner.-At temperatures just below eutectoid  relatively thick layers  coarse pearlite. In the vicinity of 540C  relatively thin layers  fine pearlite-Martensite-Martensite is formed when austenitized Fe-C alloys are rapidly cooled (or quenched) to a relatively low temperature .-Non-equilibrium single phase.
All rights reserved, including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, includ... more All rights reserved, including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photographic process, or by any electronic or mechanical device, printed or written or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction, or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the publisher.
FIGURE 4 Typical automatic bypass system based on flow control FIGURE 5 Typical automatic bypass ... more FIGURE 4 Typical automatic bypass system based on flow control FIGURE 5 Typical automatic bypass system based on pump differential head The bypass pressure reducing orifice handles the high velocity and erosive forces of the bypass flow. However, the handling of cavitation and flashing by this fixed restriction is limited. The orifice is sized to operate properly at one bypass flow condition. At low flows, the orifice does not provide the correct pressure reduction as designed. The check valve is placed in the main line, as shown in Figure 4, to prevent reverse flow through the pump. The pump and motor bearings can be damaged if rotated in reverse. Pressure drop through the check valve must be considered in pump sizing in addition to other piping and valve pressure losses. A typical automatic bypass system based on pump differential head is shown in Figure 5. This system is identical to the flow controlled bypass system except that pump differential head is measured instead of flow. This system can only be used with continuously rising pump head characteristic curves. The system will have to be adjusted for each individual pump characteristic and later adjusted if this characteristic changes over the life of the pump.
Flange is a method of connecting pipes, valves, pumps and other equipment to form a pipework syst... more Flange is a method of connecting pipes, valves, pumps and other equipment to form a pipework system. It also provides easy access for cleaning, inspection or modification. Flanges are usually welded or screwed into such systems and then joined with bolts. :HOG 1HFN This flange is circumferentially welded into the system at its neck which means that the integrity of the butt welded area can be easily examined by radiography. The bores of both pipe and flange match, which reduces turbulence and erosion inside the pipeline. The weld neck is therefore favoured in critical applications
TTT diagram is a plot of temperature versus the logarithm of time for a steel alloy of definite c... more TTT diagram is a plot of temperature versus the logarithm of time for a steel alloy of definite composition.  TTT diagram indicates a specific transformation starts and ends and it also shows what percentage of transformation of austenite at a particular temperature is achieved.  The aims of TTT diagrams is determined type of structure for and portion in the curve and to obtained on specific properties. It is also called isothermal transformation diagram Pearlite  The eutectoid reaction is fundamental to the development of microstructures in steel alloys. (0.76 wt% C) ⇌ (0.022 wt% C) + Fe 3 C (6.70 wt% C) Pearlite is the microstructural product of this transformation.-Above eutectoid temperature: only austenite exists Below eutectoid temperature: nucleation + growth-The percentage of the transformation product is related to the holding temperature and holding time.-The thickness of the ferrite/cementite layers in pearlite depends on the temperature. With decreasing temperature, the layers become progressively thinner.-At temperatures just below eutectoid  relatively thick layers  coarse pearlite. In the vicinity of 540C  relatively thin layers  fine pearlite-Martensite-Martensite is formed when austenitized Fe-C alloys are rapidly cooled (or quenched) to a relatively low temperature .-Non-equilibrium single phase.
All rights reserved, including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, includ... more All rights reserved, including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photographic process, or by any electronic or mechanical device, printed or written or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction, or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the publisher.
FIGURE 4 Typical automatic bypass system based on flow control FIGURE 5 Typical automatic bypass ... more FIGURE 4 Typical automatic bypass system based on flow control FIGURE 5 Typical automatic bypass system based on pump differential head The bypass pressure reducing orifice handles the high velocity and erosive forces of the bypass flow. However, the handling of cavitation and flashing by this fixed restriction is limited. The orifice is sized to operate properly at one bypass flow condition. At low flows, the orifice does not provide the correct pressure reduction as designed. The check valve is placed in the main line, as shown in Figure 4, to prevent reverse flow through the pump. The pump and motor bearings can be damaged if rotated in reverse. Pressure drop through the check valve must be considered in pump sizing in addition to other piping and valve pressure losses. A typical automatic bypass system based on pump differential head is shown in Figure 5. This system is identical to the flow controlled bypass system except that pump differential head is measured instead of flow. This system can only be used with continuously rising pump head characteristic curves. The system will have to be adjusted for each individual pump characteristic and later adjusted if this characteristic changes over the life of the pump.
Flange is a method of connecting pipes, valves, pumps and other equipment to form a pipework syst... more Flange is a method of connecting pipes, valves, pumps and other equipment to form a pipework system. It also provides easy access for cleaning, inspection or modification. Flanges are usually welded or screwed into such systems and then joined with bolts. :HOG 1HFN This flange is circumferentially welded into the system at its neck which means that the integrity of the butt welded area can be easily examined by radiography. The bores of both pipe and flange match, which reduces turbulence and erosion inside the pipeline. The weld neck is therefore favoured in critical applications
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