Papers by Teddy Payne
A House Divided: The Restoration Settlements of England Scotland and Ireland At the end of the wa... more A House Divided: The Restoration Settlements of England Scotland and Ireland At the end of the wars of the three Kingdoms, a series of turbulent and sanguine conflicts, the old order of Britain was destroyed. The Political system was in ruins. King Charles I was tried and beheaded by one of his own parliaments for treason and the Monarchy was abolished to be replaced by a Protectorate. Oliver Cromwell who came to rule the Protectorate instituted a policy of repressive, theocratic and arbitrary rule in England, Scotland and Ireland. With his death the seemingly stable Protectorate he created fell into anarchy, his son and successor Richard proved to be inept and was coerced in to relinquishing power by the army his father created, with riots and other forms of public protests erupting from every orifice of the three Kingdoms. The Restoration of the Monarchy seemed the only viable solution. However, the three constituent kingdoms of the Stuart Monarchy each had their own parliaments, with their own national needs and went on to receive individualistic national settlements.
Teaching Documents by Teddy Payne
Lecture Notes by Teddy Payne
Few African Americans of any age have had as great an on their generation or subsequent generatio... more Few African Americans of any age have had as great an on their generation or subsequent generations as Douglass has had. Born into slavery in Maryland Douglass was sent away to work as a house slave at age nine and to taught to read and write by his master’s wife though such activities were illegal. He later returned to his original owner and served as a field slave. He attempts to escape at 19 but is caught, punished and rented out to a Baltimore ship caulker. The event fortuitous for Douglas as he met Anna Murray a free woman and his future wife during this time. He determined to fight off an attack by his master and seize his freedom with his own hands. He made his escape and using the papers of a free black sailor he booked passage on a north bound ship.
Although popular the resettlement of blacks to Africa was replaced by a new more radical plan The... more Although popular the resettlement of blacks to Africa was replaced by a new more radical plan The Abolition of Slavery. Denouncing the ACS’s plan of an ordered drawn out end to slavery through repatriation to Africa. Abolition called for the immediate end to black slavery. Throughout the 1820’s free black communities in the North endorse abolition measures including those that included violence. David walker’s the Appeal of the Colored Citizens of the World popularly known as David Walker’s Appeal a particularly incendiary tract. In his pamphlet Walker a clothing salesman and pamphleteer called on whites to accept black liberation and warned of armed conflicts over the issue, he also offered incendiary condemnation to the notion of white superiority. Walker’s work was banned in the slave holding south and a bounty of $10,000 was placed on Walker dead or alive by slave owners. Walker himself died suddenly after the publication of his great work leading many to suspect foul play.
Florida in the early years of the 19th century was a far safer destination for runaway slaves in ... more Florida in the early years of the 19th century was a far safer destination for runaway slaves in the Deep South than the northern states or Canada. Florida was a thick tangle of swampland and tropical forest that teamed with tropical disease that cut through the ranks of white settlers. Florida was also a Spanish Possession until 1819 and fiercely protected by the Seminole Tribe. In Florida runaways and Seminoles formed a symbiotic community hunting, raising crops and defending communities from encroaching Americans. Slaves needed little inducement to join such a community. Communities in Georgia had a long tradition of launching attacks into Florida to push Seminole settlements back and recapture lost slaves. In 1816 Andrew Jackson launched a major expedition into Spanish Florida targeting a well-known community Fort Negro on Apalachicola Bay. Jackson’s campaign continued and by 1818 most of the Seminoles and runaways had been pushed south of the Florida Panhandle.
Religion was a mainstay of plantation life. In certain areas like the Sea Islands off the coast o... more Religion was a mainstay of plantation life. In certain areas like the Sea Islands off the coast of Georgia and South Carolina or the delta region of Louisiana where slave imports were steady and consistent until the British abolition of the international slave trade slave religious traditions resembled those practiced in West Africa. But generally slaves practiced protestant Christianity being either Methodist or Baptists. Slave owners tended to inculcate Christianity on their plantations with the absorption of the desired traits of obedience, loyalty and submission to a God given or sanctioned order where blacks were subservient to whites with the reward of freedom coming in the afterlife. Slave congregation taught and absorbed a different message. In secret services self-taught slaves or Itinerant free black ministers prioritized liberation on earth not the afterlife. The biblical tale of the Exodus took on a new meaning as did the life and career of Moses as the leader of the Hebrews out of their sufferings in Egypt. The Black Churches of the early Republic preached to congregants that were free or slave North and South they emphasized that slavery’s possessed an inherit evil nature as a wicked institution created by the Devil himself. As good Christians slaves were bound by their faith to fight sin and wickedness. Hence every act of subversion every act of resistance to the slave master became the infused with a higher purpose they became fulfilling the will of God.
During the Early Republic slave owning was the White South’s version of the American dream. Thoug... more During the Early Republic slave owning was the White South’s version of the American dream. Though slave ownership was aspired to by all it was increasingly kept in the hands of a very small number of individuals. The percentage of slave owners steadily fell from 1820 until 1860. Even though fewer southerners were holding slaves the institution remained strong and a potent force in southern life. Defended by nearly all southerners. Poor, slave less, landless whites had a number of reasons to defend slavery. One slavery made all whites regardless of property holding and personal wealth equal on the basis of ethnicity. They were defacto members of the ruling class since they were white and if slavery went away so would their special social standing. Secondly social mobility was very fluid in the early republic. The dream was to acquire slaves to work on plantations further and further west so that you could join the ranks of the slavocrats. The poor whites of the south also benefitted from slavery by serving as a home guard against slave rebellions, they also policed both slave and free blacks living areas, questioning, detaining and interrogating any African American they wished.
In the plantation system of the antebellum (pre-civil war south) plantation were self-contained u... more In the plantation system of the antebellum (pre-civil war south) plantation were self-contained units. With all but luxury goods consumed by the slave owner and his family being grown or manufactured from within the small community. Slaves organized into work task forces that saw some slaves being placed into occupations that allowed them to acquire very important skill sets, like Blacksmithing, Carpentry, Barrel making (coopering), cobbling (shoe making) and Tailoring/sowing. A few slaves even gained promotion to the position of overseer. Though this position was typically reserved for a landless white and indeed served as a seasoning experience for a one aspiring to slave and plantation ownership. For those few slaves who were promoted to the position of Overseer they were left conflicted with having to drive their fellow slaves to work and punish slaves when the Master commanded it. That was a small matter for the slave community when compared to the biggest division labor on the plantation. The separation of house slaves and field slaves had the most pronounce effect on the slave community and still resonates with the descendants of slaves today.
Jacksonian Democracy was made up of contradictory elements all of the components wanted change an... more Jacksonian Democracy was made up of contradictory elements all of the components wanted change and was dissatisfied with the way things were but otherwise had very little in common. The only common denominator able to hold this group together was a strict interpretation of the constitution. This best illustrated by the Bank War, the destruction of the 2nd National Bank of The United States. Chartered in 1816 for 20 years the 2nd National Bank stood as a symbol of the Democratic Republican move to center following the end of the War of 1812. Democratic Republicans opposed the 1st National Bank in the 1790’s.
Jacksonian Democracy was made up of contradictory elements all of the components wanted change an... more Jacksonian Democracy was made up of contradictory elements all of the components wanted change and was dissatisfied with the way things were but otherwise had very little in common. The only common denominator able to hold this group together was a strict interpretation of the constitution. This best illustrated by the Bank War, the destruction of the 2nd National Bank of The United States. Chartered in 1816 for 20 years the 2nd National Bank stood as a symbol of the Democratic Republican move to center following the end of the War of 1812. Democratic Republicans opposed the 1st National Bank in the 1790’s.
The election of 1824 ended with no clear majority winner in the Electoral College so it was sent ... more The election of 1824 ended with no clear majority winner in the Electoral College so it was sent to the House of Representatives as per the 12th Amendment. Henry Clay had counted on the election being a three way race and not receiving the majority of votes in the Electoral College and winning the election in the House of representative. The candidacy of Andrew Jackson ruined his plan and turned the election of 1824 into a four way race that saw Clay come in fourth and be dropped from consideration. Though he was out of the presidential race Clay could still influence the election. Clay still had tremendous authority in the house and there was no law that stated that a representative had to vote the way his state did. Clay was in a position to play king maker if the price was right. Clay disliked Jackson, at all levels he referred to him as a military chieftain Clay had for that matter not gotten along with John Quincy Adams either. Adams could however be relied upon to carry the National Republican program.
Jackson’s election ushered in a new era in United States History that is named after him the Age ... more Jackson’s election ushered in a new era in United States History that is named after him the Age of Jackson. It was at this time the bulk of the property qualification laws were over turned and the United States began to edge closer to democracy for adult white males. Jackson sailed through elections with clear cut large majorities. Jackson is the symbol of the democratic thrusts and reform of his day but he is an odd symbol of democracy. He was a wealthy southern slave owning aristocrat. Many of the policies he championed were not democratic he opposed most of overt democratic movements of his day. Most notably abolitionism, rights for free blacks, white women and Native Americans. The rights of these people deteriorated under Jacksonian democracy. He backed southern postmasters who refused to deliver abolitionist literature, he supported gag rules to suppress the reading of abolitionist literature submitted to Congress. Yet he was an apt symbol of the era and the nature of American Democracy. Jackson was largely self-educated, prospered in the western lands, became a major slave owner and political figure in Tennessee. Rose to national prominence in the War of 1812 for his victories at Horseshoe Bend and New Orleans. Jackson star rose even further with his invasion and occupation of Spanish Florida in 1818. Jackson made a fortune and lost a fortune during time as well he became a symbol of the American dream for his era. A poor boy with nothing but his labor and dreams who prospered.
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Papers by Teddy Payne
Teaching Documents by Teddy Payne
Lecture Notes by Teddy Payne
They were selected for the two most important cabinet positions in Washinton’s administration as the first Secretaries of State and the Treasury. This was done in an effort to maintain sectional balance in the federal government and political ideologies. The desire for sectional balance also explains why John Adams of Massachusetts was paired with the Virginian George Washington. No one had any idea of the split that would develop the two. The split between Hamilton and Jefferson developed on two pertinent issues one domestic, the young republic’s fiscal policy and one foreign which was the young republic’s definition of neutrality in regards to Great Britain and France. Hamilton has Treasurer reasoned that the most pressing concerns for the United States was the establishing of credit both domestically and in foreign markets. He wanted the new national government to assume the states old war debt and combine it with the national government’s debt. He would then fund both debts with a new bond issue. Hamilton also proposed new new taxes on manufactured goods, foreign imports and the establishment of a national bank. Hamilton’s aim was simply he wanted to tie the republic’s wealthy merchant elite financial classes to the nation’s success. In plan for establishing the nation’s credit the nation debt would become a national blessing.