Environmental Science

We have determined the mineral composition of statoliths in 169 species or subspecies (256 populations) of the family Mysidae on a worldwide scale. Including previously published data, the crystallographic characteristics are now known for 296 extant species or subspecies: fluorite (CaF 2) in 79%, vaterite (a metastable form of crystalline CaCO 3) in 16%, and non-crystalline (organic) components in 5%, the latter exclusively and throughout in the subfamilies Boreomysinae and Rhopalophthalminae. Within the subfamily Mysinae vaterite or fluorite were found in three tribes, whereas other three tribes have fluorite only. The exclusive presence of fluorite was confirmed for the remaining seven subfamilies. Hotspots of vaterite were found in Amazonia and the Pontocaspis, in each case with reduced frequencies in main and tributary basins of the Atlantic and N-Indian Ocean. Vaterite is completely absent in the remaining aquatic regions of the world. In accordance with previous findings, fluorite occurred mainly in seawater, vaterite mostly in brackish to freshwater. Only vaterite was found in electrolyte-poor Black Water of Amazonia, which clearly cannot support the high fluorine demand for renewal of otherwise large fluorite statoliths upon each moult. Vaterite prevails in Diamysini, distributed over most of the area once occupied by the Tethyan Sea. It also prevails in Paramysini with main occurrence in the Pontocaspis, where fossil calcareous statoliths in the stable form of calcite are known from Miocene sediments of the brackish Paratethys. Four Recent genera from three tribes are heterogeneous in that they comprise both vaterite-and fluorite-precipitating species. Previous hypotheses are expanded to cover greater geographic and time scales, proposing that fluorite-bearing marine ancestors penetrated freshwaters in Tethyan and Paratethyan basins, where they developed precipitation of vaterite. This gave their successors predispositions for shifting into separate evolutionary lines from fluorite to vaterite precipitation and vice versa.

Revised definitions are given for the genus Mysidium Dana, 1852, and its eight previously known species, based on material from Curaçao, Bonaire and SE-Brazil, along with the evaluation of published data. Type material of Diamysis columbiae Zimmer, 1915, M. cubanense Băcescu & Ortiz, 1984 and M. rubroculatum Băcescu & Ortiz, 1984 is examined. A lectotype is designated for D. columbiae Zimmer, 1915, a senior synonym of Mysidium columbiae (Zimmer, 1915). Two new species are described, M. triangulare Wittmann sp. nov. from Curaçao and M. antillarum Wittmann sp. nov. from Curaçao and Bonaire. Known ranges are extended by first records of M. cubanense from Curaçao and Bonaire and of M. integrum W.M. Tattersall, 1951 from SE Brazil. Three morphologically different groups are established at the subgeneric level: (1) the nominotypical subgenus Mysidium Dana, 1852 with M. gracile (Dana, 1852), M. integrum, M. cubanense, M. rubroculatum and M. triangulare sp. nov. from the West Atlantic plus M. rickettsi Harrison & Bowman, 1987 from the East Pacific; (2) Occimysidium Wittmann subgen. nov. represented only by M. pumae Ortiz, Hendrickx & Winfield, 2017 from the Pacific coast of Mexico; and finally (3) Orientomysidium Wittmann subgen. nov. comprising M. columbiae and M. antillarum sp. nov. from the West Atlantic. The poorly known M. iliffei Băcescu, 1991 is not assigned to any subgenus. A key to the resulting three subgenera and ten nominal species of the genus Mysidium is given.

Supplemented descriptions are given for the genus Parvimysis Brattegard, 1969, and its freshwater species P. pisciscibus Henderson & Bamber, 1983, from the Amazon system upstream of the Rio Negro-Solimões confluence. Six new species are described from this range, based on differences regarding eyes, antennae, modified spines in the foregut, fourth male pleopod, and telson. A total of nine freshwater Mysidae species are now known from the Amazon Basin, revealing this system among world's most species-rich in freshwater mysids. At least five species have the static bodies mineralized with vaterite, a metastable polymorph of crystalline calcium carbonate. The oostegites of at least six Parvimysis species show few setae but are exceptional in exhibiting discoidal structures for the attachment of eggs and larvae. A key to the Mysidae of Amazonia is provided, including keys to all currently known species of Parvimysis and Surinamysis Bowman, 1977. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Ergänzende Beschreibungen werden für das Genus Parvimysis Brattegard, 1969, und dessen Süßwasserart P. pisciscibus Henderson & Bamber, 1983, erstellt; letztere aus dem Amazonassystem oberhalb des Zusammenflusses von Rio Negro und Solimões. Sechs neue Süßwasserarten werden aus diesem Bereich beschrieben, basierend auf Unterschieden von Augen, Antennen, Telson, sowie modifizierten Dornen im Vormagen, und männlichen vierten Pleopoden. Mit insgesamt neun Arten ist das Amazonasbecken nunmehr unter die weltweit artenreichsten Systeme von Süßwassermysiden zu reihen. Bei mindestens fünf Arten bestehen die Statolithen aus Vaterit, einem metastabilen Polymorph von kristallinem Kalziumkarbonat. Bei mindestens sechs Parvimysis Arten zeigten die Oostegite nur wenige Borsten, als Besonderheit hingegen diskoidale Strukturen zur Anheftung von Eiern und Larven. Ein Bestimmungsschlüssel wird für die Mysidae Amazoniens erstellt, zusammen mit Schlüsseln für alle derzeit bekannten Arten von Parvimysis und Surinamysis Bowman, 1977.

Surveys of species diversity in sublittoral waters along the coasts of the Cape Peninsula on the Atlantic coast of South Africa yielded three species of Mysidopsis G.O. Sars, 1864. A new species, M. abbreviata n. sp., is described, a supplementary description is given for M. similis (Zimmer, 1912), and the female of M. zsilaveczi Wittmann & Griffiths, 2014 is described for the first time. The new species is characterized, among other characters, by a transversely shortened rostrum. Field observations of M. zsilaveczi and M. abbreviata n. sp. showed the greatest intraspecific diversity of colour patterns ever documented for mysids. Stomach contents, together with differences in the armature of perioral mouthparts and in the foregut, suggest that all three species are specialized predators, mainly of crustaceans. An updated key to the species of Mysidopsis in southern Africa is given.

Combined faunistic and genetic studies in the marine Ekamako Cave at the southern coast of Nuku Hiva, Marquesas, in the central Pacific, yielded Heteromysis (Olivemysis) ekamako as a new species. This taxon differs from its congeners by a specific combination of morphological characters: flagellate, modified spines dorsally on each of the three segments of the antennular peduncle, a large smooth spine at the tip of only the second male pleopod, series of small flag-ellate spines along the oblique terminal margin of only the third and fourth male pleopods, and by 2-3 simple spines medially near the statocyst on the endopods of uropods. Although abundant at the entrance of Ekamako Cave, it has not been observed in nine additional submersed marine caves investigated at the Marquesas.

Objective: The heavy metals lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants with high neurotoxic potential. We aimed to compare perinatal Pb and Hg concentrations and to explore the potential association between Pb and Hg exposure and newborn anthropometry. Study design: Pregnant women were recruited in 2005 at the General Hospital Vienna for participation in this longitudinal study. Pb and Hg concentrations were measured in maternal blood and hair, placenta, cord blood, meconium, and breast milk of 53 mother-child pairs by CV-AAS, GF-AAS, and HPLC-CV-ICPMS. We conducted bivariate analyses and categorical regression analysis (CATREG) to evaluate the determinants of Pb and Hg exposure, and of infant anthropometry. Results: Median Pb and total Hg contents were low, i.e., 25 μg/L (maternal blood-Pb), 13 μg/L (cord blood-Pb), 0.7 μg/L (maternal blood-Hg), and 1.1 μg/L (cord blood-Hg). Hg levels in maternal and fetal tissues were frequently correlated (r N 0.3, P b 0.05, respectively). Regarding Pb, only maternal blood and cord blood concentrations correlated (P = 0.043). Cord blood levels indicated higher Hg exposure but lower Pb exposure relative to maternal blood contents. Adjusted CATREG models indicated the significant predictors of birth length (placenta-Pb, gestational length, meconium-Pb), birth weight (placenta-Pb, gestational length, maternal blood-Pb), and head circumference (maternal education, maternal height). Besides one significant correlation between maternal hair Hg and birth length, the mercury levels were not associated with newborn anthropometry. Conclusions: Our data implicate that different modes of action may exist for placentar transfer of Pb and Hg as well as that low Pb exposure levels can result in lower birth weight. The findings related to newborn anthropometry need to be confirmed by the examination of larger study groups. Further research is needed to clarify the mechanisms of Pb and Hg transfer via the placenta, and to explore how prenatal Pb exposure is related to intrauterine growth.

Aim: Limnomysis benedeni Czerniavsky, 1882 is a mysid crustacean native to the Ponto-Caspian (Black and Caspian Sea) rivers and estuaries, and has recently spread across Europe through intentional and unintentional introductions. We explored the structuring of genetic variation in native and non-native populations with an aim to trace the sources of the invasions, and to infer whether the spread has occurred through a single or multiple invasion waves.

Location: Native estuaries in the Ponto-Caspian basin (Volga, Don, Dnieper, Dniester, Danube) and the recently colonized range along the Danube–Rhine river systems and Lithuania.

Methods: A fragment of the mitochondrial COI gene was sequenced to assess genetic affinities and diversity in native and recently established populations.

Results: The genetic diversity in the native regions is organized into several strongly diverged haplotype groups or lineages, partly allopatric, partly sympatric. All these lineages have also spread beyond the native range. Even the recent rapid dispersal across Europe along the Danube–Rhine system towards the North Sea basin involved several lineages from the Danube delta sector. The structuring of genetic diversity among invaded sites suggests multiple invasion events to the Danube–Rhine drainage. This contrasts with data from some other Ponto-Caspian species, where a single haplotype seems to have occupied most invaded areas. There is no evidence that intentionally stocked reservoirs in the Baltic Sea basin would have contributed to further unintentional spread of L. benedeni.

Main conclusions: Limnomysis benedeni is spreading across Europe using the southern invasion corridor. The invasion most likely involved several waves from differentiated sources in the native Danube delta area.

Background: Information on the impact of genetic predisposition on metal toxicokinetics in the human body is limited. There is increasing evidence that certain genetic polymorphisms modify lead and mercury toxicokinetics. This called for analysis of further candidate genes. Objectives: Medical students (N ¼ 324) were examined in order to detect potential associations between lead exposure and polymorphisms in HFE, VDR, ALAD, and MT genes, as well as between mercury exposure and GSTT1, GSTM1, GSTA1, GSTP1, GCLC, and MT polymorphisms. Methods: The levels of lead and mercury exposure of students were determined by blood, urine, and hair analyses (ICP-MS, CV-AAS). Genotyping of common polymorphisms was examined by MALDI-TOF MS and the TaqMan methodology. Associations between lead and mercury exposures and genetic background were examined by bivariate analysis, and by categorical regression analysis (CATREG) controlled by metal-and matrix-specific variables. Results: Lead and mercury levels in urine, blood, and hair indicated low exposures. VDR polymorphism and joint presence of VDR/ALAD polymorphisms were significantly and independently associated with urine lead concentrations (CATREG Po0.05). Polymorphisms in GSTP1-114 and MT4 genes as well as dual gene combinations including GSTP1, GCLC, GSTT1, and GSTM1 polymorphisms were independent variables related to mercury body burdens (CATREG Po0.05). GSTP1-114/GSTT1 and GSTP1-105/GCLC combinations showed synergistic effects on hair mercury levels compared to single-gene variants. Conclusions: We found evidence that certain genetic backgrounds were associated with lead and mercury metabolism, suggesting gene-environment and gene-gene-environment interactions. The modes of interaction remain to be evaluated.

The order Mysida (2 families, 178 genera, 1132 species) contains species across a broad range of habitats, such as subterranean, fresh, brackish, coastal, and surface to deep-sea habitats. The Stygiomysida (2 families, 2 genera, 16 species), however, are found primarily in subterranean waters, but always in waters with a marine influence. The Mysida and Sty-giomysida body is divided into three main regions: cephalon, thorax, and abdomen. They are shrimp-like in appearance, containing morphological features earlier referred to as defining a "caridoid facies". The shrimp-like morphology was to some extent diagnostic for the historic Decapod taxon Schizopoda, containing the Nebalia, Mysida, Lophogastrida, and Euphausiacea. In 1904 the concept of Schizopoda was abandoned, and the Mysidacea (Mysida and Lophogastrida) along with Cumacea, Amphipoda, Isopoda, and Tanaidacea were placed in a new taxon, the Peracarida. Later discoveries of groundwater mysids led to the establishment of Stygiomysida, but placement to either Lophogastrida or Mysida remained unclear. The presence of oostegites and absence of podobranchiae, coupled with non-statocyst bearing uropods have been used to classify the Stygiomysida as a primitive Mysida family, comparable to Petalophthalmidae. On the other hand, equally suggestive characters, but for a Lophogastrida affiliation, was suggested for the archaic foregut characters and again, non-statocyst bearing uropods. With the inclusion of DNA sequence data of ribosomal genes, sister group relationships between Stygiomysida, Lophogastrida, and Mictacea within the Peracarida are observed, which supports a classification of the Stygiomysida as a separate order removed from the Mysida.

In order to obtain basic information for designing standardized test preparation methods, the heavy metals Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb were measured in gastropods (Xerolenta obvia), oligochaetes (Lumbricus terrestris), isopods (Armadillidium vulgare, Trachelipus rathkei) and carabids (Harpalus rubripes, Calathus fuscipes) using different sampling methods and different modes of sample treatment. In some of the experiments, higher Zn, Cd and Pb, and lower Cu-contents were observed in isopods and carabids trapped with formalin-pitfalls compared to manually collected specimens (which were allowed to defecate). Defecation had marked effects on the levels of all four metals investigated in oligochaetes, and on Cd and Pb in gastropods and isopods. Cellulose was fed as an accelerator of gut passage and showed a significant effect on the Pb concentration in the soft body of gastropods. Deionate-washed isopods (A. vulgare) showed higher Cd concentrations than ultrasonic-cleaned individuals. No marked differences were observed between heat-dried and freeze-dried isopods. Carabids showed strong sex-specific differences in metal concentrations. Based on these and previous results, invertebrates should be: collected in vivo, allowed to defecate, be freeze-fixed and (at least in ar-thropods) ultrasonic-cleaned, determined to species level and in certain groups (carabids) also to sex, and then be sized or sorted by size (age) before further preparation and analysis. If any of these treatments is impractical, comparable sampling and preparation methods are recommended as a minimum requirement in order to avoid bias in the results and/or interpretation.

Background: Lead and mercury are potentially toxic to the CNS, kidney and bone marrow, especially in infants. Human milk is contaminated through maternal body burden. Austrian data of 1976 and 1980/81 show human milk concentrations for Pb of 15-50 ppb. There are no data on the Hg concentrations in Austria at that time.
Aim of the study was to collect new data for Pb and Hg in human milk.
Subjects/Materials: Milk samples of 18 lactating mothers after the 5 h day, collected in nitric-acid prewashed polyethylene bottles and stored at -20°C.
Measurements: Lyophilisation, digestion in nitric acid, atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Hitachi 8200 for Pb, Hg254, Seitner comp for Hg).
Results: For Pb, a mean concentration of 1.1+/-1.4ppb and for Hg, a mean concentration of 3.6+/-3.1 ppb was found.
Conclusions: Due to a lower environmental contamination, the human milk concentration of Pb shows a marked decline during the last 20 years. Further milk samples are currently analysed.

For Hg we found significantly higher levels in human milk than in infant formulas, depending on maternal nutrition. For Pb the human milk and infant formula concentrations are in the same rarnge. Austrian levels decreased since 1981. Thus, there is no risk for the baby of a healthy mother.

Objective. Heavy metals are potentially toxic substances, especially for the susceptible infant. Exposure to mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) may result in neurotoxic and nephrotoxic impairment and in anemia. Previous data on breast milk Pb and Hg contents are sparse or missing for the Austrian population. No evaluations of the influence of mothers' lifestyles on Pb and Hg levels in breast milk are available. Methods. Five-to 10-mL individual samples of breast milk were provided from healthy mothers in Vienna (urban; n 59), Linz (industrial; n 47), and Tulln (rural; n 59). A questionnaire about area of residence, maternal nutrition, smoking habits, and dental fillings was filled out by the lactating mothers. Milk samples and infant formulas were lyophilized, wet-ashed with nitric acid (65%), and analyzed with atomic absorption spectro-photometry. Spiked skim milk powder was used as reference material. Statistical analysis included the Kruskal-Wallis test and multiple robust regression analysis. Results. Breast milk showed low Hg and Pb concentrations (Hg: 1.59 1.21 1g/l, n 116; Pb: 1.63 1.66 6g/l, n 138). Eight percent of the breast milk samples marginally exceeded the screening level of 3.5 g/L for Hg. Austrian Pb values declined strongly during the last 20 years. Bivariate comparison revealed that the factors significantly related to metal levels in breast milk were area of residence (Hg, Pb), prematurity (Hg), consumption of fish (Pb) and cereals (Hg), vitamin supplementation (Hg), and smoking (Pb). The Hg and Pb contents of cow milk and infant formulas were far below respective guideline values. Conclusions. Neither Hg nor Pb concentrations exceeded critical levels. There are no reports on infants harmed by the intake of milk from unexposed mothers. We conclude that even theoretical risks from current Hg or Pb levels for the breastfed infant of a healthy mother can be ruled out. Pediatrics 2002;110:873-878; metals, breast milk, cow milk, infant formulas, urban versus rural population.

Breast milk might be a source of potentially toxic metals such as cadmium (Cd). The purpose of the present study is to provide data pertaining to the influence of maternal lifestyles on Cd concentrations in breast milk in the Austrian setting. Breast milk was obtained from 124 Austrian women. Each participant provided 10 ml of milk. A second group of eight mothers were recruited to investigate changes in their milk cadmium levels at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 weeks post partum. The study participants filled a questionnaire concerning nutrition, supplementation, and smoking habits. The samples were analyzed using GF-Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The mean Cd content in breast milk was among the lowest in Europe (0.08670.085 mg/l, 95% CI: 0.07-0.10; n ¼ 124). Increased Cd levels in breast milk were found to be significantly associated with frequent cereal consumption and smoking. Smokers had a twofold higher concentration than did non-smokers (0.15 versus 0.07 mg/l; P ¼ 0.000). In contrast, low Cd levels in breast milk were associated with the intake of supplements containing trace elements or vitamins and trace elements (Po0.05). This protective effect of supplements on Cd levels was only observed in non-smokers. The Cd levels registered in the present investigation were far below critical levels. We conclude that the current maternal Cd levels in Austria signify no risk for the breastfed infant of a healthy mother. Further research will have to focus on the specific effects of supplementation and smoking on Cd concentrations.

We analysed the total mercury (Hg) accumulation in bodies and gut contents of 13 species of marine wild fish, 7 species of wild freshwater fish and 4 species of farmed fish. In addition, metal concentrations were recorded in water, sediment, fish prey and fodder materials, to track the dynamics of bio-accumulation. Cultured freshwater fish were collected at four Austrian farms and compared with samples obtained from markets. Wild marine fish were collected at Santa Croce bank, in Italy (Mediterranean Sea). Metal accumulation varied with sampling site, species, and age (or weight) of fish. Wild marine fish exhibited higher levels than wild freshwater fish, which in turn had higher Hg levels than cultured freshwater fish. Mercury increased according to trophic levels of consumers. Total Hg contents in muscle of cultured and wild freshwater fish sampled in 2006e2008 did not exceed legal nutritional limits. Similarly, in market samples of trout and carp collected in 2019, we found low or undetectable concentrations of total Hg in muscle tissue. In contrast, some marine fish (both market samples and some species from coastal waters) exceeded the legal limits. Environmental contamination, food webs and biological factors are the main causes of Hg accumulation in fish. Our results reflect the actual differences between specific European sites and should not be generalized. However, they support the generally increasing demand for monitoring mercury pollution in view of its impact on human health and its value as an indicator of ecosystem contamination.

The mysid Surinamysis rionegrensis sp. nov. is described from Rio Negro, a large freshwater tributary of the Amazon. A supplemented description is given for the freshwater species S. robertsonae Bamber & Henderson, 1990, and its known distribution within the Amazon system is amended. A further representative of this genus, S. aestuaria sp. nov., is described from brackish waters within the estuary system of Rio Quatipuru on the NE coast of Brazil. These three species share large statoliths mineralized with vaterite, a metastable polymorph of crystalline calcium carbonate. Among the three flagella of the male antennula, the median, ventral one is identified as an accessory flagellum, as opposed to the Old World genera Mesopodopsis and Limnomysis, where the inner flagellum or lobe is accessory. The distinctive characters of Surinamysis and its five species are presented. The diagnosis of this genus is modified and a key to its species is given.

Citation: Wittmann KJ, Griffiths CL (2017) Three new species of Heteromysis (Mysida, Mysidae, Heteromysini) from the Cape Peninsula, South Africa, with first documentation of a mysid-cephalopod association. ZooKeys 685: 15-47. Abstract Faunistic studies in sublittoral and littoral marine habitats on the Cape Peninsula, South Africa, have yielded three new species belonging to the genus Heteromysis, subgenus Heteromysis: H. cancelli sp. n. associated with the diogenid hermit crab Cancellus macrothrix Stebbing, 1924, and H. fosteri sp. n. extracted from 'empty' urchin and gastropod shells. The first documented mysid-cephalopod association is reported for H. octopodis sp. n. which was found in dens occupied by Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797, but was also captured from tide pools. The three new species differ from previously known E. Atlantic species, among other characters, by a single spine on the endopods of uropods in combination with large cornea and absence of median sternal processes on thoracic somites. They are also characterized by a white stripe along the dorso-lateral terminal margin of the eyestalks in living specimens. The new species appear quite similar to each other, but are distinguished by different depths of the telson cleft, different distributions of spines on the lateral margins of the telson, different numbers of segments on thoracic endopod 4, and by differently modified setae on the carpus of the third thoracic endopod, as well as on the carpopropodus of the fourth endopod. An updated key to the species of Heteromysis known from the E. Atlantic is given.

A survey of crustaceans associated with benthic invertebrates in near-shore habitats at islands of the Cape Verde archipelago yielded a new species belonging to the genus Heteromysis, subgenus Olivemysis: H. sabelliphila sp. nov. shows a non-obligatory association with the sabellid polychaete Branchiomma nigromaculatum only during the night. This is the first documented mysid-polychaete association. The mysids apparently took particles collected by the polychaete, suggesting a klep-toparasitic interspecific relationship. A set of three specifically modified setae on the antennular trunk is shared by the new species with two Heteromysis species from Madeira (subtropical N.E. Atlantic), suggesting a close morphological relationship within the subgenus Olivemysis: with H. wirtzi, commensal of the sea anemone Telmatactis cricoides, and with H. dardani, commensal of the hermit crab Dardanus calidus. A key to the Heteromysinae of the E. Atlantic and Mediterranean is given.

RIASSUNTO Si riportano i taxa di Crostacei mysida noti per la Puglia, in base ai dati biblio-grafici e a reperti inediti, entrambi frutto di ricerche in massima parte degli Autori. nell'ambito dei 30 taxa citati-tra cui una specie nuova per la fauna italiana-particolarmente interessante risulta la componente salmastricola, la cui entità e diffusione riflette l'abbondanza e la diversificazione degli am-bienti salmastri della regione. Si ripercorre l'iter delle ricerche faunistiche e il loro sviluppo in vari campi della Biologia: la tassonomia, con la descrizione di nuove specie e sottospecie del genere Diamysis; la biomineralogia, con la segnalazione della rara vaterite (CaCo 3 esagonale metastabile) nei corpi statici di Diamysis e successivi risultati riguardanti: i rapporti tra composizio-ne minerale degli statoliti, tassonomia, ecologia e corologia delle specie; lo sviluppo di uno statolite vateritico e le sue implicazioni a livello filogenetico; gli aspetti quantitativi della precipitazione minerale nella statocisti di mysi-da marini. Di rilievo appaiono le implicazioni della composizione minerale degli statoliti a livello di biogeografia storica, con la distinzione-in ambito mediterraneo-tra le poche specie a statoliti carbonatici (in particolare, di Diamysis e Paramysis) di verosimile origine paratetidiana e quelle a statoliti fluoritici di evidente origine atlantica: con l'indiretta conferma dell'ipotesi di Hsü et al. (1977) sulla salinity crisis messiniana del mediterraneo e il conte-stuale drenaggio della Paratetide. SUMMARY thirty taxa of Crustacea mysida from marine and continental waters of Apulia are listed using published and unpublished data, mostly based on investiga-̆ thalassia Salentina thalassia Sal. 38 (2016), 15-25 iSSn 0563-3745, e-iSSn 1591-0725