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institutions in detail. Our main aim is to emphasise the effects of the complexes, which are
a collection of buildings and structures with different functions built within the foundation
system in the Ottoman Period, on the construction, settlement, and therefore the physical
development of cities and towns.
With the zoning and construction activities carried out on cities, towns, and roads within
the foundation institution, the needs of society in the fields of religion, education, trade, social,
cultural, etc. were met. In addition, a significant part of the infrastructure (roads, bridges, water
systems, etc.) works on cities, towns, and roads were carried out within the foundation system.
While preparing this article, previous research and publications on this subject and our
field studies based on many years have been utilised. The sources and publications used in
the study are provided at the end of the article.
In the establishment and development of Ottoman cities, social complexes and religious
and social building communities were established in different parts of the cities and directed
the formation of crowded districts.
In Turkish-Islamic cities, complexes were generally designed and built within the framework
of a plan and programme. Within the complexes, there are structures with different functions that
meet the needs of the people of the city and town. These complexes can be found in almost all
Ottoman cities and towns, especially in capitals such as Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul. They also
appear as benzil social complexes built on the main roads connecting these cities and towns.
In this way, in addition to the physical shaping and development of cities and towns, the
needs of their inhabitants were also met.
New neighbourhoods bearing the same name as the social complexes emerged around
these complexes built within the foundations, and thus, the new population coming to the city
settled in these neighbourhoods.
In addition to the three capitals of the Ottoman Empire (Bursa, Edirne, Istanbul), we can
often see this situation in Balkan cities such as Skopje, Ishtip, Tetovo, Salonica, Sarajevo,
Mostar, Banja Luka, Dimetoka, Elbasan, Berat, Prizren, Plovdiv, Rhodes, Crete, Zigetvar, and
Peç; Anatolian cities such as Konya, Kayseri, Manisa, Amasya, Trabzon, and Diyarbakr; and
cities in countries such as Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, and Crimea.
These cities, which were within the borders of the Eastern Roman Empire before they came
under Ottoman rule, gained the character of Ottoman cities in a short period of time with the
rapid reconstruction and settlement activities initiated after their conquest.
In these and other Ottoman cities and towns, the zoning and settlement policies explained
in detail above were implemented. Thanks to the foundations established in this direction,
complexes, almshouses, mosques and masjids, and tekkes and dervish lodges were built, each
of which was the centre of the neighbourhood or district they were named after. To cover the
maintenance and repair costs of these buildings, the salaries of the staff, and other expenses,
commercial buildings (shops, bazaars, inns, mills, etc.) called “akar” were built in the commercial
and production areas of the city. Thus, both the development of trade and production areas
and the establishment of new districts and neighbourhoods where the population migrating to
the city would reside were ensured. Undoubtedly, those who pioneered and contributed to the
physical, commercial, economic, cultural, and social development of cities and towns (as in the
cases of Bursa, Edirne and Istanbul) were state rulers and their families, senior administrators,
Muslim judges, scholars, merchants, sheikhs, etc. through the foundations they established.
In addition, the benzil social complexes, which were built on the roads connecting the
cities and towns, at a distance from dawn to dusk, and whose centre of gravity was composed
of inns and caravanserais for trade and accommodation purposes, enabled the places where
they were located to flourish and turn into towns and cities over time.
In the reconstruction and settlement policy implemented by the Ottoman Empire in the cities
and towns included within its borders, those who came to the forefront through the foundations
they established were members of the dynasty, high-level administrators and soldiers, Muslim
judges, scholars, merchants, sheikhs, and people with status in society.
Newly captured cities were rapidly Turkified and Islamised through a conscious reconstruction
and settlement policy pursued through the foundation system.
The foundation institution, whose founders, functioning, purpose of establishment, zoning,
and construction activities to meet the needs of the people living in cities and towns in the
Ottoman period were explained above, continues its existence and activities in a diversified
and enriched manner today.
institutions in detail. Our main aim is to emphasise the effects of the complexes, which are
a collection of buildings and structures with different functions built within the foundation
system in the Ottoman Period, on the construction, settlement, and therefore the physical
development of cities and towns.
With the zoning and construction activities carried out on cities, towns, and roads within
the foundation institution, the needs of society in the fields of religion, education, trade, social,
cultural, etc. were met. In addition, a significant part of the infrastructure (roads, bridges, water
systems, etc.) works on cities, towns, and roads were carried out within the foundation system.
While preparing this article, previous research and publications on this subject and our
field studies based on many years have been utilised. The sources and publications used in
the study are provided at the end of the article.
In the establishment and development of Ottoman cities, social complexes and religious
and social building communities were established in different parts of the cities and directed
the formation of crowded districts.
In Turkish-Islamic cities, complexes were generally designed and built within the framework
of a plan and programme. Within the complexes, there are structures with different functions that
meet the needs of the people of the city and town. These complexes can be found in almost all
Ottoman cities and towns, especially in capitals such as Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul. They also
appear as benzil social complexes built on the main roads connecting these cities and towns.
In this way, in addition to the physical shaping and development of cities and towns, the
needs of their inhabitants were also met.
New neighbourhoods bearing the same name as the social complexes emerged around
these complexes built within the foundations, and thus, the new population coming to the city
settled in these neighbourhoods.
In addition to the three capitals of the Ottoman Empire (Bursa, Edirne, Istanbul), we can
often see this situation in Balkan cities such as Skopje, Ishtip, Tetovo, Salonica, Sarajevo,
Mostar, Banja Luka, Dimetoka, Elbasan, Berat, Prizren, Plovdiv, Rhodes, Crete, Zigetvar, and
Peç; Anatolian cities such as Konya, Kayseri, Manisa, Amasya, Trabzon, and Diyarbakr; and
cities in countries such as Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, and Crimea.
These cities, which were within the borders of the Eastern Roman Empire before they came
under Ottoman rule, gained the character of Ottoman cities in a short period of time with the
rapid reconstruction and settlement activities initiated after their conquest.
In these and other Ottoman cities and towns, the zoning and settlement policies explained
in detail above were implemented. Thanks to the foundations established in this direction,
complexes, almshouses, mosques and masjids, and tekkes and dervish lodges were built, each
of which was the centre of the neighbourhood or district they were named after. To cover the
maintenance and repair costs of these buildings, the salaries of the staff, and other expenses,
commercial buildings (shops, bazaars, inns, mills, etc.) called “akar” were built in the commercial
and production areas of the city. Thus, both the development of trade and production areas
and the establishment of new districts and neighbourhoods where the population migrating to
the city would reside were ensured. Undoubtedly, those who pioneered and contributed to the
physical, commercial, economic, cultural, and social development of cities and towns (as in the
cases of Bursa, Edirne and Istanbul) were state rulers and their families, senior administrators,
Muslim judges, scholars, merchants, sheikhs, etc. through the foundations they established.
In addition, the benzil social complexes, which were built on the roads connecting the
cities and towns, at a distance from dawn to dusk, and whose centre of gravity was composed
of inns and caravanserais for trade and accommodation purposes, enabled the places where
they were located to flourish and turn into towns and cities over time.
In the reconstruction and settlement policy implemented by the Ottoman Empire in the cities
and towns included within its borders, those who came to the forefront through the foundations
they established were members of the dynasty, high-level administrators and soldiers, Muslim
judges, scholars, merchants, sheikhs, and people with status in society.
Newly captured cities were rapidly Turkified and Islamised through a conscious reconstruction
and settlement policy pursued through the foundation system.
The foundation institution, whose founders, functioning, purpose of establishment, zoning,
and construction activities to meet the needs of the people living in cities and towns in the
Ottoman period were explained above, continues its existence and activities in a diversified
and enriched manner today.
Bis zum 19. Jahrhundert, als sich die Sultane neue Residenzen nach europäischem Vorbild bauen ließen, ist der Palast intensiv genutzt worden, er war zudem Zeuge zahlreicher historischer Ereignisse wie beispielsweise des Beschneidungsfestes der Söhne Mehmeds IV. im Jahre 1675, des Osmanisch-Russischen Krieges (1828–1829) oder der Balkan-Kriege (1911–1912). Beide Kriege gingen mit einer erheblichen Zerstörung der Palastanlage einher, viele Bauwerke sind damals dem
Erdboden gleich gemacht worden. Gegenwärtig sind nur wenige intakte Bauteile auf dem weitläufigen Areal zu sehen. Dazu zählen: die Kaiserliche Küche, die Pforte zum Inneren des Palastes Babüssade, das Cihanüma Kasrı (wörtl. Palais Weltaussicht), das Badehaus von Kum Kasrı, das Palais der Gerechtigkeit (Adalet Kasrı), die Fatih-Brücke, die Brücke Süleymans des Prächtigen, die Brücke von Şehabeddin Paşa, das Jagdschlösschen, ein Wasserdepot sowie das Brunnenhaus am Gebetsplatz. Manche dieser Bauwerke sind in einem desolaten Zustand, während einige bereits restauriert bzw. wieder aufgebaut wurden.
Erste Plünderungen und Zerstörungen des nicht mehr genutzten Palastes begannen mit dem Einzug russischer Truppen am 22. August 1829 in Edirne. In der Folgezeit konnten die Schäden beseitigt werden, das Areal diente fortan als Munitionsdepot. Im Zuge wiederholter kriegerischer Auseinandersetzungen mit den Russen im Jahre 1877 sowie einer drohenden erneuten Besatzung der Stadt wurde die auf dem Palastareal verwahrte Munition auf Anraten des zuständigen Gouverneurs durch den Kommandanten in Brand gesteckt, um zu verhindern, dass die Munition in die Hände des Feindes fiel. Diese Entscheidung führte zur weitestgehenden Zerstörung der historischen Anlage. Die nach dem verheerenden Brand übrig gebliebenen Gebäude wurden geplündert und als Steinbruch genutzt, sodass sich uns heute ein trauriges Bild darbietet.
the Çimbe Castle in 1354. The most imprortant Ottoman cities in Balkan
geography; Adrianople, Didymoteicho, Varna, Thessaloniki, Skopje, Sarajevo,
Elbasan, Berat, Plovdiv, Shumen, Prizren. Organization and development of
the Ottoman city, religious and social complex with qualified structures are important
contribution. This complex was built in different regions of cities, thanks
to the establishment of a large neighborhood. The social and economic development
of the Ottoman city respects has been leading people effectively.
The Sultan and his family, top executives, traders, scholar and soldier built by
people like the physical development of cities with buildings.
In this study, based on archive and field researchs. The aim of this research;
the geography of Balkans is to determine the number of buildings built during
the Ottoman period.
And this building to determine how many of the present day arrived. This
research give to us, how much of which are within the scope of the reconstruction
activities in the Balkan geography residential units have been built
in different functional structures. Some of this structure in the form of complex,
which was built as a part of the single building. However, very few of these
buildings are still in the present day. The reason for this is; war, earthquake, fire
disaster, etc.