Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Jan 10, 2022
Background: Cardiac tamponade is a medical emergency that occurs when a large amount of fluid bui... more Background: Cardiac tamponade is a medical emergency that occurs when a large amount of fluid builds up in the pericardial sac, causing the heart to compress and decrease cardiac output and shock. This practice focuses on the role of the interprofessional team in evaluating and improving treatment and care of cardiac tamponade. The purpose of this review article is to describe the etiology of cardiac tamponade, to identify the pathophysiology of cardiac tamponade, to describe specific ECG changes in the evaluation of cardiac tamponade, and to improve coordination of care among interprofessional team members to improve care delivery. To discuss the importance of and outcome in patients with cardiac tamponade. Conclusion: Cardiac tamponade requires treatment after diagnosis. This disease is always fatal if left untreated. According to statistics, cardiac tamponade during open-heart surgery is usually fatal.
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Jan 6, 2022
Background: Reduced or full suspension of blood flow to a region of the myocardium causes myocard... more Background: Reduced or full suspension of blood flow to a region of the myocardium causes myocardial infarction (MI), sometimes known as "heart attack." Myocardial infarction can be "silent," causing hemodynamic deterioration and abrupt death, or it can be a catastrophic event that causes hemodynamic deterioration and death. The most common cause of myocardial infarction is coronary artery disease, which is the leading cause of death in the United States. The myocardium is deprived of oxygen when a coronary artery is blocked. Myocardial cell loss and necrosis can occur when the myocardium is deprived of oxygen for an extended period. Patients may complain of chest pain or pressure that spreads to the neck, jaw, shoulder, or arm. Myocardial ischemia may be accompanied by ECG alterations and elevated biochemical markers such as cardiac troponins, in addition to the history and physical exam. This exercise covers the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of myocardial infarction, as well as the role of the interprofessional team in enhancing patient care. Conclusion: This review article aims to review the basic pathophysiology of myocardial infarction, explain the management protocol when a patient is diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction, including all necessary laboratory and another diagnostic testing, summarise long-term management and rehabilitation for a patient post-MI, and explain interprofessional team strategies for improving care coordination and communication to advance the prevention and management of myocardial infarction.
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Jan 5, 2022
Background: Hypertension affects 10% of pregnancies in the US and is the leading cause of materna... more Background: Hypertension affects 10% of pregnancies in the US and is the leading cause of maternal and infant mortality. Hypertension during pregnancy involves several conditions, particularly preeclampsia, a type of hypertension that differs from pregnancy, which is more de Novo or chronic hypertension. Risks to the fetus include premature birth, stunted growth, and death. Childbirth is a direct treatment for preeclampsia. Treatment of acute hypertension is necessary to prevent cerebrovascular, cardiac, and renal problems in the mother. The other two types of hypertension, chronic and transient hypertension, are usually very bad. Proper management of hypertension during pregnancy requires consideration of various factors in the cardiovascular physiology of pregnancy. The main goal is to prevent complications in the mother associated with impaired uterine blood flow and fetal blood circulation. Before prescribing an antihypertensive drug, it is important to carefully evaluate the potential risk to the fetus from the interaction of uterine drugs. This review article aims to show the investigations and treatment available in cases of preeclampsia. The ultimate goal of treating high blood pressure during pregnancy is to have a healthy newborn without harming the mother's health.
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Jan 11, 2022
The retrograde movement of blood from the left ventricle (LV) into the left atrium (LA) through t... more The retrograde movement of blood from the left ventricle (LV) into the left atrium (LA) through the mitral valve (MV) causes a systolic murmur heard best at the apex of the heart with radiation to the left axilla. MR is the most common valvular anomaly in the globe, affecting around 2% of the population and increasing in incidence with age. This activity examines the diagnosis and treatment of mitral regurgitation, emphasizing the importance of the healthcare team in assessing and treating patients with this illness. The goal of this review article is to identify the etiology and epidemiology of mitral regurgitation medical conditions and emergencies, review the proper history, physical, and evaluation of mitral regurgitation, outline the treatment and management options for mitral regurgitation, and describe interprofessional team strategies for improving care coordination and communication to advance mitral regurgitation and improve outcomes.
Indian Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 2024
Endothelial activation as well as dysfunction is a major factor in atherosclerosis, cardiovascula... more Endothelial activation as well as dysfunction is a major factor in atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disorders, and cardiorenal syndrome. Endothelial dysfunction is additionally associated with metabolic syndrome as well as type II diabetes. The hunt for distinctive as well as sensitive biomarkers of endothelial activity and dysfunction may have substantial therapeutic consequences. This review pinpoints the variations in biomarkers that occur between endothelial activation and endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular illnesses, and then briefly highlights the most significant biomarkers of endothelial activation. Biomarkers of endothelial activation consist of endothelial adhesion molecules, as well as cytokines, and C-reactive protein, along with CD62E++/E-selectin activated endothelial microparticles, and oxidation of low-density lipoproteins, together with asymmetric dimethylarginine as well as endocan. This study also includes an update on the new biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) (e.g., MMP-7, MMP-9), along with ANGPTL2, and endoglin, together with annexin V++ endothelium apoptotic microparticles, and serum homocysteine. Finally, this study stresses the limits of biomarkers of endothelium activation and dysfunction in clinical situations.
Journal of Indian College of Cardiology, Apr 1, 2024
In this review, we examine the evolving importance of inflammation in atherosclerosis, the root c... more In this review, we examine the evolving importance of inflammation in atherosclerosis, the root cause of heart attacks, and strokes. We analyze the complex processes by which inflammation drives all phases of atherosclerosis and closely assess possible targets for therapy within the inflammatory pathway. For researchers and health-care professionals seeking insight into the crucial role of inflammation in atherosclerosis and its potential for novel therapeutic approaches, this review offers a valuable resource.
Asian journal of medicine and health, Nov 25, 2021
Background: Over the past decade, percutaneous atrial septal defect (ASD) closure has been the pr... more Background: Over the past decade, percutaneous atrial septal defect (ASD) closure has been the preferred treatment option in many clinical programs for ASD. Percutaneous ASD closures with advanced device architecture and distribution have established user experience and process security. The ability to diagnose has also improved. The devices have evolved from the larger fixtures to the reset zone, being easily eliminated with little residual mesh material and comfortable fitting with the surrounding structures. Biodegradable technology has been introduced and will be considered as a future option. The emergence of the use of the ASD closure device over the last forty years includes improvements that reduce the incidence of adverse effects reported over the years. Issues reported in the literature include thrombus formation, air tightness, device insertion, abrasion, residual shunts and nickel hypersensitivity. Modern tools hold medium and long-term data with excellent results. Multi-sized devices securely close simple and complex ASDs that can re-scan, reset, and detect percutaneous advanced delivery procedures. In this review, the most widely used tools and distribution processes are discussed and the tools that show promise for the future. As the field of transcatheter treatment of atrial septal defects (TC-ASD) and congenital interventional cardiology develops, real-world design studies provide valuable developmental information on aspects of care where there is disagreement about best practices and more research is needed.
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Dec 13, 2021
Background: Managing persistent patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is still a difficult task. During ... more Background: Managing persistent patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is still a difficult task. During the previous 20 years, the attitude regarding PDA has evolved in the other way, from pushing for an aggressive and early closure to a demand for careful observation. While persistent PDA can complicate preterm neonatal medical management due to fluid overload, pulmonary edema or hemorrhage, hypotension, and decreased tissue perfusion, it can also contribute to long-term neonatal morbidities such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). It is now apparent that the majority of PDA cases close spontaneously and do not require treatment, as long as conservative management is used. However, there has been little consensus on what defines a hemodynamically significant PDA and when, if ever, it should be treated. With growing worry about the potential risks of PDA ligation, a new method for transcatheter PDA closure is gaining traction. We describe current knowledge of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy of PDA in preterm newborns in this review, and give some evidence-based recommendations. Conclusion: Fluid restriction and diuretics (where clinically appropriate), medicinal intervention, and surgical ligation are the three current therapy options for PDA.
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Dec 13, 2021
Background: Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are still one of the most prevalent surgical indica... more Background: Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are still one of the most prevalent surgical indications in newborns and children with congenital heart disease. With advances in echocardiography, cardiac catheterization is no longer necessary in the treatment of these individuals. Although perioperative mortality and morbidity for isolated defects are still low, unique scenarios such as surgical care of numerous VSDs and decision-making in patients with pulmonary hypertension remain difficult. This chapter examines both classic and recent evidence that has shaped the management of this condition, as well as the facts underlying developing interventional methods utilized in both the catheterization lab and the operating room. Conclusion: VSD is the most common congenital abnormality at birth. Small flaws should close on their own within the first year of life; however, larger faults can cause serious difficulties. The major interventions for big problems are surgical VSD closure and device closure.
Background: HF heart failure is a serious cardiovascular disease with its increased incidence, se... more Background: HF heart failure is a serious cardiovascular disease with its increased incidence, serious illness, high mortality and rapidly increasing medical costs. HF patients are increasing worldwide and South Korea is no exception. Over the past 40 years, there have been significant improvements in the definition, diagnosis, and treatment of HF. There are ongoing efforts to improve HF risk classification using biomarkers, imaging and genetic testing. Newly developed drugs and HF devices are widely accepted in clinical practice. In addition, specific treatments for end-stage renal disease, including left ventricular defense devices and heart transplants, will soon emerge. This review summarizes recent HF management and new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to improve outcomes in HF patients. Conclusion: Heart failure is a public health burden that has far-reaching consequences for the future of health care and human health.
Background: Diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema are caused by chronic damage to the n... more Background: Diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema are caused by chronic damage to the neurovascular structure of the retina. The pathophysiology of retinal damage remains uncertain but includes abnormalities in metabolism and neuroinflammation. These mechanisms are considered for deep metabolic regulation of systemic diseases and the use of ocular antiinflammatory agents such as vascular endothelium inhibitors and corticosteroids. A better understanding of the underlying eye and systemic processes of diabetic retinopathy will improve the way we diagnose and treat retinopathy and maintain better vision. Conclusion: Diabetic retinopathy progresses with the duration of the disease and often leads to an increase in retinopathy in early adolescent patients and macular edema in elderly patients.
Background: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a general term for the clinical signs and Symptoms o... more Background: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a general term for the clinical signs and Symptoms of Myocardial Ischemia: transient angina, non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. This article also describes ACS and the conditions involved; Update your risk factors; Describe its pathology and associated signs and symptoms; Analyze your various diagnostic findings, such as cardiac biomarkers and electrocardiographic changes; And identifies alternative treatments, including recurring treatments and therapies. Conclusion: This condition results in a sudden decrease in blood flow (and oxygen) to the heart. It is important to understand the cause and to identify its symptoms and signs.
Background: Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty is a procedure used to dilate the mitral va... more Background: Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty is a procedure used to dilate the mitral valve in cases of rheumatic mitral stenosis. The catheter is inserted into the female vein to the right atrium and atrial septum. The mitral valve is then passed through the inflated balloon to facilitate effective integration of mitral adhesions, which increases the area of the mitral valve and decreases the rate of mitral stenosis. Mitral regurgitation is a potential problem, and thus balloon percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV) is prevented in moderate to severe relapse. The Wilkins score studies mitral valve morphology and evaluation by echocardiography to assess the viability of PBMVs based on specific echocardiographic conditions. Conclusion: There are many factors in the immediate and long-term outcomes of patients undergoing PMV. Echo-Sc can be used in combination with other clinical and morphological predictions of PMV effects to identify patients who experience the best effects on PMV.
Background: Over the past decade, percutaneous atrial septal defect (ASD) closure has been the pr... more Background: Over the past decade, percutaneous atrial septal defect (ASD) closure has been the preferred treatment option in many clinical programs for ASD. Percutaneous ASD closures with advanced device architecture and distribution have established user experience and process security. The ability to diagnose has also improved. The devices have evolved from the larger fixtures to the reset zone, being easily eliminated with little residual mesh material and comfortable fitting with the surrounding structures. Biodegradable technology has been introduced and will be considered as a future option. The emergence of the use of the ASD closure device over the last forty years includes improvements that reduce the incidence of adverse effects reported over the years. Issues reported in the literature include thrombus formation, air tightness, device insertion, abrasion, residual shunts and nickel hypersensitivity. Modern tools hold medium and long-term data with excellent results. Multi...
Background: Sudden cardiac death (SCD) remains a major open clinical and public health problem, w... more Background: Sudden cardiac death (SCD) remains a major open clinical and public health problem, with an estimated 300,000 deaths per year in the United States. The possibility of identifying potential SCD victims is limited by the large size of the large number of SCD victims and the apparent time-dependent risk of sudden death. The latter refers to the tendency of SCDs to detect other cardiovascular events during the most dangerous period of 6–18 months following a major cardiovascular event and the risk of subsequent collapse. The combination of time and lake size provides the basis for future research to find more vulnerable people. Pathologically, SCD can be seen as an interaction between some electrophysiological events that causes abnormalities in cardiac structure, temporal dysfunction, and malignant arrhythmias. Structural deformities represent an anatomical matrix of chronic risk and include the effects of electrophysiological anatomical abnormalities such as coronary arter...
Updates in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement, 2021
Severe symptomatic aortic stenosis includes a poor diagnosis until recently; surgical aortic valv... more Severe symptomatic aortic stenosis includes a poor diagnosis until recently; surgical aortic valve replacement has been the standard of care in adults with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis. Trans catheter aortic valve substitute (TAVR) become developed as an alternative to the surgical approach in this excessive-threat and inoperable populace. TAVR is a minimally invasive, catheter-primarily based method to replace the characteristic of the aortic valve. Indicated for patients at intermediate or greater risk for open heart surgery, TAVR may be an excellent option for certain patients because the prevalence of aortic stenosis and comorbidities may increase the risks associated with surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR). The complete manner usually takes approximately 1-2 hours. At the beginning of the system, surgeons make a small incision in considered one of 3 locations, the groin, the neck, or an intercostal space. a skinny, flexible catheter with the coronary heart valve is guided via the incision into the artery and to the diseased valve. The TAVR heart valve is positioned inside the diseased or failing surgical valve; it begins working at once. The catheter is then removed and the incision closed.
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Jan 10, 2022
Background: Cardiac tamponade is a medical emergency that occurs when a large amount of fluid bui... more Background: Cardiac tamponade is a medical emergency that occurs when a large amount of fluid builds up in the pericardial sac, causing the heart to compress and decrease cardiac output and shock. This practice focuses on the role of the interprofessional team in evaluating and improving treatment and care of cardiac tamponade. The purpose of this review article is to describe the etiology of cardiac tamponade, to identify the pathophysiology of cardiac tamponade, to describe specific ECG changes in the evaluation of cardiac tamponade, and to improve coordination of care among interprofessional team members to improve care delivery. To discuss the importance of and outcome in patients with cardiac tamponade. Conclusion: Cardiac tamponade requires treatment after diagnosis. This disease is always fatal if left untreated. According to statistics, cardiac tamponade during open-heart surgery is usually fatal.
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Jan 6, 2022
Background: Reduced or full suspension of blood flow to a region of the myocardium causes myocard... more Background: Reduced or full suspension of blood flow to a region of the myocardium causes myocardial infarction (MI), sometimes known as "heart attack." Myocardial infarction can be "silent," causing hemodynamic deterioration and abrupt death, or it can be a catastrophic event that causes hemodynamic deterioration and death. The most common cause of myocardial infarction is coronary artery disease, which is the leading cause of death in the United States. The myocardium is deprived of oxygen when a coronary artery is blocked. Myocardial cell loss and necrosis can occur when the myocardium is deprived of oxygen for an extended period. Patients may complain of chest pain or pressure that spreads to the neck, jaw, shoulder, or arm. Myocardial ischemia may be accompanied by ECG alterations and elevated biochemical markers such as cardiac troponins, in addition to the history and physical exam. This exercise covers the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of myocardial infarction, as well as the role of the interprofessional team in enhancing patient care. Conclusion: This review article aims to review the basic pathophysiology of myocardial infarction, explain the management protocol when a patient is diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction, including all necessary laboratory and another diagnostic testing, summarise long-term management and rehabilitation for a patient post-MI, and explain interprofessional team strategies for improving care coordination and communication to advance the prevention and management of myocardial infarction.
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Jan 5, 2022
Background: Hypertension affects 10% of pregnancies in the US and is the leading cause of materna... more Background: Hypertension affects 10% of pregnancies in the US and is the leading cause of maternal and infant mortality. Hypertension during pregnancy involves several conditions, particularly preeclampsia, a type of hypertension that differs from pregnancy, which is more de Novo or chronic hypertension. Risks to the fetus include premature birth, stunted growth, and death. Childbirth is a direct treatment for preeclampsia. Treatment of acute hypertension is necessary to prevent cerebrovascular, cardiac, and renal problems in the mother. The other two types of hypertension, chronic and transient hypertension, are usually very bad. Proper management of hypertension during pregnancy requires consideration of various factors in the cardiovascular physiology of pregnancy. The main goal is to prevent complications in the mother associated with impaired uterine blood flow and fetal blood circulation. Before prescribing an antihypertensive drug, it is important to carefully evaluate the potential risk to the fetus from the interaction of uterine drugs. This review article aims to show the investigations and treatment available in cases of preeclampsia. The ultimate goal of treating high blood pressure during pregnancy is to have a healthy newborn without harming the mother's health.
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Jan 11, 2022
The retrograde movement of blood from the left ventricle (LV) into the left atrium (LA) through t... more The retrograde movement of blood from the left ventricle (LV) into the left atrium (LA) through the mitral valve (MV) causes a systolic murmur heard best at the apex of the heart with radiation to the left axilla. MR is the most common valvular anomaly in the globe, affecting around 2% of the population and increasing in incidence with age. This activity examines the diagnosis and treatment of mitral regurgitation, emphasizing the importance of the healthcare team in assessing and treating patients with this illness. The goal of this review article is to identify the etiology and epidemiology of mitral regurgitation medical conditions and emergencies, review the proper history, physical, and evaluation of mitral regurgitation, outline the treatment and management options for mitral regurgitation, and describe interprofessional team strategies for improving care coordination and communication to advance mitral regurgitation and improve outcomes.
Indian Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 2024
Endothelial activation as well as dysfunction is a major factor in atherosclerosis, cardiovascula... more Endothelial activation as well as dysfunction is a major factor in atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disorders, and cardiorenal syndrome. Endothelial dysfunction is additionally associated with metabolic syndrome as well as type II diabetes. The hunt for distinctive as well as sensitive biomarkers of endothelial activity and dysfunction may have substantial therapeutic consequences. This review pinpoints the variations in biomarkers that occur between endothelial activation and endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular illnesses, and then briefly highlights the most significant biomarkers of endothelial activation. Biomarkers of endothelial activation consist of endothelial adhesion molecules, as well as cytokines, and C-reactive protein, along with CD62E++/E-selectin activated endothelial microparticles, and oxidation of low-density lipoproteins, together with asymmetric dimethylarginine as well as endocan. This study also includes an update on the new biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) (e.g., MMP-7, MMP-9), along with ANGPTL2, and endoglin, together with annexin V++ endothelium apoptotic microparticles, and serum homocysteine. Finally, this study stresses the limits of biomarkers of endothelium activation and dysfunction in clinical situations.
Journal of Indian College of Cardiology, Apr 1, 2024
In this review, we examine the evolving importance of inflammation in atherosclerosis, the root c... more In this review, we examine the evolving importance of inflammation in atherosclerosis, the root cause of heart attacks, and strokes. We analyze the complex processes by which inflammation drives all phases of atherosclerosis and closely assess possible targets for therapy within the inflammatory pathway. For researchers and health-care professionals seeking insight into the crucial role of inflammation in atherosclerosis and its potential for novel therapeutic approaches, this review offers a valuable resource.
Asian journal of medicine and health, Nov 25, 2021
Background: Over the past decade, percutaneous atrial septal defect (ASD) closure has been the pr... more Background: Over the past decade, percutaneous atrial septal defect (ASD) closure has been the preferred treatment option in many clinical programs for ASD. Percutaneous ASD closures with advanced device architecture and distribution have established user experience and process security. The ability to diagnose has also improved. The devices have evolved from the larger fixtures to the reset zone, being easily eliminated with little residual mesh material and comfortable fitting with the surrounding structures. Biodegradable technology has been introduced and will be considered as a future option. The emergence of the use of the ASD closure device over the last forty years includes improvements that reduce the incidence of adverse effects reported over the years. Issues reported in the literature include thrombus formation, air tightness, device insertion, abrasion, residual shunts and nickel hypersensitivity. Modern tools hold medium and long-term data with excellent results. Multi-sized devices securely close simple and complex ASDs that can re-scan, reset, and detect percutaneous advanced delivery procedures. In this review, the most widely used tools and distribution processes are discussed and the tools that show promise for the future. As the field of transcatheter treatment of atrial septal defects (TC-ASD) and congenital interventional cardiology develops, real-world design studies provide valuable developmental information on aspects of care where there is disagreement about best practices and more research is needed.
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Dec 13, 2021
Background: Managing persistent patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is still a difficult task. During ... more Background: Managing persistent patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is still a difficult task. During the previous 20 years, the attitude regarding PDA has evolved in the other way, from pushing for an aggressive and early closure to a demand for careful observation. While persistent PDA can complicate preterm neonatal medical management due to fluid overload, pulmonary edema or hemorrhage, hypotension, and decreased tissue perfusion, it can also contribute to long-term neonatal morbidities such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). It is now apparent that the majority of PDA cases close spontaneously and do not require treatment, as long as conservative management is used. However, there has been little consensus on what defines a hemodynamically significant PDA and when, if ever, it should be treated. With growing worry about the potential risks of PDA ligation, a new method for transcatheter PDA closure is gaining traction. We describe current knowledge of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy of PDA in preterm newborns in this review, and give some evidence-based recommendations. Conclusion: Fluid restriction and diuretics (where clinically appropriate), medicinal intervention, and surgical ligation are the three current therapy options for PDA.
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Dec 13, 2021
Background: Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are still one of the most prevalent surgical indica... more Background: Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are still one of the most prevalent surgical indications in newborns and children with congenital heart disease. With advances in echocardiography, cardiac catheterization is no longer necessary in the treatment of these individuals. Although perioperative mortality and morbidity for isolated defects are still low, unique scenarios such as surgical care of numerous VSDs and decision-making in patients with pulmonary hypertension remain difficult. This chapter examines both classic and recent evidence that has shaped the management of this condition, as well as the facts underlying developing interventional methods utilized in both the catheterization lab and the operating room. Conclusion: VSD is the most common congenital abnormality at birth. Small flaws should close on their own within the first year of life; however, larger faults can cause serious difficulties. The major interventions for big problems are surgical VSD closure and device closure.
Background: HF heart failure is a serious cardiovascular disease with its increased incidence, se... more Background: HF heart failure is a serious cardiovascular disease with its increased incidence, serious illness, high mortality and rapidly increasing medical costs. HF patients are increasing worldwide and South Korea is no exception. Over the past 40 years, there have been significant improvements in the definition, diagnosis, and treatment of HF. There are ongoing efforts to improve HF risk classification using biomarkers, imaging and genetic testing. Newly developed drugs and HF devices are widely accepted in clinical practice. In addition, specific treatments for end-stage renal disease, including left ventricular defense devices and heart transplants, will soon emerge. This review summarizes recent HF management and new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to improve outcomes in HF patients. Conclusion: Heart failure is a public health burden that has far-reaching consequences for the future of health care and human health.
Background: Diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema are caused by chronic damage to the n... more Background: Diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema are caused by chronic damage to the neurovascular structure of the retina. The pathophysiology of retinal damage remains uncertain but includes abnormalities in metabolism and neuroinflammation. These mechanisms are considered for deep metabolic regulation of systemic diseases and the use of ocular antiinflammatory agents such as vascular endothelium inhibitors and corticosteroids. A better understanding of the underlying eye and systemic processes of diabetic retinopathy will improve the way we diagnose and treat retinopathy and maintain better vision. Conclusion: Diabetic retinopathy progresses with the duration of the disease and often leads to an increase in retinopathy in early adolescent patients and macular edema in elderly patients.
Background: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a general term for the clinical signs and Symptoms o... more Background: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a general term for the clinical signs and Symptoms of Myocardial Ischemia: transient angina, non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. This article also describes ACS and the conditions involved; Update your risk factors; Describe its pathology and associated signs and symptoms; Analyze your various diagnostic findings, such as cardiac biomarkers and electrocardiographic changes; And identifies alternative treatments, including recurring treatments and therapies. Conclusion: This condition results in a sudden decrease in blood flow (and oxygen) to the heart. It is important to understand the cause and to identify its symptoms and signs.
Background: Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty is a procedure used to dilate the mitral va... more Background: Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty is a procedure used to dilate the mitral valve in cases of rheumatic mitral stenosis. The catheter is inserted into the female vein to the right atrium and atrial septum. The mitral valve is then passed through the inflated balloon to facilitate effective integration of mitral adhesions, which increases the area of the mitral valve and decreases the rate of mitral stenosis. Mitral regurgitation is a potential problem, and thus balloon percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV) is prevented in moderate to severe relapse. The Wilkins score studies mitral valve morphology and evaluation by echocardiography to assess the viability of PBMVs based on specific echocardiographic conditions. Conclusion: There are many factors in the immediate and long-term outcomes of patients undergoing PMV. Echo-Sc can be used in combination with other clinical and morphological predictions of PMV effects to identify patients who experience the best effects on PMV.
Background: Over the past decade, percutaneous atrial septal defect (ASD) closure has been the pr... more Background: Over the past decade, percutaneous atrial septal defect (ASD) closure has been the preferred treatment option in many clinical programs for ASD. Percutaneous ASD closures with advanced device architecture and distribution have established user experience and process security. The ability to diagnose has also improved. The devices have evolved from the larger fixtures to the reset zone, being easily eliminated with little residual mesh material and comfortable fitting with the surrounding structures. Biodegradable technology has been introduced and will be considered as a future option. The emergence of the use of the ASD closure device over the last forty years includes improvements that reduce the incidence of adverse effects reported over the years. Issues reported in the literature include thrombus formation, air tightness, device insertion, abrasion, residual shunts and nickel hypersensitivity. Modern tools hold medium and long-term data with excellent results. Multi...
Background: Sudden cardiac death (SCD) remains a major open clinical and public health problem, w... more Background: Sudden cardiac death (SCD) remains a major open clinical and public health problem, with an estimated 300,000 deaths per year in the United States. The possibility of identifying potential SCD victims is limited by the large size of the large number of SCD victims and the apparent time-dependent risk of sudden death. The latter refers to the tendency of SCDs to detect other cardiovascular events during the most dangerous period of 6–18 months following a major cardiovascular event and the risk of subsequent collapse. The combination of time and lake size provides the basis for future research to find more vulnerable people. Pathologically, SCD can be seen as an interaction between some electrophysiological events that causes abnormalities in cardiac structure, temporal dysfunction, and malignant arrhythmias. Structural deformities represent an anatomical matrix of chronic risk and include the effects of electrophysiological anatomical abnormalities such as coronary arter...
Updates in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement, 2021
Severe symptomatic aortic stenosis includes a poor diagnosis until recently; surgical aortic valv... more Severe symptomatic aortic stenosis includes a poor diagnosis until recently; surgical aortic valve replacement has been the standard of care in adults with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis. Trans catheter aortic valve substitute (TAVR) become developed as an alternative to the surgical approach in this excessive-threat and inoperable populace. TAVR is a minimally invasive, catheter-primarily based method to replace the characteristic of the aortic valve. Indicated for patients at intermediate or greater risk for open heart surgery, TAVR may be an excellent option for certain patients because the prevalence of aortic stenosis and comorbidities may increase the risks associated with surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR). The complete manner usually takes approximately 1-2 hours. At the beginning of the system, surgeons make a small incision in considered one of 3 locations, the groin, the neck, or an intercostal space. a skinny, flexible catheter with the coronary heart valve is guided via the incision into the artery and to the diseased valve. The TAVR heart valve is positioned inside the diseased or failing surgical valve; it begins working at once. The catheter is then removed and the incision closed.
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