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Karen J Kirkby

The University of Manchester, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Faculty Member

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Vincenzo Tombolini

Walter Reed National Military Medical Center

Kerstin Borgmann

Alisa Morshneva

University of Arkansas

Sieger Leenstra

Erasmus University Rotterdam

Nikolaos Kentepozidis

Rogelio Gonzalez-sarmiento

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Papers by Karen J Kirkby

Radiosensitization of glioblastoma cells using a histone deacetylase inhibitor (SAHA) comparing carbon ions with X-rays

International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2015

Short running title: HDAC inhibition with low and high LET radiation Keywords: High-LET, clonogen... more Short running title: HDAC inhibition with low and high LET radiation Keywords: High-LET, clonogenic assay, chromatin decondensation, DNA double strand break repair Abbreviations: Glioblastoma (GBM), O 6 -methyguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), Suberoylanilidehydroxamic acid (SAHA), Temozolomide (TMZ), Linear energy transfer (LET), Histone Deacetylase (HDAC), Histone Deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) , Double Strand Breaks (DSB), Sensitiser Enhancement Ratio (SER), Relative Biological Effect (RBE), Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ) and Homologous Recombination (HR), Sensitiser Enhancer Ratio (SER), Yttrium Aluminum Garnet doped with Cerium (YAG:Ce), Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) 2 Abstract Purpose: Prognosis for patients with glioblastoma (GBM) remains poor, and new treatments are needed.

Heavy ion implantation combined with grazing incidence X-ray absorption spectroscopy (GIXAS): A new methodology for the characterisation of radiation damage in nuclear ceramics

MRS Proceedings, 2009

Deactivation of Ultra Shallow B and BF2 Profiles After Non-melt Laser Annealing

MRS Proceedings, 2006

Ultra-shallow B and BF 2 implants in silicon pre-amorphised with Ge have been activated using a s... more Ultra-shallow B and BF 2 implants in silicon pre-amorphised with Ge have been activated using a scanning non-melt laser. The implants were activated either by using 1 or 10 laser scans. Isochronal 60s post-laser annealing between 700-1000ºC were then undertaken to study the deactivation and reactivation of the B. Both B and BF2 samples were implanted with a dose of 1x10 15 B cm -2 at an effective energy of 500eV. The presence of F from the BF 2 implants, which is superimposed over the boron profile increases the sheet resistance of the initial fabricated junction (from 600-700 ohms/sq from B implants only to 750-1100 ohms/sq for BF2 implants). Fluorine also changes the deactivation and reactivation behaviour of the boron during the postanneals by increasing the amount of deactivation of the boron.

Deactivation of submelt laser annealed arsenic ultrashallow junctions in silicon during subsequent thermal treatment

Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures, 2010

... Damiano Giubertoni, Giancarlo Pepponi, Mehmet Alper Sahiner, Stephen P. Kelty, Salvatore Genn... more

Correlation of local structure and electrical activation in arsenic ultrashallow junctions in silicon

Journal of Applied Physics, 2008

The understanding of the behavior of arsenic in highly doped near surface silicon layers is of cr... more The understanding of the behavior of arsenic in highly doped near surface silicon layers is of crucial importance for the formation of N-type ultrashallow junctions in current and future very large scale integrated technology. This is of particular relevance when studying recently developed implantation and annealing methods. Past theoretical as well as experimental investigations have suggested that the increase in As concentration, and therefore the reciprocal proximity of several As atoms, leads to a drastic increase in electrically inactive defects giving only marginal reduction in sheet resistance. Monoclinic SiAs aggregates as well as various arsenic-vacancy clusters contribute to the deactivation of arsenic. This study aims to correlate between the results of electrical activation measurements and x-ray absorption fine structure measurements. Samples were doped with a nominal fluence of 1 ϫ 10 15 -3ϫ 10 15 atoms/ cm 2 , implanted at 2 keV, and annealed by rapid thermal treatments, laser submelt treatments, and a combination of both. Hall effect and sheet resistance measurements have been performed to obtain the density of charge carriers. Secondary ion mass spectrometry has been employed to measure the depth profile and the total retained fluences. The percentage of substitutional arsenic has been obtained by least-squares fits of the measured x-ray absorption spectra with simulated spectra of relaxed structures of the defects obtained by density functional theory. A good agreement with the Hall effect measured electrically active dose fraction has been obtained and a quantification of the population of the different defects involved has been attempted.

Ion beam synthesized Ru[sub 2]Si[sub 3]

Applied Physics Letters, 1999

In this letter we report the synthesis of the semiconductor Ru2Si3 by ion implantation into a sil... more In this letter we report the synthesis of the semiconductor Ru2Si3 by ion implantation into a silicon substrate. The formation of this compound has been confirmed by x-ray measurements and electron diffraction. The absorption coefficient has been determined directly by optical transmission measurements. The band gap is found to be direct with a value in the region of 0.9 eV.

Effect of temperature on endophyte and plant growth of annual ryegrass, perennial ryegrass and tall fescue

Annual ryegrass, perennial ryegrass and tall fescue are agronomically important grasses for pastu... more Annual ryegrass, perennial ryegrass and tall fescue are agronomically important grasses for pasture, amenity and erosion control. These cool season grasses are often infected with a systemic fungal endophyte that increases the tolerance of the grass host to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Transmission of the endophyte is via seeds from infected plants and loss of viable endophyte may occur in the seed, particularly at elevated levels of temperature and humidity. The aim of this experiment was to determine if endophyte remained viable after heating infected seed lots of annual ryegrass, perennial ryegrass and tall fescue, and if so, would this treatment have any effect on germination and the subsequent growth of the resulting plants. A total of five seed lots were stored for 4, 8 and 12 days at temperatures of 4, 25 and 60°C. Seed was then germinated over a period of 14 days and plants maintained for a further 15 weeks. For percentage germination and viable endophyte, there were significant interactions between temperature treatment and seed lot, but plant biomass and tiller number were not significantly affected. Heating seed of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass had no or little effect on germination. Germination of annual ryegrass was affected to a greater extent, but this may have been a reflection of declining seed vigour in the seed lots tested. Viable endophyte was significantly reduced in all seed lots subjected to heat. Relatively high levels of viable endophyte were still found in the perennial and annual ryegrass seed lots after 12 days heat treatment, indicating that heat and humidity treatment may be required to completely kill endophyte in seed. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal conditions for killing endophyte in annual ryegrass seed, without unduly compromising seed germination and early plant growth.

Viability of seed and endophyte (Neotyphodium occultans) in annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) when buried and in long term storage

Seed Science and Technology

The viability of seed and fungal endophyte was examined in Lolium rigidum (Gaud.) seed buried for... more The viability of seed and fungal endophyte was examined in Lolium rigidum (Gaud.) seed buried for up to 18 months, and in seed that was stored at ambient room temperature for up to 8 years. Months buried had a significant effect on seed and endophyte viability, while burial depth had no effect. Mean seed viability for the first 6 months of burial was 92% and after 12 and 18 months had declined to a mean of 67%. Viable endophyte decreased to 12% after 4 months and continued declining to 6% after 18 months burial. A significant interaction was found between length of seed storage and the origin (state) from which seed was collected. Victorian seed lots had lower germination than those from the other states of Australia. Mean germination for seed stored up to 8 years remained relatively high at 81%. Viable endophyte was negatively affected by length of storage, where viability declined considerably in seed stored for 3 or more years. Mean endophyte viability in seed stored for 4 to 8 y...

An endogenous nanomineral chaperones luminal antigen and peptidoglycan to intestinal immune cells

Nature Nanotechnology, 2015

In humans and other mammals it is known that calcium and phosphate ions are secreted from the dis... more In humans and other mammals it is known that calcium and phosphate ions are secreted from the distal small intestine into the lumen. However, why this secretion occurs is unclear. Here, we show that the process leads to the formation of amorphous magnesium-substituted calcium phosphate nanoparticles that trap soluble macromolecules, such as bacterial peptidoglycan and orally fed protein antigens, in the lumen and transport them to immune cells of the intestinal tissue. The macromolecule-containing nanoparticles utilize epithelial M cells to enter Peyer&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s patches, small areas of the intestine concentrated with particle-scavenging immune cells. In wild-type mice, intestinal immune cells containing these naturally formed nanoparticles expressed the immune tolerance-associated molecule &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;programmed death-ligand 1&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;, whereas in NOD1/2 double knockout mice, which cannot recognize peptidoglycan, programmed death-ligand 1 was undetected. Our results explain a role for constitutively formed calcium phosphate nanoparticles in the gut lumen and show how this helps to shape intestinal immune homeostasis.

Current status of cranial stereotactic radiosurgery in the UK

The British Journal of Radiology, 2016

To investigate and benchmark the current clinical and dosimetric practices in stereotactic radios... more To investigate and benchmark the current clinical and dosimetric practices in stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in the UK. A detailed questionnaire was sent to 70 radiotherapy centres in the UK. 97% (68/70) of centres replied between June and December 2014. 21 centres stated that they are practising SRS, and a further 12 centres plan to start SRS by the end of 2016. The most commonly treated indications are brain metastases and acoustic neuromas. A large range of prescription isodoses that range from 45% to 100% between different radiotherapy centres was seen. Ionization chambers and solid-water phantoms are used by the majority of centres for patient-specific quality assurance, and thermoplastic masks for patient immobilization are more commonly used than fixed stereotactic frames. The majority of centres perform orthogonal kilovoltage X-rays for localization before and during delivery. The acceptable setup accuracy reported ranges from 0.1 to 2 mm with a mean of 0.8 mm. SRS has been increasing in use in the UK and will continue to increase in the next 2 years. There is no current consensus between SRS centres as a whole, or even between SRS centres with the same equipment, on the practices followed. This indicates the need for benchmarking and standardization in SRS practices within the UK. This article outlines the current practices in SRS and provides a benchmark for reference and comparison with future research in this technique.

Ion Implanted Nanostructures

Small Geometry SOI/CMOS Devices on SIMOX Substrates

ABSTRACT

Elemental analysis of residual deposits in an ion implanter using IBA techniques

SCS 2003 International Symposium on Signals Circuits and Systems Proceedings (Cat No 03EX720) IIT-02, 2002

... J. Mefo, K. J Kirkby, BJ Sealy, G. Boudreault, C. Jeynes School of Electronics and Physical S... more

Effects of annealing on doped and undoped ion beam synthesised CoSi2 structures

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms

Current Practice of Cranial Stereotactic Radiosurgery in the Uk

ABSTRACT

Measuring and modelling cell-to-cell variation in uptake of gold nanoparticles

The Analyst, 2013

The cell-to-cell variation of gold nanoparticle (GNP) uptake is important for therapeutic applica... more The cell-to-cell variation of gold nanoparticle (GNP) uptake is important for therapeutic applications. We directly counted the GNPs in hundreds of individual cells, and showed that the large variation from cell-to-cell could be directly modelled by assuming log-normal distributions of both cell mass and GNP rate of uptake. This was true for GNPs non-specifically bound to fetal bovine serum or conjugated to a cell penetrating peptide. Within a population of cells, GNP content varied naturally by a factor greater than 10 between individual cells.

Depth profile analysis for MgB2 thin films, formed by B implantation in Mg ribbons using energetic ion backscatterings

Physica C: Superconductivity, 2007

Both Rutherford backscatterings of 4 He + beams and non-Rutherford backscatterings of 4 He + and ... more Both Rutherford backscatterings of 4 He + beams and non-Rutherford backscatterings of 4 He + and H + beams have been used in this study to investigate the depth profiles of B dopant in Mg target upon B implantation and post annealing. Primitive data analysis suggests an enhanced diffusion of surface C contaminant during the B implantation process, together with enhanced surface oxidation upon implantation and thermal annealing in flowing N 2 atmosphere. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Biomedical applications of high-energy ion beams

Clinical Oncology, 2004

11th International Microbeam Workshop on Microbeam Probes of Cellular Radiation Response

EPR of defects in silicon-on-insulator structures formed by ion implantation. I. O+ implantation

Journal of Physics C Solid State Physics

ABSTRACT

Radiosensitization of glioblastoma cells using a histone deacetylase inhibitor (SAHA) comparing carbon ions with X-rays

International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2015

Short running title: HDAC inhibition with low and high LET radiation Keywords: High-LET, clonogen... more Short running title: HDAC inhibition with low and high LET radiation Keywords: High-LET, clonogenic assay, chromatin decondensation, DNA double strand break repair Abbreviations: Glioblastoma (GBM), O 6 -methyguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), Suberoylanilidehydroxamic acid (SAHA), Temozolomide (TMZ), Linear energy transfer (LET), Histone Deacetylase (HDAC), Histone Deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) , Double Strand Breaks (DSB), Sensitiser Enhancement Ratio (SER), Relative Biological Effect (RBE), Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ) and Homologous Recombination (HR), Sensitiser Enhancer Ratio (SER), Yttrium Aluminum Garnet doped with Cerium (YAG:Ce), Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) 2 Abstract Purpose: Prognosis for patients with glioblastoma (GBM) remains poor, and new treatments are needed.

Heavy ion implantation combined with grazing incidence X-ray absorption spectroscopy (GIXAS): A new methodology for the characterisation of radiation damage in nuclear ceramics

MRS Proceedings, 2009

Deactivation of Ultra Shallow B and BF2 Profiles After Non-melt Laser Annealing

MRS Proceedings, 2006

Ultra-shallow B and BF 2 implants in silicon pre-amorphised with Ge have been activated using a s... more Ultra-shallow B and BF 2 implants in silicon pre-amorphised with Ge have been activated using a scanning non-melt laser. The implants were activated either by using 1 or 10 laser scans. Isochronal 60s post-laser annealing between 700-1000ºC were then undertaken to study the deactivation and reactivation of the B. Both B and BF2 samples were implanted with a dose of 1x10 15 B cm -2 at an effective energy of 500eV. The presence of F from the BF 2 implants, which is superimposed over the boron profile increases the sheet resistance of the initial fabricated junction (from 600-700 ohms/sq from B implants only to 750-1100 ohms/sq for BF2 implants). Fluorine also changes the deactivation and reactivation behaviour of the boron during the postanneals by increasing the amount of deactivation of the boron.

Deactivation of submelt laser annealed arsenic ultrashallow junctions in silicon during subsequent thermal treatment

Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures, 2010

... Damiano Giubertoni, Giancarlo Pepponi, Mehmet Alper Sahiner, Stephen P. Kelty, Salvatore Genn... more

Correlation of local structure and electrical activation in arsenic ultrashallow junctions in silicon

Journal of Applied Physics, 2008

The understanding of the behavior of arsenic in highly doped near surface silicon layers is of cr... more The understanding of the behavior of arsenic in highly doped near surface silicon layers is of crucial importance for the formation of N-type ultrashallow junctions in current and future very large scale integrated technology. This is of particular relevance when studying recently developed implantation and annealing methods. Past theoretical as well as experimental investigations have suggested that the increase in As concentration, and therefore the reciprocal proximity of several As atoms, leads to a drastic increase in electrically inactive defects giving only marginal reduction in sheet resistance. Monoclinic SiAs aggregates as well as various arsenic-vacancy clusters contribute to the deactivation of arsenic. This study aims to correlate between the results of electrical activation measurements and x-ray absorption fine structure measurements. Samples were doped with a nominal fluence of 1 ϫ 10 15 -3ϫ 10 15 atoms/ cm 2 , implanted at 2 keV, and annealed by rapid thermal treatments, laser submelt treatments, and a combination of both. Hall effect and sheet resistance measurements have been performed to obtain the density of charge carriers. Secondary ion mass spectrometry has been employed to measure the depth profile and the total retained fluences. The percentage of substitutional arsenic has been obtained by least-squares fits of the measured x-ray absorption spectra with simulated spectra of relaxed structures of the defects obtained by density functional theory. A good agreement with the Hall effect measured electrically active dose fraction has been obtained and a quantification of the population of the different defects involved has been attempted.

Ion beam synthesized Ru[sub 2]Si[sub 3]

Applied Physics Letters, 1999

In this letter we report the synthesis of the semiconductor Ru2Si3 by ion implantation into a sil... more In this letter we report the synthesis of the semiconductor Ru2Si3 by ion implantation into a silicon substrate. The formation of this compound has been confirmed by x-ray measurements and electron diffraction. The absorption coefficient has been determined directly by optical transmission measurements. The band gap is found to be direct with a value in the region of 0.9 eV.

Effect of temperature on endophyte and plant growth of annual ryegrass, perennial ryegrass and tall fescue

Annual ryegrass, perennial ryegrass and tall fescue are agronomically important grasses for pastu... more Annual ryegrass, perennial ryegrass and tall fescue are agronomically important grasses for pasture, amenity and erosion control. These cool season grasses are often infected with a systemic fungal endophyte that increases the tolerance of the grass host to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Transmission of the endophyte is via seeds from infected plants and loss of viable endophyte may occur in the seed, particularly at elevated levels of temperature and humidity. The aim of this experiment was to determine if endophyte remained viable after heating infected seed lots of annual ryegrass, perennial ryegrass and tall fescue, and if so, would this treatment have any effect on germination and the subsequent growth of the resulting plants. A total of five seed lots were stored for 4, 8 and 12 days at temperatures of 4, 25 and 60°C. Seed was then germinated over a period of 14 days and plants maintained for a further 15 weeks. For percentage germination and viable endophyte, there were significant interactions between temperature treatment and seed lot, but plant biomass and tiller number were not significantly affected. Heating seed of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass had no or little effect on germination. Germination of annual ryegrass was affected to a greater extent, but this may have been a reflection of declining seed vigour in the seed lots tested. Viable endophyte was significantly reduced in all seed lots subjected to heat. Relatively high levels of viable endophyte were still found in the perennial and annual ryegrass seed lots after 12 days heat treatment, indicating that heat and humidity treatment may be required to completely kill endophyte in seed. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal conditions for killing endophyte in annual ryegrass seed, without unduly compromising seed germination and early plant growth.

Viability of seed and endophyte (Neotyphodium occultans) in annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) when buried and in long term storage

Seed Science and Technology

The viability of seed and fungal endophyte was examined in Lolium rigidum (Gaud.) seed buried for... more The viability of seed and fungal endophyte was examined in Lolium rigidum (Gaud.) seed buried for up to 18 months, and in seed that was stored at ambient room temperature for up to 8 years. Months buried had a significant effect on seed and endophyte viability, while burial depth had no effect. Mean seed viability for the first 6 months of burial was 92% and after 12 and 18 months had declined to a mean of 67%. Viable endophyte decreased to 12% after 4 months and continued declining to 6% after 18 months burial. A significant interaction was found between length of seed storage and the origin (state) from which seed was collected. Victorian seed lots had lower germination than those from the other states of Australia. Mean germination for seed stored up to 8 years remained relatively high at 81%. Viable endophyte was negatively affected by length of storage, where viability declined considerably in seed stored for 3 or more years. Mean endophyte viability in seed stored for 4 to 8 y...

An endogenous nanomineral chaperones luminal antigen and peptidoglycan to intestinal immune cells

Nature Nanotechnology, 2015

In humans and other mammals it is known that calcium and phosphate ions are secreted from the dis... more In humans and other mammals it is known that calcium and phosphate ions are secreted from the distal small intestine into the lumen. However, why this secretion occurs is unclear. Here, we show that the process leads to the formation of amorphous magnesium-substituted calcium phosphate nanoparticles that trap soluble macromolecules, such as bacterial peptidoglycan and orally fed protein antigens, in the lumen and transport them to immune cells of the intestinal tissue. The macromolecule-containing nanoparticles utilize epithelial M cells to enter Peyer&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s patches, small areas of the intestine concentrated with particle-scavenging immune cells. In wild-type mice, intestinal immune cells containing these naturally formed nanoparticles expressed the immune tolerance-associated molecule &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;programmed death-ligand 1&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;, whereas in NOD1/2 double knockout mice, which cannot recognize peptidoglycan, programmed death-ligand 1 was undetected. Our results explain a role for constitutively formed calcium phosphate nanoparticles in the gut lumen and show how this helps to shape intestinal immune homeostasis.

Current status of cranial stereotactic radiosurgery in the UK

The British Journal of Radiology, 2016

To investigate and benchmark the current clinical and dosimetric practices in stereotactic radios... more To investigate and benchmark the current clinical and dosimetric practices in stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in the UK. A detailed questionnaire was sent to 70 radiotherapy centres in the UK. 97% (68/70) of centres replied between June and December 2014. 21 centres stated that they are practising SRS, and a further 12 centres plan to start SRS by the end of 2016. The most commonly treated indications are brain metastases and acoustic neuromas. A large range of prescription isodoses that range from 45% to 100% between different radiotherapy centres was seen. Ionization chambers and solid-water phantoms are used by the majority of centres for patient-specific quality assurance, and thermoplastic masks for patient immobilization are more commonly used than fixed stereotactic frames. The majority of centres perform orthogonal kilovoltage X-rays for localization before and during delivery. The acceptable setup accuracy reported ranges from 0.1 to 2 mm with a mean of 0.8 mm. SRS has been increasing in use in the UK and will continue to increase in the next 2 years. There is no current consensus between SRS centres as a whole, or even between SRS centres with the same equipment, on the practices followed. This indicates the need for benchmarking and standardization in SRS practices within the UK. This article outlines the current practices in SRS and provides a benchmark for reference and comparison with future research in this technique.

Ion Implanted Nanostructures

Small Geometry SOI/CMOS Devices on SIMOX Substrates

ABSTRACT

Elemental analysis of residual deposits in an ion implanter using IBA techniques

SCS 2003 International Symposium on Signals Circuits and Systems Proceedings (Cat No 03EX720) IIT-02, 2002

... J. Mefo, K. J Kirkby, BJ Sealy, G. Boudreault, C. Jeynes School of Electronics and Physical S... more

Effects of annealing on doped and undoped ion beam synthesised CoSi2 structures

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms

Current Practice of Cranial Stereotactic Radiosurgery in the Uk

ABSTRACT

Measuring and modelling cell-to-cell variation in uptake of gold nanoparticles

The Analyst, 2013

The cell-to-cell variation of gold nanoparticle (GNP) uptake is important for therapeutic applica... more The cell-to-cell variation of gold nanoparticle (GNP) uptake is important for therapeutic applications. We directly counted the GNPs in hundreds of individual cells, and showed that the large variation from cell-to-cell could be directly modelled by assuming log-normal distributions of both cell mass and GNP rate of uptake. This was true for GNPs non-specifically bound to fetal bovine serum or conjugated to a cell penetrating peptide. Within a population of cells, GNP content varied naturally by a factor greater than 10 between individual cells.

Depth profile analysis for MgB2 thin films, formed by B implantation in Mg ribbons using energetic ion backscatterings

Physica C: Superconductivity, 2007

Both Rutherford backscatterings of 4 He + beams and non-Rutherford backscatterings of 4 He + and ... more Both Rutherford backscatterings of 4 He + beams and non-Rutherford backscatterings of 4 He + and H + beams have been used in this study to investigate the depth profiles of B dopant in Mg target upon B implantation and post annealing. Primitive data analysis suggests an enhanced diffusion of surface C contaminant during the B implantation process, together with enhanced surface oxidation upon implantation and thermal annealing in flowing N 2 atmosphere. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Biomedical applications of high-energy ion beams

Clinical Oncology, 2004

11th International Microbeam Workshop on Microbeam Probes of Cellular Radiation Response

EPR of defects in silicon-on-insulator structures formed by ion implantation. I. O+ implantation

Journal of Physics C Solid State Physics

ABSTRACT