International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture, 2017
Purpose Information on carbon dioxide (CO 2) emission from different organic sources and their te... more Purpose Information on carbon dioxide (CO 2) emission from different organic sources and their temperature sensitivity to decomposition is scarce in Bangladesh. Therefore, this study quantified the rates of CO 2 emission and carbon (C) degradation constants from different organic material mixed soils at variable temperatures in two laboratory experiments. Methods The first experiment was conducted at room temperature for 26 weeks to study CO 2 emission and C mineralization using vermicompost, chicken manure, cow dung, rice straw, and rice husk biochar. Weekly CO 2 emission was measured by alkali absorption followed by acid titration. The second experiment comprised two factors, viz. four organic materials (vermicompost, chicken manure, cow dung, and rice straw) and six temperature regimes (25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50°C). Organic materials at 2.5 g C kg-1 soil were mixed in both experiments. Results CO 2 emission reached the peak at 5th weeks of incubation and then decreased with irregular fashion until 21st week. The C emission loss followed in the order of chicken manure [ rice straw [ vermicompost [ cow dung [ rice husk biochar, and C degradation constants indicated the slower decomposition of rice husk biochar compared to cow dung, vermicompost, chicken manure, and rice straw. Temperature positively enhanced the mineralization of organic materials in the order of 50 [ 45 [ 40 [ 35 [ 30 [ 25°C, which contributed to higher availability of soil phosphorus. Conclusions High temperature increased mineralization of tested organic materials. Because of slower decomposition rice husk biochar, cow dung and vermicompost application can be considered as climate-smart soil management practices that might help in reducing CO 2 emission from soil.
Insect pest populations are affected by both biotic (eg predators, parasitoids, pathogens and int... more Insect pest populations are affected by both biotic (eg predators, parasitoids, pathogens and interspecific or intraspecific competition) and abiotic (eg temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed and sunshine hours) factors. Agronomic management practices are also of considerable importance. Likely impacts of any change in climate on populations of pests are manifold. They range from expansion in the geographical range of pests, increased risk of invasion, changes in overwintering patterns, natural enemy-pest interactions, changes in population growth rates, change in crop-pest synchrony, pest control factors and finally changes in pest complexes on spatial and temporal bases. Results obtained through current modelling approaches do not account for all the factors operating. Moreover, it may not be possible to replicate the methodology of other countries in the Indian context, given the wide-ranging socioeconomic conditions and different agro-ecology, and a different approach...
Global-Regional Linkages in the Earth System, 2002
South Asia includes the Indian subcontinent (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal), as well as S... more South Asia includes the Indian subcontinent (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal), as well as Sri Lanka,Maldives and Mauritius Fig. 3.1The region is one of the most densely populated in the world, with present population densities of 100–500 persons km-2. Although total land area comprises only about 3% of the world’s land masses, the 1990 population was 21.3% of the global total and by 2025 is expected to rise to -24%. The urban population in the region is increasing rapidly. In 1980 the percentage of the population living in urban areas was 23% for India, 28% for Pakistan and 11% for Bangladesh. By 2000 estimates had increased to 38%, 37% and 21% respectively. Several of the world’s most polluted cities are found in South Asia. Calcutta, Delhi, Mumbai, Karachi and Dhaka are examples of megacities that produce unacceptably high emissions of health-endangering gaseous and particulate matter into the atmosphere. Once considered only a local problem, such urban pollution is now recognized to have regional and even global implications.
Climate change impacts are visible in Bangladesh which requires adoption of judicious crop manage... more Climate change impacts are visible in Bangladesh which requires adoption of judicious crop management practices for sustainable agriculture. Crop simulation models are effective in this regard and can be used for optimizing water and nitrogen inputs for maximization of wheat yields. Two field studies were conducted at Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) for evaluating the effect of increased temperature on wheat production under variable water and N rates, through the use of DSSAT v4.6 model. Thirty years historic weather data and BARI Gom-26 wheat-cultivar coefficients, as generated through use of GLUE of DSSAT model, were used for evaluating the impact of temperature rise with variable rates of irrigation water and nitrogen. The effects of four levels of nitrogen (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha −1) and four irrigation levels [0 (no irrigation), 1, 2 and 3] on wheat yield were evaluated under 0˚C, 1˚C, 2˚C and 3˚C rise in temperature. Simulation results indicated that wheat yield increased with increase in nitrogen application rate, but decreased with the temperature rise. Crop growing duration was reduced by about five days for each degree rise in temperature, irrespective of levels of irrigation water and nitrogen-rates. In general, there was yield reduction of 8.13, 16.77 and 24.97 % with increased temperature of 1˚C, 2˚C and 3˚C, respectively, when compared with no temperature rise treatment. For interaction of temperature riseN dose, the magnitude of yield decline under temperature rise was higher with increased dose of N.
European Journal of Environment and Earth Sciences
Marine and coastal pollution is a global issue for human health and biodiversity. We have investi... more Marine and coastal pollution is a global issue for human health and biodiversity. We have investigated pollution sources, flow patterns, hotspots, challenges, and adaptation policies in Bangladesh. Industries, ship breaking yards, sewage, tourism, and transboundary depositions are the main sources of pollutions. The Ganges, Padma, Jamuna, Brahmaputra and Meghna carry wastes to the Bay of Bengal. Pollution hotspots are Dhaka, Gazipur, Narshingdi, Narayanganj, Chittagong, Khulna, Mongla port and Sylhet city. Textile and dyeing industries discharge 12.7–13.5 million m3 waste waters annually and pollute 20% of fresh water. Ship breaking yards dump about 22.5 tons polychlorinated biphenyls in a year. More than 50% of the marine oil pollution comes from urban activities. Plastic wastes at 3000 t day-1 and tourism are also contributing to the coastal pollution. Effluent releasing standards are not maintained, and thus higher concentrations of heavy metals are found with marine fishes. Use ...
Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability, 2013
There is a need to delineate vulnerable regions and identify suitable adaptation and mitigation s... more There is a need to delineate vulnerable regions and identify suitable adaptation and mitigation strategies to sustain agricultural productivity under global climate change and frequently occurring extreme climatic events. Agricultural productivity can be affected by climate change, directly, due to changes in temperature, precipitation or CO 2 levels, and indirectly, through changes in soil health (physical, chemical and biological), distribution and frequency of infestation by insects/pests. Field/control chamber-based multidisciplinary research results, covering soil-water-plant-insects-pests and atmospheric continuum processes, were used to develop dynamic/mechanistic crop growth models. These models, after thorough validation (namely WTGROWS, INFOCROP and DSSAT), have been successfully used for evaluating soil and crop processes in relation to climate change. Using these models, differential response of reduced crop yields to rising temperatures was noticed at locations. Interaction of delta change in CO 2 and temperature was significant, as noticed through growth and yield response of crops. Simulation using the WTGROWS model indicated that optimal sowing date in wheat advanced by 5-8 days per degree rise in temperature (adaptation strategy). The impact in crops was more pronounced in relatively warmer regions, which became highly adverse under limited supply of water and nutrients. Shifts in the productivity centres northward for major crops, in relation to temperature rise and enhanced CO 2 concentration, were noticed. Using WTGROWS and DSSAT, the impact of aerosol was evaluated on rice, wheat and sugarcane, and radiation reduction was compensated with the enhancement in duration of the crops due to cooling and marginal reduction in yield of crops was noticed. The crop-pest-weather interaction and socioeconomic components in the climate change impact evaluation are relatively weaker in the present models. In INFOCROP, insect-pest subroutine has been addressed and successfully used for climate change studies. There is a need to develop simulation models/life-cycle assessment methodology by integrating the multiwater/ nutrients interaction for realistic estimate of growth and yield of crops, in designing appropriate nutrient management strategies, in evaluating the environmental impacts and also in developing green crop nutrition products. Most of the climate change studies in the past are point based, extrapolated empirically for assessing the regional impacts of climate change. There is a need to evolve methodology for integrating relational layers of biophysical and socioeconomic inputs, along with climate change scenarios and crop simulation tools for region wise estimates of the impacts on agriculture, including vulnerability, mitigation and adaptation strategies.
2. The challenge of planning for sustainable food security PK Aggarwal and R. Rabbinge ... 3. Fut... more 2. The challenge of planning for sustainable food security PK Aggarwal and R. Rabbinge ... 3. Future demand for food in India and Haryana State Praduman Kumar ... 4. Evaluation of regional resources and constraints N. Kalra, PK Aggarwal, H. Pathak, Sujith Kumar, SK ...
Page 1. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Vol. 65, May 2006... more Page 1. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Vol. 65, May 2006, pp. 383-390 Effect of flyash incorporation on soil properties and productivity of crops: A review Sudhir K Sharma1,* and Naveen Kalra2 1National Physical ...
Pot culture experiments were conducted during the summer season in 1996 to evaluate the effect of... more Pot culture experiments were conducted during the summer season in 1996 to evaluate the effect of fly ash addition in soil on germination and stand establishment of maize (Zea mays L) and rice (Oryw sativa L). Fly ash was added to soil at 0, 5, I 0, 15 or 20 per cent levels, respectively, for both the crops. The changes in physical and physico-chemical characteristics of soil , due to fly ash addition were analyzed. Data on germination time, i e, time taken for 75 per cent germination, and delay index (DI), a normalized parameter, was analysed and discussed.
Field experimenls were conducted in villages around National Capital Power Project (NCPP). Dadri.... more Field experimenls were conducted in villages around National Capital Power Project (NCPP). Dadri. Uttar Pradesh , India during 1995 to evaluate llyash inco rporat ion effec ts on .;oil health and growth and yield of mai ze (Zea 1110\'.1' L.) and ri ce (Orr:o sativa L.) . Flyash app li cati on leve ls (up to I Ot/ha) wer decided on the bas is of an ash/dust fa ll range of 5 to 12 t/ha/y in the vill ages adjoining thermal power station. The grain yield of mai ze increased in llyash added plots, whereas rice yield was si mil ar to ll yash treated plots. Flyas h added plots had marginall y higher uptake ofZn, Cu, Fe, Mn , and Cd. but va lues were insignifi cant. Flyash appli cation in soi l resulted in lower hulk density. Fl yas h addit;on also reduced hyd rau lic co nductivit y and improved moisture retention at field capacity and permanent wi lting point. Th ese changes in the soil charac teri stics might have been due to modifications in the macro-and micro-pore size di stribution whi ch also contributed to increased yield of maize in light and medium textured so il s.
Field experiments were conducted in villages around National Capital Power Project (NCPP), Dadri,... more Field experiments were conducted in villages around National Capital Power Project (NCPP), Dadri, Uttar Pradesh and Indian Agricultural Research Institute (lARI) Farm, New Delhi during 1995-96 to evaluate flyash addition effects on soil environment and yield of wheat crop (Triticum aestivulII L.). Flyash application levels were up to 50tlha. Yield of wheat increased up to 20tlha ash addition, and declined thereafter but still higher than the yield under no flyash addition treatment. Flyash treated plots had marginally higher uptake of trace elements. Flyash application in soil showed reduced hydraulic conductivity and improved moisture retention at field capacity and permanent wilting point. The pH value of soil decreased, whereas electrical conductivity, organic carbon and sodium increased in accordance with flyash addition in soil. Phosphorous, potassium and calcium decreased in flyash treated plots. The changes in soil properties might be due to modifications in the macro-and micro pore size distribution which contributed to increased yield of wheat.
Division of Agricultural Physics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi - 110 012, In... more Division of Agricultural Physics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi - 110 012, India 1School of Environment Management, GGS Indraprastha University, Kashmere Gate, Delhi 110006, India 2Division of Environmental Sciences, Indian Agricultural Research ...
International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture, 2017
Purpose Information on carbon dioxide (CO 2) emission from different organic sources and their te... more Purpose Information on carbon dioxide (CO 2) emission from different organic sources and their temperature sensitivity to decomposition is scarce in Bangladesh. Therefore, this study quantified the rates of CO 2 emission and carbon (C) degradation constants from different organic material mixed soils at variable temperatures in two laboratory experiments. Methods The first experiment was conducted at room temperature for 26 weeks to study CO 2 emission and C mineralization using vermicompost, chicken manure, cow dung, rice straw, and rice husk biochar. Weekly CO 2 emission was measured by alkali absorption followed by acid titration. The second experiment comprised two factors, viz. four organic materials (vermicompost, chicken manure, cow dung, and rice straw) and six temperature regimes (25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50°C). Organic materials at 2.5 g C kg-1 soil were mixed in both experiments. Results CO 2 emission reached the peak at 5th weeks of incubation and then decreased with irregular fashion until 21st week. The C emission loss followed in the order of chicken manure [ rice straw [ vermicompost [ cow dung [ rice husk biochar, and C degradation constants indicated the slower decomposition of rice husk biochar compared to cow dung, vermicompost, chicken manure, and rice straw. Temperature positively enhanced the mineralization of organic materials in the order of 50 [ 45 [ 40 [ 35 [ 30 [ 25°C, which contributed to higher availability of soil phosphorus. Conclusions High temperature increased mineralization of tested organic materials. Because of slower decomposition rice husk biochar, cow dung and vermicompost application can be considered as climate-smart soil management practices that might help in reducing CO 2 emission from soil.
Insect pest populations are affected by both biotic (eg predators, parasitoids, pathogens and int... more Insect pest populations are affected by both biotic (eg predators, parasitoids, pathogens and interspecific or intraspecific competition) and abiotic (eg temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed and sunshine hours) factors. Agronomic management practices are also of considerable importance. Likely impacts of any change in climate on populations of pests are manifold. They range from expansion in the geographical range of pests, increased risk of invasion, changes in overwintering patterns, natural enemy-pest interactions, changes in population growth rates, change in crop-pest synchrony, pest control factors and finally changes in pest complexes on spatial and temporal bases. Results obtained through current modelling approaches do not account for all the factors operating. Moreover, it may not be possible to replicate the methodology of other countries in the Indian context, given the wide-ranging socioeconomic conditions and different agro-ecology, and a different approach...
Global-Regional Linkages in the Earth System, 2002
South Asia includes the Indian subcontinent (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal), as well as S... more South Asia includes the Indian subcontinent (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal), as well as Sri Lanka,Maldives and Mauritius Fig. 3.1The region is one of the most densely populated in the world, with present population densities of 100–500 persons km-2. Although total land area comprises only about 3% of the world’s land masses, the 1990 population was 21.3% of the global total and by 2025 is expected to rise to -24%. The urban population in the region is increasing rapidly. In 1980 the percentage of the population living in urban areas was 23% for India, 28% for Pakistan and 11% for Bangladesh. By 2000 estimates had increased to 38%, 37% and 21% respectively. Several of the world’s most polluted cities are found in South Asia. Calcutta, Delhi, Mumbai, Karachi and Dhaka are examples of megacities that produce unacceptably high emissions of health-endangering gaseous and particulate matter into the atmosphere. Once considered only a local problem, such urban pollution is now recognized to have regional and even global implications.
Climate change impacts are visible in Bangladesh which requires adoption of judicious crop manage... more Climate change impacts are visible in Bangladesh which requires adoption of judicious crop management practices for sustainable agriculture. Crop simulation models are effective in this regard and can be used for optimizing water and nitrogen inputs for maximization of wheat yields. Two field studies were conducted at Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) for evaluating the effect of increased temperature on wheat production under variable water and N rates, through the use of DSSAT v4.6 model. Thirty years historic weather data and BARI Gom-26 wheat-cultivar coefficients, as generated through use of GLUE of DSSAT model, were used for evaluating the impact of temperature rise with variable rates of irrigation water and nitrogen. The effects of four levels of nitrogen (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha −1) and four irrigation levels [0 (no irrigation), 1, 2 and 3] on wheat yield were evaluated under 0˚C, 1˚C, 2˚C and 3˚C rise in temperature. Simulation results indicated that wheat yield increased with increase in nitrogen application rate, but decreased with the temperature rise. Crop growing duration was reduced by about five days for each degree rise in temperature, irrespective of levels of irrigation water and nitrogen-rates. In general, there was yield reduction of 8.13, 16.77 and 24.97 % with increased temperature of 1˚C, 2˚C and 3˚C, respectively, when compared with no temperature rise treatment. For interaction of temperature riseN dose, the magnitude of yield decline under temperature rise was higher with increased dose of N.
European Journal of Environment and Earth Sciences
Marine and coastal pollution is a global issue for human health and biodiversity. We have investi... more Marine and coastal pollution is a global issue for human health and biodiversity. We have investigated pollution sources, flow patterns, hotspots, challenges, and adaptation policies in Bangladesh. Industries, ship breaking yards, sewage, tourism, and transboundary depositions are the main sources of pollutions. The Ganges, Padma, Jamuna, Brahmaputra and Meghna carry wastes to the Bay of Bengal. Pollution hotspots are Dhaka, Gazipur, Narshingdi, Narayanganj, Chittagong, Khulna, Mongla port and Sylhet city. Textile and dyeing industries discharge 12.7–13.5 million m3 waste waters annually and pollute 20% of fresh water. Ship breaking yards dump about 22.5 tons polychlorinated biphenyls in a year. More than 50% of the marine oil pollution comes from urban activities. Plastic wastes at 3000 t day-1 and tourism are also contributing to the coastal pollution. Effluent releasing standards are not maintained, and thus higher concentrations of heavy metals are found with marine fishes. Use ...
Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability, 2013
There is a need to delineate vulnerable regions and identify suitable adaptation and mitigation s... more There is a need to delineate vulnerable regions and identify suitable adaptation and mitigation strategies to sustain agricultural productivity under global climate change and frequently occurring extreme climatic events. Agricultural productivity can be affected by climate change, directly, due to changes in temperature, precipitation or CO 2 levels, and indirectly, through changes in soil health (physical, chemical and biological), distribution and frequency of infestation by insects/pests. Field/control chamber-based multidisciplinary research results, covering soil-water-plant-insects-pests and atmospheric continuum processes, were used to develop dynamic/mechanistic crop growth models. These models, after thorough validation (namely WTGROWS, INFOCROP and DSSAT), have been successfully used for evaluating soil and crop processes in relation to climate change. Using these models, differential response of reduced crop yields to rising temperatures was noticed at locations. Interaction of delta change in CO 2 and temperature was significant, as noticed through growth and yield response of crops. Simulation using the WTGROWS model indicated that optimal sowing date in wheat advanced by 5-8 days per degree rise in temperature (adaptation strategy). The impact in crops was more pronounced in relatively warmer regions, which became highly adverse under limited supply of water and nutrients. Shifts in the productivity centres northward for major crops, in relation to temperature rise and enhanced CO 2 concentration, were noticed. Using WTGROWS and DSSAT, the impact of aerosol was evaluated on rice, wheat and sugarcane, and radiation reduction was compensated with the enhancement in duration of the crops due to cooling and marginal reduction in yield of crops was noticed. The crop-pest-weather interaction and socioeconomic components in the climate change impact evaluation are relatively weaker in the present models. In INFOCROP, insect-pest subroutine has been addressed and successfully used for climate change studies. There is a need to develop simulation models/life-cycle assessment methodology by integrating the multiwater/ nutrients interaction for realistic estimate of growth and yield of crops, in designing appropriate nutrient management strategies, in evaluating the environmental impacts and also in developing green crop nutrition products. Most of the climate change studies in the past are point based, extrapolated empirically for assessing the regional impacts of climate change. There is a need to evolve methodology for integrating relational layers of biophysical and socioeconomic inputs, along with climate change scenarios and crop simulation tools for region wise estimates of the impacts on agriculture, including vulnerability, mitigation and adaptation strategies.
2. The challenge of planning for sustainable food security PK Aggarwal and R. Rabbinge ... 3. Fut... more 2. The challenge of planning for sustainable food security PK Aggarwal and R. Rabbinge ... 3. Future demand for food in India and Haryana State Praduman Kumar ... 4. Evaluation of regional resources and constraints N. Kalra, PK Aggarwal, H. Pathak, Sujith Kumar, SK ...
Page 1. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Vol. 65, May 2006... more Page 1. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Vol. 65, May 2006, pp. 383-390 Effect of flyash incorporation on soil properties and productivity of crops: A review Sudhir K Sharma1,* and Naveen Kalra2 1National Physical ...
Pot culture experiments were conducted during the summer season in 1996 to evaluate the effect of... more Pot culture experiments were conducted during the summer season in 1996 to evaluate the effect of fly ash addition in soil on germination and stand establishment of maize (Zea mays L) and rice (Oryw sativa L). Fly ash was added to soil at 0, 5, I 0, 15 or 20 per cent levels, respectively, for both the crops. The changes in physical and physico-chemical characteristics of soil , due to fly ash addition were analyzed. Data on germination time, i e, time taken for 75 per cent germination, and delay index (DI), a normalized parameter, was analysed and discussed.
Field experimenls were conducted in villages around National Capital Power Project (NCPP). Dadri.... more Field experimenls were conducted in villages around National Capital Power Project (NCPP). Dadri. Uttar Pradesh , India during 1995 to evaluate llyash inco rporat ion effec ts on .;oil health and growth and yield of mai ze (Zea 1110\'.1' L.) and ri ce (Orr:o sativa L.) . Flyash app li cati on leve ls (up to I Ot/ha) wer decided on the bas is of an ash/dust fa ll range of 5 to 12 t/ha/y in the vill ages adjoining thermal power station. The grain yield of mai ze increased in llyash added plots, whereas rice yield was si mil ar to ll yash treated plots. Flyas h added plots had marginall y higher uptake ofZn, Cu, Fe, Mn , and Cd. but va lues were insignifi cant. Flyash appli cation in soi l resulted in lower hulk density. Fl yas h addit;on also reduced hyd rau lic co nductivit y and improved moisture retention at field capacity and permanent wi lting point. Th ese changes in the soil charac teri stics might have been due to modifications in the macro-and micro-pore size di stribution whi ch also contributed to increased yield of maize in light and medium textured so il s.
Field experiments were conducted in villages around National Capital Power Project (NCPP), Dadri,... more Field experiments were conducted in villages around National Capital Power Project (NCPP), Dadri, Uttar Pradesh and Indian Agricultural Research Institute (lARI) Farm, New Delhi during 1995-96 to evaluate flyash addition effects on soil environment and yield of wheat crop (Triticum aestivulII L.). Flyash application levels were up to 50tlha. Yield of wheat increased up to 20tlha ash addition, and declined thereafter but still higher than the yield under no flyash addition treatment. Flyash treated plots had marginally higher uptake of trace elements. Flyash application in soil showed reduced hydraulic conductivity and improved moisture retention at field capacity and permanent wilting point. The pH value of soil decreased, whereas electrical conductivity, organic carbon and sodium increased in accordance with flyash addition in soil. Phosphorous, potassium and calcium decreased in flyash treated plots. The changes in soil properties might be due to modifications in the macro-and micro pore size distribution which contributed to increased yield of wheat.
Division of Agricultural Physics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi - 110 012, In... more Division of Agricultural Physics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi - 110 012, India 1School of Environment Management, GGS Indraprastha University, Kashmere Gate, Delhi 110006, India 2Division of Environmental Sciences, Indian Agricultural Research ...
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