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Wesley Shrum

Louisiana State University, Sociology, Faculty Member

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I'm a sociologist working at Louisiana State University for my entire career. I study communications technology, mainly in Kenya, Ghana, and Kerala, principally by means of surveys and the qualitative research method of video ethnography. Our team makes movies and runs a film festival in Paris every April (Ethnografilm). I have the best job in the world.

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Janaina Pamplona da Costa

John K . Aggrey

Virginia Tech

Pradakshina Sharma

Tanvir C. Turin

University of Calgary

Adewunmi J Falode

Lasu

Columbia University

Felipe Rech Ornell

Jacinto López Arrabal

GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies

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Papers by Wesley Shrum

Who's afraid of Ebola? Epidemic fires and locative fears in the Information Age Original Article

by Wesley Shrum, antony Palackal, John K . Aggrey, and Janaina Pamplona da Costa

Social Studies of Science, 2020

Epidemics have traditionally been viewed as the widespread occurrence of infectious disease withi... more Epidemics have traditionally been viewed as the widespread occurrence of infectious disease within a community, or a sudden increase above what is typical. But modern epidemics are both more and less than the diffusion of viral entities. We argue that epidemics are 'fire objects', using a term coined by Law and Singleton: They generate locative fears through encounters that focus attention on entities that are unknown or imprecisely known, transforming spaces and humans into indeterminate dangers, alternating appearance and absence. The Ebola epidemic of 2014 had more complex impacts than the number of infections would suggest. We employ multi-sited qualitative interviews to argue that locative fear is the essence of modern global epidemics. In the discussion we contrast Ebola with both the Zika epidemic that followed and the ongoing coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.

DESIGNING A SURVEY OF INFORMATION AND FAVOR EXCHANGE NETWORKS AMONG REGIONAL, STATE, COUNTY AND MUNICIPAL LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT

Proceedings of the American Statistical Association, 1979

This paper reports the methodology used by an interdisciplinary (Sociology, Civil Engineering, Tr... more This paper reports the methodology used by an interdisciplinary (Sociology, Civil Engineering, Transportation, Architecture and Urban Planning) group at Princeton University in a personal interview survey of upper-level offi- cials in regional, state, county, town- ship and municipal government in New Jersey. One central purpose of the study is to understand the govermental process of policy and planning in coas- tal zone areas. This process has at least two salient features that deter- mine the method of its analysis. First, the process is interorganizational, involving as it does- five d~stin6t lev- els of government (a sixth level, fed- eral government, excluded from the sam- ple because of lack of resources, is included in some questionnaire items). Second, the process must necessarily include a larger informal component than those involving a single governmental agency or level, or a single set of governmental regulations.

What caused the flood? Controversy and closure in the Hurricane Katrina disaster

Social Studies of Science, 2014

Causal attribution for one of the largest disasters in American history has undergone three major... more Causal attribution for one of the largest disasters in American history has undergone three major shifts. From August 2005 through November 2009, the principal explanation of the flooding of New Orleans was characterized by three distinguishable phases-reactive, organizational, and legal-as the catastrophic events of Hurricane Katrina were ascribed to natural, geotechnical, and environmental causes. From a monstrous storm, to failed levees, and ultimately the loss of wetlands through an insidious shipping channel, 'what happened' should be viewed as a technoscientific development in which media and litigation processes transformed the structural conditions for the production of knowledge claims. Video ethnography is used to examine causal transitions as structural conditions of inquiry changed. Levees-the most important symbol of failure-shifted from cause to consequence. Understanding of disaster cycled from nature to humans, and to nature once more.

International Graduate Science Training and Scientific Collaboration On behalf of: International Sociological Association can be found at: International Sociology Additional services and information for

Graduate training abroad is typical for scientists in developing countries. Owing to resource sca... more Graduate training abroad is typical for scientists in developing countries. Owing to resource scarcities, collaboration is a common form of research for these same individuals. Yet few studies have examined the linkage between graduate education and scientific collaboration. This article examines this question in a population of scientists who have experienced the simultaneous influence of three scientifically strong training systems: Australia, Japan and the US. Survey data from 312 agricultural scientists in two Philippine locations are used to explore the relationships between graduate education, Internet use, professional networks and scientific collaboration. The findings show that most collaboration is domestic, but the most common international collaborations are Japanese, followed by Australian and finally US collaborations. Japanese training, but not professional networks, is associated with such collaborations, while US and Australian training appear unimportant to collaborations in these locations. This the article explains by identifying two aspects integral to graduate education, mode of study and mentoring style, which may be critical to the development of durable professional ties and ultimately to collaborative work. The results show that even among scientific training systems in developed areas, there are variations in interaction and practices that have implications for differential participation in scientific collaboration.

When do scientists "adopt" the Internet? Dimensions of connectivity in developing areas

We examine the diffusion of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the knowledge pr... more We examine the diffusion of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the knowledge production sectors of three developing areas. Using interviews with 918 scientists in one South Asian and two African locations, we address three fundamental questions: To what degree has the research community in the developing world adopted the Internet? (2) How can the disparities in Internet adoption best be characterized? To what extent is Internet use associated with research productivity? Our findings indicate that while the vast majority of scientists describe themselves as current email users, far fewer have ready access to the technology, use it in diverse ways, or have extensive experience. These results are consistent with the notion that Internet adoption should not be characterized as a single act on the part of users. The rapid development of the Internet and the cumulative skills required for its effective use are equally important, particularly its impact on productivity. These findings lead us to qualify crude generalizations about the diffusion of the Internet in developing areas.

Visual Ethnography review

When Family Replaced Friendship: Mobile Communication and Network Change in Kenya 1

Mobile devices have spread throughout the developing world at a rate unparalleled by other commun... more Mobile devices have spread throughout the developing world at a rate unparalleled by other communications technologies. Yet surprisingly, little is known about their impact on social networks. This study analyzes three waves of pooled survey data in Nairobi (2002, 2007, 2013). We focus on the size, composition, and location of important personal relationships-that is, "core networks." Networks of close ties have nearly doubled for urban Kenyans, as network composition shifted toward kin and away from friends. Indeed, friendship decreased from over one-third to less than a fourth of close ties, while family ties grew from onethird to nearly half. The geographic distribution of networks has become broader, moving away from local ties and toward national (but not international) relationships. Finally, the pace of change declined as mobile devices became embedded in daily life.

What caused the flood? Controversy and closure in the Hurricane Katrina disaster

Causal attribution for one of the largest disasters in American history has undergone three major... more Causal attribution for one of the largest disasters in American history has undergone three major shifts. From August 2005 through November 2009, the principal explanation of the flooding of New Orleans was characterized by three distinguishable phases -reactive, organizational, and legal -as the catastrophic events of Hurricane Katrina were ascribed to natural, geotechnical, and environmental causes. From a monstrous storm, to failed levees, and ultimately the loss of wetlands through an insidious shipping channel, 'what happened' should be viewed as a technoscientific development in which media and litigation processes transformed the structural conditions for the production of knowledge claims. Video ethnography is used to examine causal transitions as structural conditions of inquiry changed. Levees -the most important symbol of failure -shifted from cause to consequence. Understanding of disaster cycled from nature to humans, and to nature once more.

Science and Development

Aimed at a contemporary view of science and development that takes into account changes brought a... more Aimed at a contemporary view of science and development that takes into account changes brought about by information and communication technologies, this article examines why low-income countries are in pursuit of the 'Western way of knowing' known as science. Toward this aim, several perspectives are reviewed: modernization, dependency and world systems, neoinstitutional, global systems, postcolonialism, and reagency. The intent is to highlight how each casts the nature of science and its relation to the project of development.

Perspectives on Global Development and Technology �3 (�0�4) 30�-33

This ten year study suggests that the digital divide in connectivity may have largely closed for ... more

View From Afar: 'Visible' Productivity of Scientists in the Developing World

Much of what we know about science and technology in less developed countries comes from internat... more Much of what we know about science and technology in less developed countries comes from international databases such as bibliographies and citation indices. However, it is not clear if researchers whose work appears in international databases are representative of scientists in the developing world as a whole, or whether they differ in terms of important social characteristics. A search of international databases on agriculture and natural resource management in Ghana, Kenya, and Kerala was used to compile a bibliography that could be compared with results from a face-to-face survey of researchers. Results indicate that many of the characteristics of those who are internationally visible differ from the wider population of scientists. The implication is that the "view from afar" based exclusively on information drawn from international databases does not accurately reflect the population of researchers or domestic productivity in less developed countries.

"Visionary" Sociology: Diversions of Public Sociology and Audiovisual Solutions

Public sociology" has flourished as an idea with limited success in practice. We argue that movem... more Public sociology" has flourished as an idea with limited success in practice. We argue that movement towards the consensual goal of public engagement is more likely using audiovisual than text-based communication. We briefly review the history of the idea with a focus on the post-Burawoy era and its central debates. We argue that such disputes over politics, activism, disciplinary identity, and theoretical coherence are diversionary, with little hope of resolution and even less of providing the engagement sought by public sociology. Sadly and wrongly, they assume that only educated and literate audiences possess interest or capacity to engage scholarly knowledge of the social world. Advances in audiovisual technologies, familiarization, and routinization during the past decade suggest a solution that does not involve significant structural or cultural changes to the discipline. In this essay we offer two illustrations of audiovisual practices in sociology and provide an overview of video ethnography as an option in graduate methods training. This proposed course is a reasonable, low cost, and implementable solution to the problem of public sociology.

Sobre la desconfianza en la ciencia y la política: el brote de zika en México

Tras la declaración del estado de emergencia por el virus del zika, emitida por la Organización M... more Tras la declaración del estado de emergencia por el virus del zika, emitida por la Organización Mundial de la Salud entre febrero y noviembre de 2016, han sido llevadas a cabo un gran número de investigaciones dedicadas a analizarlo. No obstante, en ellas se observan dos brechas significativas. Primero, se desarrollan bajo marcos epidemiológicos y de salud pública, pero no con una perspectiva de estudios sociales de la ciencia y la tecnología. En segundo lugar, sólo ocasionalmente la atención se centra en la situación de la salud en los países de la periferia. Este documento es producto de una investigación iniciada en junio de 2016 por un equipo internacional que incluye miembros de Brasil, Argentina, México y Estados Unidos y que ha sido financiada por la National Science Foundation. El objetivo de este análisis es llenar ese nicho, enfocándose en la situación específica de México. En principio, estudia la desconfianza que la ciudadanía le tiene tanto al gobierno como a los medios de comunicación. Después, analiza la percepción que tienen los ciudadanos sobre la participación de la Secretaría de Salud y los esfuerzos del gobierno en la prevención y la erradicación del virus. Finalmente, presenta las conclusiones de dicha investigación y las relaciona con la efectividad de las campañas gubernamentales en torno al virus.

Science and Development

Aimed at a contemporary view of science and development that takes into account changes brought a... more Aimed at a contemporary view of science and development that takes into account changes brought about by information and communication technologies, this article examines why low-income countries are in pursuit of the 'Western way of knowing' known as science. Toward this aim, several perspectives are reviewed: modernization, dependency and world systems, neoinstitutional, global systems, postcolonialism, and reagency. The intent is to highlight how each casts the nature of science and its relation to the project of development.

STH681851 491..519

Has the Internet changed the pattern of social relations? More specifically, have social relation... more Has the Internet changed the pattern of social relations? More specifically, have social relations undergone any systematic change during the recent widespread diffusion of new communications technology? This question is addressed using a unique longitudinal survey that bookends the entire period of Internet diffusion in two African nations and one Indian state. We analyze data on nine professional linkages reported by a population of agricultural and environmental scientists in Kenya, Ghana, and Kerala over a /home/sth sixteen-year period (1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010). Factor analysis reveals two clusters of relationships, one interpretable as traditional scientific exchange, the other indicating mediated forms of collaboration. While collaboration increases in frequency, friendship declines. We interpret this shift as a consequence of communications technology that facilitates formal projects, reducing the affective dimension of professional association.

Shrum Whiskey Presentation

 Edinburgh Festival Fringe  Theatre versus Comedy  Critics make a difference to high but not p... more

Shrum ASR Boundary Spanners

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, a... more JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].

2 Shaping Research in Developing Areas

Taken for Grantedness review

Trust, Conflict and Performance in Scientific Collaborations

Who's afraid of Ebola? Epidemic fires and locative fears in the Information Age Original Article

by Wesley Shrum, antony Palackal, John K . Aggrey, and Janaina Pamplona da Costa

Social Studies of Science, 2020

Epidemics have traditionally been viewed as the widespread occurrence of infectious disease withi... more Epidemics have traditionally been viewed as the widespread occurrence of infectious disease within a community, or a sudden increase above what is typical. But modern epidemics are both more and less than the diffusion of viral entities. We argue that epidemics are 'fire objects', using a term coined by Law and Singleton: They generate locative fears through encounters that focus attention on entities that are unknown or imprecisely known, transforming spaces and humans into indeterminate dangers, alternating appearance and absence. The Ebola epidemic of 2014 had more complex impacts than the number of infections would suggest. We employ multi-sited qualitative interviews to argue that locative fear is the essence of modern global epidemics. In the discussion we contrast Ebola with both the Zika epidemic that followed and the ongoing coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.

DESIGNING A SURVEY OF INFORMATION AND FAVOR EXCHANGE NETWORKS AMONG REGIONAL, STATE, COUNTY AND MUNICIPAL LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT

Proceedings of the American Statistical Association, 1979

This paper reports the methodology used by an interdisciplinary (Sociology, Civil Engineering, Tr... more This paper reports the methodology used by an interdisciplinary (Sociology, Civil Engineering, Transportation, Architecture and Urban Planning) group at Princeton University in a personal interview survey of upper-level offi- cials in regional, state, county, town- ship and municipal government in New Jersey. One central purpose of the study is to understand the govermental process of policy and planning in coas- tal zone areas. This process has at least two salient features that deter- mine the method of its analysis. First, the process is interorganizational, involving as it does- five d~stin6t lev- els of government (a sixth level, fed- eral government, excluded from the sam- ple because of lack of resources, is included in some questionnaire items). Second, the process must necessarily include a larger informal component than those involving a single governmental agency or level, or a single set of governmental regulations.

What caused the flood? Controversy and closure in the Hurricane Katrina disaster

Social Studies of Science, 2014

Causal attribution for one of the largest disasters in American history has undergone three major... more Causal attribution for one of the largest disasters in American history has undergone three major shifts. From August 2005 through November 2009, the principal explanation of the flooding of New Orleans was characterized by three distinguishable phases-reactive, organizational, and legal-as the catastrophic events of Hurricane Katrina were ascribed to natural, geotechnical, and environmental causes. From a monstrous storm, to failed levees, and ultimately the loss of wetlands through an insidious shipping channel, 'what happened' should be viewed as a technoscientific development in which media and litigation processes transformed the structural conditions for the production of knowledge claims. Video ethnography is used to examine causal transitions as structural conditions of inquiry changed. Levees-the most important symbol of failure-shifted from cause to consequence. Understanding of disaster cycled from nature to humans, and to nature once more.

International Graduate Science Training and Scientific Collaboration On behalf of: International Sociological Association can be found at: International Sociology Additional services and information for

Graduate training abroad is typical for scientists in developing countries. Owing to resource sca... more Graduate training abroad is typical for scientists in developing countries. Owing to resource scarcities, collaboration is a common form of research for these same individuals. Yet few studies have examined the linkage between graduate education and scientific collaboration. This article examines this question in a population of scientists who have experienced the simultaneous influence of three scientifically strong training systems: Australia, Japan and the US. Survey data from 312 agricultural scientists in two Philippine locations are used to explore the relationships between graduate education, Internet use, professional networks and scientific collaboration. The findings show that most collaboration is domestic, but the most common international collaborations are Japanese, followed by Australian and finally US collaborations. Japanese training, but not professional networks, is associated with such collaborations, while US and Australian training appear unimportant to collaborations in these locations. This the article explains by identifying two aspects integral to graduate education, mode of study and mentoring style, which may be critical to the development of durable professional ties and ultimately to collaborative work. The results show that even among scientific training systems in developed areas, there are variations in interaction and practices that have implications for differential participation in scientific collaboration.

When do scientists "adopt" the Internet? Dimensions of connectivity in developing areas

We examine the diffusion of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the knowledge pr... more We examine the diffusion of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the knowledge production sectors of three developing areas. Using interviews with 918 scientists in one South Asian and two African locations, we address three fundamental questions: To what degree has the research community in the developing world adopted the Internet? (2) How can the disparities in Internet adoption best be characterized? To what extent is Internet use associated with research productivity? Our findings indicate that while the vast majority of scientists describe themselves as current email users, far fewer have ready access to the technology, use it in diverse ways, or have extensive experience. These results are consistent with the notion that Internet adoption should not be characterized as a single act on the part of users. The rapid development of the Internet and the cumulative skills required for its effective use are equally important, particularly its impact on productivity. These findings lead us to qualify crude generalizations about the diffusion of the Internet in developing areas.

Visual Ethnography review

When Family Replaced Friendship: Mobile Communication and Network Change in Kenya 1

Mobile devices have spread throughout the developing world at a rate unparalleled by other commun... more Mobile devices have spread throughout the developing world at a rate unparalleled by other communications technologies. Yet surprisingly, little is known about their impact on social networks. This study analyzes three waves of pooled survey data in Nairobi (2002, 2007, 2013). We focus on the size, composition, and location of important personal relationships-that is, "core networks." Networks of close ties have nearly doubled for urban Kenyans, as network composition shifted toward kin and away from friends. Indeed, friendship decreased from over one-third to less than a fourth of close ties, while family ties grew from onethird to nearly half. The geographic distribution of networks has become broader, moving away from local ties and toward national (but not international) relationships. Finally, the pace of change declined as mobile devices became embedded in daily life.

What caused the flood? Controversy and closure in the Hurricane Katrina disaster

Causal attribution for one of the largest disasters in American history has undergone three major... more Causal attribution for one of the largest disasters in American history has undergone three major shifts. From August 2005 through November 2009, the principal explanation of the flooding of New Orleans was characterized by three distinguishable phases -reactive, organizational, and legal -as the catastrophic events of Hurricane Katrina were ascribed to natural, geotechnical, and environmental causes. From a monstrous storm, to failed levees, and ultimately the loss of wetlands through an insidious shipping channel, 'what happened' should be viewed as a technoscientific development in which media and litigation processes transformed the structural conditions for the production of knowledge claims. Video ethnography is used to examine causal transitions as structural conditions of inquiry changed. Levees -the most important symbol of failure -shifted from cause to consequence. Understanding of disaster cycled from nature to humans, and to nature once more.

Science and Development

Aimed at a contemporary view of science and development that takes into account changes brought a... more Aimed at a contemporary view of science and development that takes into account changes brought about by information and communication technologies, this article examines why low-income countries are in pursuit of the 'Western way of knowing' known as science. Toward this aim, several perspectives are reviewed: modernization, dependency and world systems, neoinstitutional, global systems, postcolonialism, and reagency. The intent is to highlight how each casts the nature of science and its relation to the project of development.

Perspectives on Global Development and Technology �3 (�0�4) 30�-33

This ten year study suggests that the digital divide in connectivity may have largely closed for ... more

View From Afar: 'Visible' Productivity of Scientists in the Developing World

Much of what we know about science and technology in less developed countries comes from internat... more Much of what we know about science and technology in less developed countries comes from international databases such as bibliographies and citation indices. However, it is not clear if researchers whose work appears in international databases are representative of scientists in the developing world as a whole, or whether they differ in terms of important social characteristics. A search of international databases on agriculture and natural resource management in Ghana, Kenya, and Kerala was used to compile a bibliography that could be compared with results from a face-to-face survey of researchers. Results indicate that many of the characteristics of those who are internationally visible differ from the wider population of scientists. The implication is that the "view from afar" based exclusively on information drawn from international databases does not accurately reflect the population of researchers or domestic productivity in less developed countries.

"Visionary" Sociology: Diversions of Public Sociology and Audiovisual Solutions

Public sociology" has flourished as an idea with limited success in practice. We argue that movem... more Public sociology" has flourished as an idea with limited success in practice. We argue that movement towards the consensual goal of public engagement is more likely using audiovisual than text-based communication. We briefly review the history of the idea with a focus on the post-Burawoy era and its central debates. We argue that such disputes over politics, activism, disciplinary identity, and theoretical coherence are diversionary, with little hope of resolution and even less of providing the engagement sought by public sociology. Sadly and wrongly, they assume that only educated and literate audiences possess interest or capacity to engage scholarly knowledge of the social world. Advances in audiovisual technologies, familiarization, and routinization during the past decade suggest a solution that does not involve significant structural or cultural changes to the discipline. In this essay we offer two illustrations of audiovisual practices in sociology and provide an overview of video ethnography as an option in graduate methods training. This proposed course is a reasonable, low cost, and implementable solution to the problem of public sociology.

Sobre la desconfianza en la ciencia y la política: el brote de zika en México

Tras la declaración del estado de emergencia por el virus del zika, emitida por la Organización M... more Tras la declaración del estado de emergencia por el virus del zika, emitida por la Organización Mundial de la Salud entre febrero y noviembre de 2016, han sido llevadas a cabo un gran número de investigaciones dedicadas a analizarlo. No obstante, en ellas se observan dos brechas significativas. Primero, se desarrollan bajo marcos epidemiológicos y de salud pública, pero no con una perspectiva de estudios sociales de la ciencia y la tecnología. En segundo lugar, sólo ocasionalmente la atención se centra en la situación de la salud en los países de la periferia. Este documento es producto de una investigación iniciada en junio de 2016 por un equipo internacional que incluye miembros de Brasil, Argentina, México y Estados Unidos y que ha sido financiada por la National Science Foundation. El objetivo de este análisis es llenar ese nicho, enfocándose en la situación específica de México. En principio, estudia la desconfianza que la ciudadanía le tiene tanto al gobierno como a los medios de comunicación. Después, analiza la percepción que tienen los ciudadanos sobre la participación de la Secretaría de Salud y los esfuerzos del gobierno en la prevención y la erradicación del virus. Finalmente, presenta las conclusiones de dicha investigación y las relaciona con la efectividad de las campañas gubernamentales en torno al virus.

Science and Development

Aimed at a contemporary view of science and development that takes into account changes brought a... more Aimed at a contemporary view of science and development that takes into account changes brought about by information and communication technologies, this article examines why low-income countries are in pursuit of the 'Western way of knowing' known as science. Toward this aim, several perspectives are reviewed: modernization, dependency and world systems, neoinstitutional, global systems, postcolonialism, and reagency. The intent is to highlight how each casts the nature of science and its relation to the project of development.

STH681851 491..519

Has the Internet changed the pattern of social relations? More specifically, have social relation... more Has the Internet changed the pattern of social relations? More specifically, have social relations undergone any systematic change during the recent widespread diffusion of new communications technology? This question is addressed using a unique longitudinal survey that bookends the entire period of Internet diffusion in two African nations and one Indian state. We analyze data on nine professional linkages reported by a population of agricultural and environmental scientists in Kenya, Ghana, and Kerala over a /home/sth sixteen-year period (1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010). Factor analysis reveals two clusters of relationships, one interpretable as traditional scientific exchange, the other indicating mediated forms of collaboration. While collaboration increases in frequency, friendship declines. We interpret this shift as a consequence of communications technology that facilitates formal projects, reducing the affective dimension of professional association.

Shrum Whiskey Presentation

 Edinburgh Festival Fringe  Theatre versus Comedy  Critics make a difference to high but not p... more

Shrum ASR Boundary Spanners

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, a... more JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].

2 Shaping Research in Developing Areas

Taken for Grantedness review

Trust, Conflict and Performance in Scientific Collaborations