Papers by Federica Guglielmo
Background: Mosquito and human behaviour interaction is a key determinant of the maximum level of... more Background: Mosquito and human behaviour interaction is a key determinant of the maximum level of protection against malaria that can be provided by insecticide treated nets (ITNs). Nevertheless, scant literature focuses on this interaction, overlooking a fundamental factor for efficient malaria control. This study aims to estimate malaria transmission risk in a Burkina Faso village by integrating vector biting rhythms with some key information about human habits. Methods: Indoors/outdoors Human Landing Catches were conducted for 16 hours (16:00-08:00) during 8 nights (September 2020) in Goden village. A survey about net usage and sleeping patterns was submitted to half the households (October-December 2020). A subsample of A. gambiae s.l. collected specimens was molecularly processed for: species identification, Plasmodium detection from head-thoraxes, and L1014F pyrethroid-resistance allele genotyping. Hourly mosquito abundance was statistically assessed by GLM/GAM and the entomol...
BMC Public Health
Background Insecticides play a key role in rural farming; however, their over- or misuse has been... more Background Insecticides play a key role in rural farming; however, their over- or misuse has been linked with a negative impact on malaria vector control policies. This study was conducted amongst agricultural communities in Southern Côte d’Ivoire to identify which insecticides are used by local farmers and how it relates to the perception of farmers on malaria. Understanding the use of insecticides may help in designing awareness programme on mosquito control and pesticides management. Methods A questionnaire was administered to 1399 farming households across ten villages. Farmers were interviewed on their education, farming practices (e.g. crops cultivated, insecticides use), perception of malaria, and the different domestic strategies of mosquito control they use. Based on some pre-defined household assets, the socioeconomic status (SES) of each household was estimated. Statistical associations were calculated between different variables, showing significant risk factors. Results...
Additional file 1. Table S1. Summary of insecticide-treated bed net products.
Additional file 2. Raw data for GLM 1: Predicting the time spent indoors per person per night. Ra... more Additional file 2. Raw data for GLM 1: Predicting the time spent indoors per person per night. Raw data for GLM 2: Predicting the bites received per person per night. Raw mosquito data: indoors. Raw mosquito data: outdoors. Output for GLMM 1, model statistics and predictions. Output for GLMM 2, model statistics and predictions.
Additional file 2. Annex S1. Country-specific context.
Malaria Journal
Background Vector control tools have contributed significantly to a reduction in malaria burden s... more Background Vector control tools have contributed significantly to a reduction in malaria burden since 2000, primarily through insecticidal-treated bed nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying. In the face of increasing insecticide resistance in key malaria vector species, global progress in malaria control has stalled. Innovative tools, such as dual active ingredient (dual-AI) ITNs that are effective at killing insecticide-resistant mosquitoes have recently been introduced. However, large-scale uptake has been slow for several reasons, including higher costs and limited evidence on their incremental effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. The present report describes the design of several observational studies aimed to determine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of dual-AI ITNs, compared to standard pyrethroid-only ITNs, at reducing malaria transmission across a variety of transmission settings. Methods Observational pilot studies are ongoing in Burkina Faso, Mozambique, Nigeri...
Background The Cascades Region, Burkina Faso, has high malaria burden despite reported high insec... more Background The Cascades Region, Burkina Faso, has high malaria burden despite reported high insecticide treated bed net (ITN) use. Human and vector activities outside the hours when indoor interventions offer direct protection from infectious bites potentially increase exposure risk to bites from malariatransmitting Anopheles mosquitoes. We investigate the degree of variation in human behaviour both between individuals and through time (season) to quantify how it impacts exposure to malaria vectors. Methods Patterns in human overnight activity (18:00-06:00) to quantify time spent using an ITN across 7 successive nights in two rural communities, Niakore (N = 24 participants) and Toma (71 participants), were observed in the dry and rainy seasons, between 2017-2018. Hourly human landing Anopheles
Background. The Cascades Region, Burkina Faso, has a high malaria burden despite reported high in... more Background. The Cascades Region, Burkina Faso, has a high malaria burden despite reported high insecticide-treated mosquito net (ITN) use. Human and vector activities outside the hours when indoor interventions offer direct protection from infectious bites potentially increase exposure risk to bites from malaria-transmitting Anopheles mosquitoes. We investigated the degree of variation in human behaviour both between individuals and through time (season) to quantify how it impacts exposure to malaria vectors. Methods. Patterns in human overnight activity (18:00-06:00) to quantify time spent using an ITN across 7 successive nights in two rural communities, Niakore (N = 24 participants) and Toma (71 participants), were observed in the dry and rainy seasons, between 2017-2018. Hourly human landing Anopheles mosquito catches were conducted in Niakore speci cally, and Cascades Region generally, between 2016-2017. Data were statistically combined to estimate seasonal variation in time spent outdoors and Anopheles bites received per person per night (bpppn). Results. Substantial variability in exposure to outdoor Anopheles bites was detected within and between communities across seasons. In October, when Anopheles densities are highest, an individual's risk of Anopheles bites ranged from 2.2 to 52.2 bpppn within the same week with variable risk dependent on hours spent indoors. Comparably higher outdoor human activity was observed in April and July but, due to lower Anopheles densities estimated, bpppn were 0.2-4.7 and 0.5-32.0 respectively. Males and people aged over 21 years were predicted to receive more bites in both sentinel villages. Conclusion. This work presents one of the rst clear descriptions of the degree of heterogeneity in time spent outdoors between people and across the year. Appreciation of sociodemographic, cultural and entomological activities will help re ne approaches to vector control. Key Messages Exposure risk to Anopheles bites varied by 10-fold on any given night when individuals spend more time outdoors. Seasonal patterns in Anopheles densities drive biting risk but this risk is substantially reduced as people spend longer indoors in a protected environment. Males are predicted to be at higher risk of exposure to outdoor Anopheles bites than females due to longer outdoor activity in the evening or through the night. Adults over 21-years are at higher exposure risk to outdoor Anopheles bites than younger people in the same community due to longer time spent outdoors nightly. Consideration of these heterogeneities in time spent outdoors could help identify the most vulnerable groups for targeted outdoor vector control interventions. Background Long-lasting pyrethroid-treated insecticidal nets (ITNs) have proven highly effective in reducing malaria transmission over the past two decades (1) because of the direct protection afforded from the barrier but also, importantly, the insecticidal action to kill mosquitoes, resulting in fewer mosquito bites per person per year across communities (2). In 2010, the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) in Burkina Faso adopted ITNs as the primary preventative strategy against malaria. The country joined many others that follow the World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines to achieve and maintain universal coverage (3) embarking on routine mass distribution every three years. The initiative resulted in household ownership of ITNs rising from 5.6% in 2003 to 89.9% in 2014 and reported use reaching a peak of 67% nationally by 2014 (4) with a corresponding reduction in malaria mortality reported at the national level (5). Nevertheless, the country remains among those with the highest burden of malaria cases in Sub-Saharan Africa, and it has recently experienced a surge in reported cases of infection (5). Recent entomological evidence has indicated a higher proportion of Anopheles human-host feeding attempts are taking place outdoors than previously thought (6,7). Debate remains as to whether this is an artefact of the removal of indoor biting mosquitoes through the intense use of indoor interventions or potential changes in Anopheles behaviour in several African regions concerning biting time and feeding preferences (8-12). Consequently, studies on human behaviour have started to investigate patterns of outdoor exposure in malaria-endemic regions to help map human-mosquito interaction (6,13-15). The maximum potential e cacy of ITN interventions is ultimately determined by the behaviour of local mosquitoes seeking blood meals and activity of local people moving indoors or to bed, and whether people are using ITNs. A recent systematic review (6) showed that there are sparse published data on human activity (N = 7 studies describing when people are in bed, and 22 studies recording when people move indoors), and fewer paired data noting both mosquito and human behaviours in a matched setting (N = 3 studies) (16-18). No studies considered changes in individual risk of mosquito bites across nights and through seasons. The lack of understanding about the overlap time in mosquito and human activity restricts our capacity to estimate ITN e cacy yet almost certainly contributes to variability in ITN impact within and between communities (6). The short-term and respondent-dependent nature of most studies on human behaviour in relation to malaria, which do not quantify nor contextualise human movement, reduce the quality of the data on human activity (8-12,14). Identifying groups of people, sites and times of year that render individuals most at risk for "outdoor exposure" can help target outdoor interventions to those most in need. This work addresses the gap in knowledge on individual-and village-level exposure risk to infectious mosquito bites using an analysis of two rural communities in the Cascades region in southwest Burkina Faso. Data for the time individuals spent outdoors are coupled with entomological data on mosquito biting times taken from the same villages as well as the overall patterns in density and hourly activity observed seasonally across the Cascades Region (19). This approach enables the assessment of local exposure risk to mosquito bites and evaluation of the full potential protection offered by ITNs both within and between individuals across different seasons. We describe seasonal variations and socio-demographic pro les in relation to individual
Anthropology & Medicine
Credited with averting almost 68% of new cases between 2000 and 2015, insecticide-treated bednets... more Credited with averting almost 68% of new cases between 2000 and 2015, insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs) are one of the most efficacious malaria-prevention tools. Their effectiveness, however, depends on if and how they are used, making 'compliance' (and the social factors affecting it) a key area of interest for research on malaria transmission. This article situates the notion of compliance with 'bednet use' within everyday practices in an area of southwest Burkina Faso with high malaria transmission. By drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted between 2017 and 2018, it critically describes the precarious micro-environments that foreground bednet use-from gender and age to the means of (re)production of social and labour conditions-and assesses the bednets' effectiveness and community uptake. Bednet use stems from concrete, ordinary dynamics that interweave only apparently at the margins of the time individuals most need to be protected by a net. This work conceptualises 'compliance' beyond binary indicators of intervention uptake and locates 'use' as the result of contingent assemblages.
The event aimed to explore a variety of perspectives concerning the production and the ownership ... more The event aimed to explore a variety of perspectives concerning the production and the ownership of anthropological knowledge, including issues of authority and ethical responsibility. We also welcomed reflections on the opening of new interstitial fieldsites in between the structured components of anthropological research. Our interest focused on the dilemmas arising from the definition of the field itself, in the guise of the epistemological delimitation of its boundaries and how these affect the relational world within it. We focused on the co-dependence between these factors and on the influence of increasing interconnectedness through advanced and progressively widespread communication technologies (cf. Kelty 2009).
Anthropology in Action, 2015
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Papers by Federica Guglielmo