Forthcoming papers in press / preparation by Angela M J Tooley
The Garstang Museum of Archaeology at the University of Liverpool contains a female statuette, se... more The Garstang Museum of Archaeology at the University of Liverpool contains a female statuette, sensitively modelled, with the remains of gilding and wearing an unusual hairstyle. A previously unidentified excavation mark indicates that it originates from the work of the Marquis of Northampton at Dra Abu el-Naga.
Papers by Angela M J Tooley
Landscapes: Studies in Honour of Steven Snape edited by Glenn Godenho, Nicky Nielsen,, Ashley Cooke, 2024
English revised and updated version of "Afgeknotte vrouwenbeeldjes tijdens het Middenrijk en de T... more English revised and updated version of "Afgeknotte vrouwenbeeldjes tijdens het Middenrijk en de Tweede Tussentijd", Mehen 2020:
Truncated figurines are female images, mostly nude, dating to the Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period which deliberately lack legs below the knees and have been classified as Type 1 in the established typology created by Geraldine Pinch. Since truncated figurines differ significantly from all other forms of female figurine an alternative framework within which to view, analyse and interpret Type 1 truncated figurines is proposed. Applying the framework reveals diachronic trends in figurine design and manufacture not recognised in the old typology and which reflect the religious changes between the end of the Middle Kingdom and the beginning of the New Kingdom.
Clay Figurines in Context: Crucibles of Egyptian, Nubian, and Levantine Societies in the Middle Bronze Age (2100–1550 BC) and Beyond edited by Gianluca Miniaci, Cristina Alù, Camilla Saler, Vanessa Forte, 2024
In recent times the interest in figurine studies has flourished. The University of Pisa conferenc... more In recent times the interest in figurine studies has flourished. The University of Pisa conference Clay Figurines in Context which took place on October 17-19, 2022 highlighted the many and varied ways in which one aspect of this area of research can be explored – the neglected category of figurines that are peculiarly hand-modelled in the humblest of materials, Nile mud or clay. Figurines depicting humans in clay fall into two main groups: those modelled with a recognisable human form and those that are flat plaques, more or less rectangular or squared in shape. The latter form of object stands outside the accepted figurine typology. Known as plaque figurines, they are non-standard, highly stylised and wholly abstract – unusual, strange, peculiar. To date there is no co-ordinated study of plaque figurines. The small corpus of hand-formed clay plaque figurines from the state-planned town site of Wah-sut at South Abydos has yielded a range of figurines. Found in association with the residential quarters close to and including the settlement’s commanding mayoral residence, the plaques stand out as a homogeneous group. Presented here is a detailed catalogue together with a discussion of comparative material from other sites and a preliminary discussion of the potential significance of some of the decorative features on the best preserved of the plaque figurines.
Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists (JGUAA2), 2024
The examination and study of Egyptian mummies in the 19th and early 20th centuries relied on visu... more The examination and study of Egyptian mummies in the 19th and early 20th centuries relied on visual inspection and non-scientific destructive methods. However, advancements in non-destructive examination techniques, such as Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, have necessitated a re-examination and reinterpretation of mummies based on confirmed scientific evidence. This research aims to reassess and reinterpret mummies using reliable scientific evidence, while also studying the potential correlation between visual examination and CT scanning. This scientific paper presents a contemporary reading of mummification techniques in ancient Egypt through the examination of Lady Amanit's mummy from the 11th dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. The research employs a comparative approach between visual examination and CT scanning, dividing the mummy's body into regions to trace morphological changes post-mummification. Visual examination detects external deteriorations, while CT scanning reveals the internal physical condition, the study aligns with archaeological information on mummification techniques in the Middle Kingdom, indicating the use of injection methods for organ removal. Remnants of internal organs were found within the chest and abdominal cavities, with the intact diaphragm confirming its undamaged state. The non-invasive examination method aligns with scientific approaches without causing harm to the mummies. Moreover, the study highlights the scarcity of mummies from the Old Kingdom compared to later periods, primarily due to theft during periods of decline. It also suggests that mummification during this time was limited to a specific social class. this research provides new insights into mummification techniques and contributes to the field of Egyptology by combining visual examination and CT scanning, resulting in a comprehensive understanding of ancient Egyptian mummies.
The World of Middle Kingdom Egypt III, MKS 12, 2022
Between 2017 and 2019 several partial and almost complete paddle dolls were excavated from tomb 1... more Between 2017 and 2019 several partial and almost complete paddle dolls were excavated from tomb 1018 and its vicinity at Dra Abu el-Naga in the Theban necropolis. Analysed and discussed in detail, the decoration of these figurines exhibits a number of remarkable features, such as images of giraffes and a seated man, as well as curiously shaped tattoos. These features set the new figurines apart from other paddle dolls and are an important addition to the corpus.
SAK 49, 2020
Truncated figurines, otherwise known as fertility figurines, lack legs below the knees. This sign... more Truncated figurines, otherwise known as fertility figurines, lack legs below the knees. This significant feature is not the only characteristic which distinguishes this type of figurine from other types in the established typology. In an alternative method of analysis, braided hairstyles are considered, revealing diachronic and iconographic developments which indicate a shift in emphasis in the way these objects may have functioned.
MEHEN: Essays over het Oude Egypte, 2020
In Dutch - "Female Images during the Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period: Truncated Fig... more In Dutch - "Female Images during the Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period: Truncated Figurines". A general overview of the existing figurine typology and the relationship between paddle dolls and truncated figurines, together with an outline of an alternative method of categorization and preliminary analysis.
All Things Ancient Egypt: An Encyclopedia of the Ancient Egyptian World. L.K. Sabbahy (ed.). (ABC-CLIO Press: Santa Barbara), 2019
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be a-produccd. stored in a retrieval system,... more All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be a-produccd. stored in a retrieval system, or transniitteti, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, pliuloeopyirig. recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a rev iew, without prior permission m writing from the publisher.
Art-facts and Artefacts. Visualising the Material World in Middle Kingdom Egypt, (London: MKS 8, 2018), 2018
During the 2015 season the University of Jaén Spanish Mission to Qubbet el-Hawa cleared the shaft... more During the 2015 season the University of Jaén Spanish Mission to Qubbet el-Hawa cleared the shaft and chambers of QH31, the tomb of Sarenput II. The first section of the paper gives an overview of QH31, and focuses on the excavation of the sloping corridor (C0) and the material recovered in this area. The second section discusses a small painted limestone head found in the lower section of the corridor. It is proposed that the head originates from an acrobat figurine.
Company of Images: Modelling the Imaginary World of Middle Kingdom Egypt (2000-1500 BC). Peeters Publishing., 2017
The interpretation of Type 1 figurines, also known as fertility figurines, of the Middle Kingdom ... more The interpretation of Type 1 figurines, also known as fertility figurines, of the Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period, relies on the established typology set out by Pinch. Type 1 figurines, those lacking lower legs, here termed ‘truncated’, are significantly different in material, form, decoration and contexts from later types. Preliminary observations drawn from a study of over one hundred and sixty truncated figurines indicates that Pinch’s typology requires adjustment to take account of cultural differences between earlier and later practices. To illustrate the potential of such a dataset, a case study of the Type 1 truncated figurines excavated from the Thirteenth Dynasty Ramesseum Tomb 5 is presented, highlighting features specific to this type of figurine, along with consideration of other forms of contemporary female representation.
The World of Middle Kingdom Egypt, (2000-1550 BC) Contributions on archaeology, art, religion, and written sources, (MKS 1), Jul 31, 2015
A collection of previously unpublished objects in the Manchester Museum prove to be from El Araba... more A collection of previously unpublished objects in the Manchester Museum prove to be from El Arabah Tomb E.1 discovered during Garstang’s first season of excavation in Egypt. This paper examines those objects in detail and considers their dating in comparison with comparable material. The context of the tomb within Garstang’s Cemetery E in the North Cemetery at Abydos, is discussed with the conclusion that some Intermediate Period tombs, so-called by their early excavators, may date to a transitional period between the Thirteenth and Seventeenth Dynasties and that this cultural continuity indicates that this part of the necropolis was in use for longer than has been suggested.
Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2, 2001
The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Jan 1, 1996
The Unbroken Reed: Studies in the Culture and Heritage of Ancient Egypt in Honour of A.F.Shore (EES Memoir, 1994), 1994
Göttinger Miszellen, Jan 1, 1991
The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Jan 1, 1990
The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Jan 1, 1988
The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 1986
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Forthcoming papers in press / preparation by Angela M J Tooley
Papers by Angela M J Tooley
Truncated figurines are female images, mostly nude, dating to the Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period which deliberately lack legs below the knees and have been classified as Type 1 in the established typology created by Geraldine Pinch. Since truncated figurines differ significantly from all other forms of female figurine an alternative framework within which to view, analyse and interpret Type 1 truncated figurines is proposed. Applying the framework reveals diachronic trends in figurine design and manufacture not recognised in the old typology and which reflect the religious changes between the end of the Middle Kingdom and the beginning of the New Kingdom.
Truncated figurines are female images, mostly nude, dating to the Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period which deliberately lack legs below the knees and have been classified as Type 1 in the established typology created by Geraldine Pinch. Since truncated figurines differ significantly from all other forms of female figurine an alternative framework within which to view, analyse and interpret Type 1 truncated figurines is proposed. Applying the framework reveals diachronic trends in figurine design and manufacture not recognised in the old typology and which reflect the religious changes between the end of the Middle Kingdom and the beginning of the New Kingdom.
Y. de la Torre Robles & A. Jimènez Serrano (eds) Jaén 2022
catalogue entry pp. 174-175
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Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.September 1989 Volume II (Plates).
An approach, which neither prejudges function nor imposes functional terminology, examines some of the decorative schemes composed of dots and dashes found on Middle Kingdom truncated type 1 figurines and paddle dolls alongside comparative material to better understand these enigmatic objects.
To address this question an alternative method of analysis, based on observations of approximately 200 Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period figurines, takes as its starting point four criteria: material; form; decoration; and context. An analysis of truncated type 1 figurines within this framework highlights details specific to this type, making it possible to propose new interpretations of function(s) and furthering the understanding of this type of figurine within its specific period and cultural milieu.
International conference at UCL, London, 18-20 September 2014.
The series Kitab – Egyptology in Focus (sub-series: Material culture of ancient Egypt and Nubia) seeks to provide space for very focused long articles or short books, being a scientific vehicle for those research topics which do not fit neatly into the format of a journal article or a book. Occasionally, the research is too short and concise for a full monograph but too long and structured for a journal article. Therefore, Kitab aims at acting as a focused “container”, which draws the right attention to important concise research, spotlighting the research subject by isolating it in single standing-alone volumes, thus avoiding the research being dispersed between miscellaneous articles in journals and collective volumes. Kitab will also help in speedily communicating the results of a focused research and it makes research outputs immediately available online and in printed versions.
The first sub-series is devoted to the “Material Culture of ancient Egypt and Nubia”.