Nor Ismah

Universiteit Leiden, Leiden University Institute for Area Studies (LIAS), Graduate Student

University of Hawaii at Manoa, Asian Studies, Alumna

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gedong maulana kabir

Universitas Gadjah Mada (Yogyakarta)

Farid Saenong

Akhmad Arif Junaidi

Inayah Rohmaniyah, Dr.

Arifah Agustina

Atun Wardatun

Western Sydney University

Fitrotul Muzayanah

Indah Khairunnisah Marwan

SOAS University of London

Yanuardi Syukur

Universitas Khairun

David Kloos

KITLV

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Books by Nor Ismah

Salam from Pesantren: Santri's Experience in Managing Media for Peace

Distribution and reproduction for non-commercial purposes is allowed with prior permission from t... more

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Ja'a Jutek (Jutek came)

Jerawat Santri (The Santri's Acne)

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Papers by Nor Ismah

Challenging Traditional Islamic Authority: Indonesian Female Ulama and the Fatwa Against Forced Marriages

Journal of Islamic Law, Feb 29, 2024

Forced marriage practices have garnered significant attention from various international communit... more Forced marriage practices have garnered significant attention from various international communities, including the community of female ulama in Indonesia. Despite being a relatively new presence, the community of female ulama affiliated with the Congress of Indonesian Female Ulama (KUPI) has taken a decisive stance against this practice, issuing a firm fatwa (Islamic legal opinion) that underscores its detrimental impact on women. This article addresses the primary question of why female ulama associated with KUPI redefine the concept of wilāyāt al-ijbār (compulsory guardianship) in marriage, departing from the prevailing opinion among traditional Islamic scholars. Through a combination of literature review and field research conducted over eight months, spanning from April to November 2022, this study reveals that KUPI interprets ijbār not as the paternal right to force a daughter into marriage, but rather as a form of guardianship that entails responsibility and nurturance towards their daughter. This fatwa framework is rooted in what is termed the 'KUPI Trilogy': ma'rūf (good), mubādalah (reciprocity), and keadilan hakiki (substantive justice), which promote principles of equality and egalitarianism. By employing theological, sociological, and juridical arguments and emphasizing the experiences of female victims, KUPI contends that the concept of wilāyāt al-ijbār in fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) is not absolute, thereby prohibiting guardians from coercing or intimidating their daughters into marriage. This article argues that female ulama have boldly contested the authority of traditional ulama by reinterpreting the essence of ijbār in fiqh, while incorporating the lived experiences of female victims of forced marriage practices. [Praktik perkawinan paksa telah menarik perhatian serius dari berbagai komunitas internasional, termasuk komunitas ulama perempuan di Indonesia. Meskipun relatif baru, komunitas ulama perempuan yang tergabung dalam Kongres Ulama Perempuan Indonesia (KUPI) ini mengeluarkan fatwa tegas yang menentang praktik ini, menyoroti dampak buruknya terhadap perempuan. Artikel ini menjawab pertanyaan utama mengapa ulama perempuan yang tergabung dalam KUPI merekonstruksi konsep ijbār wali dalam perkawinan secara berbeda dengan mayoritas pendapat ulama fikih tradisional. Melalui kombinasi penelitian pustaka dan lapangan selama delapan bulan, mulai dari April hingga November 2022, penelitian ini mengungkap bahwa KUPI menginterpretasikan makna ijbār bukan sebagai hak paksa wali untuk menikahkan anak perempuannya, melainkan sebagai bentuk tanggung jawab dan kasih sayang wali terhadap putrinya. Pendekatan fatwa ini didasarkan pada konsep Trilogi KUPI, yaitu ma'rūf, mubādalah, dan

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Women’s Fatwa-Making in Indonesia: Gender, Authority, and Everyday Legal Practice

International journal of Islam in Asia, Apr 16, 2024

Siting Islamic feminism: The Indonesian Congress of Women Islamic Scholars and the challenge of challenging patriarchal authority

History and Anthropology

Platform Writers and the Production of Digital Literature: The Professionalism of Female Pesantren Novelists in Indonesia

Vol. 54 No. 4 (2023): Mosques and Meeting Rooms: Professional Lives of Muslim Women, 2023

The new global genres of "chick lit" and "teen lit" in the early twenty-first century led to the ... more The new global genres of "chick lit" and "teen lit" in the early twenty-first century led to the rise of a new generation of Muslim women writers in Indonesia. They gained public attention, particularly from teen readers, by publishing Islamic novels and popular pesantren (Islamic boarding school) novels. Focusing on two online platforms for digital literature, the Komunitas Bisa Menulis and Halaqah 1001 Aksara as case studies, this study employs online observation of the platforms, content analysis of the works, and interviews with three young Muslim women writers from the pesantren tradition to explore their experiences of embracing socio-religious changes and technological developments in Indonesia. The article aims to answer three questions. Firstly, how and why do Muslim women writers from the pesantren tradition choose to publish their works on online platforms? Secondly, what are the predominant themes, genres and ideological messages present in their writing? And finally, to what extent do these platforms benefit women in developing their professionalism?

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Catatan dari Lapangan: Esai-esai Refleksi Etnografis Bidang Sosial Budaya Mahasiswa Indonesia di Leiden

MARJIN KIRI, 2019

Pesantren: Its Founding and Role in the Colonial Period

Tebuireng: Journal of Islamic Studies and Society

In Indonesia, Islamic education is still mostly provided through pesantren, or Islamic training i... more In Indonesia, Islamic education is still mostly provided through pesantren, or Islamic training institutions. They have a close relationship with tarekat, as they have been successful in maintaining Islam as a personal and compassionate faith rather than a cold and formal doctrine. Pesantrens changed throughout the colonial era from being a largely educational institution to a political organization that backed the independence fight. This article's objective is to look at how pesantren changed from being just educational institutions to considerably assisting in the fight for liberation, as well as how they contributed to the battle against Dutch colonialism. Using academic writing on pesantren that examines their position throughout the colonial era, the content in this piece was found through library research. This article makes the case that Java's colonialera social, cultural, and political protest groups benefited greatly from the pesantren system. It also seeks to exp...

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Menjadi Dalang Perempuan dalam Wayang Kulit Jawa : Inisiatif Pribadi dan Lingkungan sebagai Tempat Pembelajaran

Sebagai aktor utama dalam pementasan wayang kulit Jawa, Dalang memainkan peran yang amat penting.... more Sebagai aktor utama dalam pementasan wayang kulit Jawa, Dalang memainkan peran yang amat penting. Peran tersebut di antaranya ialah sebagai sutradara, penulis naskah pendongeng dan juga musisi. Mayoritas orang Indonesia berpandangan bahwa dalang seharusnya diperankan oleh seorang laki-laki, karena dunia pewayangan dianggap sebagai budaya laki-laki. Akan tetapi,, tak selamanya peran dalang dimainkan oleh laki-laki, ada pula beberapa dalang peremuan yang namanya cukup dikenal. Tulisan ini mencoba memberikan gambaran singkat tentang bagaimana wanita digambarkan dalam budaya Jawa dan wayang kulit Jawa, bagaimana peran dalang wanita dan perbandingannya dengan dalang laki-laki, serta uraian terkait beberapa dalang wanita di Indonesia dan apa yang memengaruhi mereka dalam meraih karir sebagai seorang dalang. Wanita dalam buaya Jawa digambarkan sebagai sosok yang menerima nasib mereka namun juga sebagai seorang yang berjuang keras dalam mempertahankan hidupnya. Cerita-cerita dalam wayang ku...

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The New Generation of Women Writers from the Pesantren Tradition in Indonesia

Introduction At the beginning of the twenty first century, a new phenomenon occurred in the liter... more Introduction At the beginning of the twenty first century, a new phenomenon occurred in the literature of Indonesia with the emergence of the chick lit and teen lit genres. There are many young writers, mostly women, who have written novels based on their own experiences. Some of these young female writers are from the pesantren (Islamic boarding school) tradition. These women are following in the footsteps of the previous generation of pesantren writers such as Abidah El-Khaliqy. Chick lit and teen lit writers explore urban lifestyles using daily conversation and ordinary language; in similar fashion young women writers from the pesantren tradition explore their stories and personal experiences while studying and living in pesantren.

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Competing Identity and Culture: The Formation of Forum Lingkar Pena and Komunitas Matapena in Indonesia

DINIKA : Academic Journal of Islamic Studies

This study focusses on the genealogy of the Forum Lingkar Pena and Komunitas Matapena movements, ... more This study focusses on the genealogy of the Forum Lingkar Pena and Komunitas Matapena movements, which have produced novel Islam remaja (Islamic youth novels) and novel pop pesantren (pesantren popular novels). Using Bourdieu’s concept of habitus, I analyze the field where Forum Lingkar Pena and Komunitas Matapena discourses are disseminated, particularly among Muslim youth in Indonesia and how Islamic popular culture is represented through these novels and the dynamic of youth Muslims’ community struggle for meaning in the Indonesian literary field in general. This research found that establishment of FLP and Komunitas Matapena can be described through three main ideas. Firstly, these communities encountered the massiveness of popular culture by offering a medium that supports identity formation for Muslim youth. Secondly, there is a link between the idealism promoted by Muslim organization movements and the establishment of FLP and Komunitas Matapena, and this link determines thei...

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Print Media and Cultural Identity of Santri: Responses of the Pesantren's Young Leaders in Indonesia

DINIKA : Academic Journal of Islamic Studies, 2016

The development of Islamic print media that targets youth as readers has challenged pesantren for... more The development of Islamic print media that targets youth as readers has challenged pesantren for selecting appropriate reading materials for students according to its values and tradition. This paper aims to examine the dynamics life of pesantren as fortress for the defense of the Islamic community in dealing with influences coming from outside of pesantren. Analyzing the responses of young leaders of pesantren to print media (books, novels, and magazines) containing Islamic values and symbols, and targeting Muslim teenagers as their readers and consumers, with focusing on how these media might influence the establishment of the cultural identity of santri. My paper will answer two main questions: how do the young pesantren leaders respond on the emergence of many novels and magazines that come into the pesantren? What are the rules and regulations they introduce to preserve the cultural identity of santri? In dealing with the challenge of print media, most of the pesantren where t...

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Destabilising Male Domination: Building Community-Based Authority among Indonesian FemaleUlama

Asian Studies Review, 2016

The concept of "ulama" in the Indonesian context usually refers to Muslim scholars who have maste... more The concept of "ulama" in the Indonesian context usually refers to Muslim scholars who have mastered Islamic knowledge and acquired the religious authority to issue fatwas based on Islamic jurisprudence. In Indonesia, the formulation of fatwas is still undertaken almost exclusively by male ulama. This is despite the fact that a number of issues they discuss and the fatwas they produce are closely related to the lives and experiences of Muslim women. In response to this situation, female ulama cadre programs have been set up by nongovernmental organisations concerned with women's empowerment. Against the background of these recently instituted female ulama cadre programs, this paper examines the ways in which female ulama establish community-based authority. Two major questions provide the basis for this research. First, how do male ulama respond to and support female ulamas' claims to religious authority? Second, to what extent does community-based female authority interact with or challenge Indonesia's male-dominated religious authority? To answer these questions, I interviewed female ulama cadres of the organisation Rahima from different cohorts of the female ulama cadre programs and from different social backgrounds. The research shed light on the extent to which female ulama may in the future exercise fatwa-issuing, that is, juristic, authority in Indonesia.

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YOUNG WOMEN WRITERS FROM THE PESANTREN TRADITION: Self-Initiative, Learning Environment, and the Education System

JOURNAL OF INDONESIAN ISLAM, 2012

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Reading Indonesian and Malaysian Young Adult Novels: Capturing the Image of Young Muslim Women in Indonesia and Malaysia

HUMANISMA : Journal of Gender Studies

A number of novel remaja, which mean young adult novels, written by women writers from Indonesia ... more A number of novel remaja, which mean young adult novels, written by women writers from Indonesia and Malaysia have been published. Writing competitions held by book publishers and language centers have also encouraged the production of the novels. However, since they address youth as their readers and tend to consider the characters, issues, language, and values that appeal to the modern young adult; therefore, some critics say that the novels only respond to the demands of the reader market and they are less creative and lack of quality. In this paper I demonstrate the value of Indonesian and Malaysian novel remaja by examining four novels which are Siti Zaleha M. Hashim’s Biarkan Kupu-Kupu Terbang (“Let the Butterfly Fly”), Rumah Cinta Kelana (“The Love House of Kelana”), written by Sofie Dewayani, Nisah Haron’s Mencari Locus Standi (“Finding the Defense Locus”), and Jadilah Purnamaku Ning written by Khilma Anis. I argue that those novels do not only explore young adults’ feelings...

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Young Women Writers from the Pesatren Tradition: Self Initiative, Learning Environment, and the Education System

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Madura, Pesantren dan Penulis Perempuan (Opini)

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The New Generation of Women Writers from the Pesantren Tradition in Indonesia

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Destabilizing Male Domination: Building Community Based Authority among Indonesian Female Ulama

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Salam from Pesantren: Santri's Experience in Managing Media for Peace

Distribution and reproduction for non-commercial purposes is allowed with prior permission from t... more

Download

Ja'a Jutek (Jutek came)

Jerawat Santri (The Santri's Acne)

Download

Challenging Traditional Islamic Authority: Indonesian Female Ulama and the Fatwa Against Forced Marriages

Journal of Islamic Law, Feb 29, 2024

Download

Women’s Fatwa-Making in Indonesia: Gender, Authority, and Everyday Legal Practice

International journal of Islam in Asia, Apr 16, 2024

Siting Islamic feminism: The Indonesian Congress of Women Islamic Scholars and the challenge of challenging patriarchal authority

History and Anthropology

Platform Writers and the Production of Digital Literature: The Professionalism of Female Pesantren Novelists in Indonesia

Vol. 54 No. 4 (2023): Mosques and Meeting Rooms: Professional Lives of Muslim Women, 2023

Download

Catatan dari Lapangan: Esai-esai Refleksi Etnografis Bidang Sosial Budaya Mahasiswa Indonesia di Leiden

MARJIN KIRI, 2019

Pesantren: Its Founding and Role in the Colonial Period

Tebuireng: Journal of Islamic Studies and Society

Download

Menjadi Dalang Perempuan dalam Wayang Kulit Jawa : Inisiatif Pribadi dan Lingkungan sebagai Tempat Pembelajaran

Download

The New Generation of Women Writers from the Pesantren Tradition in Indonesia

Download

Competing Identity and Culture: The Formation of Forum Lingkar Pena and Komunitas Matapena in Indonesia

DINIKA : Academic Journal of Islamic Studies

Download

Print Media and Cultural Identity of Santri: Responses of the Pesantren's Young Leaders in Indonesia

DINIKA : Academic Journal of Islamic Studies, 2016

Download

Destabilising Male Domination: Building Community-Based Authority among Indonesian FemaleUlama

Asian Studies Review, 2016

Download

YOUNG WOMEN WRITERS FROM THE PESANTREN TRADITION: Self-Initiative, Learning Environment, and the Education System

JOURNAL OF INDONESIAN ISLAM, 2012

Download

Reading Indonesian and Malaysian Young Adult Novels: Capturing the Image of Young Muslim Women in Indonesia and Malaysia

HUMANISMA : Journal of Gender Studies

Download

Young Women Writers from the Pesatren Tradition: Self Initiative, Learning Environment, and the Education System

Download

Madura, Pesantren dan Penulis Perempuan (Opini)

Download

The New Generation of Women Writers from the Pesantren Tradition in Indonesia

Download

Destabilizing Male Domination: Building Community Based Authority among Indonesian Female Ulama

Download

Kloos & Nor Ismah, Siting Islamic Feminism: The Indonesian Congress of Women Islamic Scholars and the Challenge of Challenging Patriarchal Authority (2023)

by David Kloos and Nor Ismah

History and Anthropology , 2023

This article takes the first ever Indonesian Congress of Women Islamic Scholars (Kongres Ulama Pe... more This article takes the first ever Indonesian Congress of Women Islamic Scholars (Kongres Ulama Perempuan Indonesia, KUPI), and its methodology for formulating religious opinions, as an entry point for analysing the challenge of challenging male, male-centred, and patriarchal authority in Islam. Although a recent initiative, KUPI must be understood in the context of a long and often contentious history of Indonesian secular activists and Islamic scholars (men and women) sounding each other out and seeking common ground in their efforts to reinterpret religious sources and develop new ideas about the position of women in society. Studying the event ethnographically as a site of public communication and exchange – of religious knowledge, views, and experiences – , and contextualizing it in the history of Indonesian Islamic practices and institutions, we argue that the main significance of KUPI lies in the way in which it expands the global Islamic feminist project from a scholarly and intellectual movement into a locally resonant and potentially impactful social movement.

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