Papers by Nadia Garnefski
Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 2019
van den Akker-van Marle , Cost-utility of a guided Internetbased intervention in comparison with ... more van den Akker-van Marle , Cost-utility of a guided Internetbased intervention in comparison with attention only for people with HIV and depressive symptoms: A randomized controlled trial. Psr (2019),
Journal of Health Psychology, 2018
About 40 per cent of people living with HIV do not sufficiently adhere to their medication regime... more About 40 per cent of people living with HIV do not sufficiently adhere to their medication regimen, which adversely affects their health. The current meta-analysis investigated the effect of psychosocial interventions on medication adherence in people living with HIV. Databases were systematically searched, resulting in 43 included randomized controlled trials. Study and intervention characteristics were investigated as moderators. The overall effect size indicates a small to moderate positive effect (Hedges’ g = 0.37) of psychosocial interventions on medication adherence in people living with HIV. No evidence for publication bias was found. This meta-analysis study concludes that various psychosocial interventions can improve medication adherence and thereby the health of people living with HIV.
Slides - Fuller et al Nonuse of internet interventions
Personality and Individual Differences, 2006
Aim of the present study was to develop a short 18-item version of the Cognitive Emotion Regulati... more Aim of the present study was to develop a short 18-item version of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ; Garnefski, Kraaij, & Spinhoven, 2001). The distinction into nine different conceptual scales (Self-blame, Other-blame, Rumination, Catastrophizing, Positive refocusing, Planning, Positive reappraisal, Putting into perspective and Acceptance) was left intact, while the number of items per scale was reduced from four to two. Psychometric properties of the new two-item scales as well as their relationships with two indicators of emotional problems, i.e., depressive and anxiety symptoms are presented. Reliability and validity of the CERQ-short was supported by the results.
Journal of Adolescence, 2002
The present study focused on comparability of adolescents and adults in the reporting of cognitiv... more The present study focused on comparability of adolescents and adults in the reporting of cognitive coping strategies and their relationship to symptoms of depression and anxiety. Two samples were included: 487 adolescents attending a secondary school and 630 adults from a general practitioners practice. Data were obtained on symptoms of depression and anxiety and the use of nine cognitive coping strategies: acceptance, catastrophizing, other-blame, positive reappraisal, putting into perspective, refocus on planning, positive refocusing, rumination and self-blame. The results showed that all cognitive coping strategies were reported by adolescents to a significantly lesser extent than by adults. Further, it was shown that both in adolescents and adults a considerable percentage of the variance in symptomatology was explained by the use of cognitive coping strategies. Although adolescents and adults differed in relative strength of the relationships, generally speaking, conclusions were the same: in both groups, the cognitive coping strategies self-blame, rumination, catastrophizing and positive reappraisal were shown to play the most important role in the reporting of symptoms of psychopathology, showing the importance of introducing prevention and intervention programmes at an early stage.
European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2009
To investigate differences in cognitive coping strategies between anxiety-disordered and non-anxi... more To investigate differences in cognitive coping strategies between anxiety-disordered and non-anxious 9-11-year-old children. Additionally, differences in cognitive coping between specific anxiety disorders were examined. A clinical sample of 131 anxiety-disordered children and a general population sample of 452 non-anxious children were gathered. All children filled out the child version of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ-k). Structured clinical interviews were used to assess childhood anxiety disorders. Results showed that anxiety-disordered children experience significantly more 'lifetime' negative life events than non-anxious children. Adjusted for the 'lifetime' experience of negative life events, anxiety-disordered children scored significantly higher on the strategies catastrophizing and rumination, and significantly lower on the strategies positive reappraisal and refocus on planning than non-anxious children. No significant differences in cognitive coping were found between children with specific anxiety disorders. Anxietydisordered children employ significantly more maladaptive and less adaptive cognitive coping strategies in response to negative life events than non-anxious children. The results suggest that cognitive coping is a valuable target for prevention and treatment of childhood anxiety problems.
Journal of Emotion and Psychopathology
There is a high prevalence of mental health problems in young adulthood. At the same time, these ... more There is a high prevalence of mental health problems in young adulthood. At the same time, these problems seem to be undertreated. Barriers to seeking help include: stigma, costs and time issues. eHealth interventions could be a promising solution. Moodpep was developed in 2019 as a guided online self-help program for young adults (18+) with depressive symptoms. It is based on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and includes 8 lessons and 4 themes: activation, relaxation, changing negative cognitions, and goal attainment. The aims of the present article were: giving a detailed description of Moodpep and evaluating the program. The latter was done by analyzing pre-post data and studying participant satisfaction. In total, 31 participants started with the intervention of whom 23 completed it. The results showed that depressive symptoms significantly reduced after following the program, with large effect sizes. At post-test almost all participants scored in the categories of minimal or mild d...
Advances in Health and Behavior, 2019
Self-compassion refers to a positive, kind attitude of a person toward oneself when confronted wi... more Self-compassion refers to a positive, kind attitude of a person toward oneself when confronted with difficulties. A self-compassionate coping style may buffer against the development of psychological problems. Aim was to introduce a new, 4-item measure for Self-compassion and to test its psychometric properties. In addition, its relationships with Neff's Self Compassion Scale (SCS) and with the HADS depression and anxiety scales were studied, in an adult general population sample. The results showed that the SCCM had a high reliability, confirming internal validity. In addition, the SCCM was strongly related to all subscales and total score of the SCS, suggesting construct validity. Finally, also strong relationships were found with symptoms of depression and anxiety, suggesting criterion validity. The SCCM might therefore be considered a valuable and reliable tool in the study of self-compassion associated with mental-health problems, while it also might provide us with targets for intervention.
South African Medical Journal, 2007
Objective: In this article, war experiences and the impact of physical abuse on formerly abducted... more Objective: In this article, war experiences and the impact of physical abuse on formerly abducted boys in Northern Uganda are assessed. Method: In a cross-sectional self-report design, Impact of Events Scale ‐ Revised (IES-R), War Experiences Checklist questionnaires were administered to 216 formerly abducted boys between August and November 2004 and data from records at three rehabilitation centres were retrospectively assessed and analysed. Results: The boys were exposed to war events, participated in atrocities, were physically abused, and manifested many signs and symptoms of post traumatic stress. Consequently, many were psychologically distressed at the time of the study. Conclusions: The psychosocial intervention activities proposed include teaching better coping skills, entrepreneurial skills training, and provision of micro credit facilities.
AIDS Care
The goal of the study was to investigate moderators of intervention effect of a guided Internetba... more The goal of the study was to investigate moderators of intervention effect of a guided Internetbased self-help cognitive behavioral intervention for people with HIV and depressive symptoms. This study was part of a randomized controlled trial where the intervention was found to be effective in reducing depressive symptoms, compared to an attention-only control group. Demographic characteristics (e.g., age), HIV characteristics (e.g., duration of HIV), and psychological characteristics (e.g., coping self-efficacy) were investigated as potential moderators of intervention effect. In 2015, 188 people with HIV and depressive symptoms were included in the study: 97 were randomized to the intervention group and 91 to the control group. Two moderators of intervention effect were found: coping self-efficacy and baseline depression severity. Participants with low coping self-efficacy and baseline depression severity improved more in the intervention group than in the control group, and participants with high coping self-efficacy and baseline depression severity improved in both groups. The results indicate that the intervention may be provided to all people with HIV and depressive symptoms. It may be especially important for people with HIV and low coping self-efficacy to start with the intervention since they show less improvement in the control group with only attention.
Trials
Background: The treatment of mental health issues among people living with HIV (PLH) in Botswana ... more Background: The treatment of mental health issues among people living with HIV (PLH) in Botswana is yet to be addressed. A recent study revealed that depressive symptoms are highly prevalent in a sample of PLH in Botswana. Based on empirical findings of a study that investigated intervention targets for PLH in Botswana, a self-help program with coaching in booklet format in the Setswana and English languages was developed, composed of cognitive behavioral techniques, coping skills interventions, and goal adjustment training. We will investigate the program for effectiveness in the treatment of depressive symptoms among PLH. Additionally, we will investigate treatment moderators and mediators. This paper describes the study protocol. Methods/design: A randomized controlled trial will be conducted to compare the booklet self-help program with coaching with an attention-only control condition, by including pre-test, post-test, and follow-up assessments. We aim to enroll 200 participants with mild to moderate depressive symptoms into the study. The self-help program contains the following main components: activation, relaxation, changing maladaptive cognitions, and the attainment of new personal goals. This content is covered over six lessons to be completed in a maximum of 8 weeks. It uses a combination of psycho-education, assignments, and exercises. The participants will work on the program 1-2 h every week for 6 weeks (maximum 8 weeks). Coaches will offer support and motivate the participants. For both groups, depressive symptoms and possible mediators will be measured three times during the intervention, and at pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. Discussion: If the intervention is found to effectively treat depressive symptoms, it will be implemented and thus help improve the psychological health of PLH in Botswana.
Journal of Youth and Adolescence
The objective of the present study was to examine relationships between cognitive emotion regulat... more The objective of the present study was to examine relationships between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptomatology across different types of life event. A sample of 138 secondary school students filled out a questionnaire. They were asked to indicate their most negative life event ever. On the basis of their answers, 3 types of negative life event were distinguished: loss, health threat, and relational stress experience. No relationship was found between type of negative life event and depressive symptomatology. Significant relationships were found between type of negative life event and the cognitive strategies self-blame and other-blame. Adolescents with a health threat experience scored higher on self-blame, while adolescents with a relational stress event scored higher on other-blame than the other groups. Significant relationships were also found between depressive symptomatology and the cognitive strategies self-blame, rumination, positive reappraisal, putting into perspective, and catastrophizing. No interaction effects were found between type of negative life event and cognitive strategies, suggesting that relationships between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptomatology are consistent across different types of life event.
Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings
Recently, it has been assumed that certain somatic complaints may be produced and maintained by a... more Recently, it has been assumed that certain somatic complaints may be produced and maintained by a combination of re-activation of traumatic memories (including sensorymotor experiences) and maladaptive cognitive strategies, like rumination and catastrophizing (see Brown, 2004, 2006, 2007). Some preliminary evidence has been found by Garner (2016) who showed that rumination moderated the relationship between stressors and somatic symptoms in
Daily frustration, cognitive coping and coping effecacy in adolescent headache: A daily diary study
Headache, 2009
To investigate both concurrent and prospective relationships between daily frustration, cognitive... more To investigate both concurrent and prospective relationships between daily frustration, cognitive coping and coping efficacy on the one hand and daily headache occurrence on the other. Eighty-nine adolescents aged 13-21 completed an online daily diary for 3 weeks. Data were analyzed using multilevel modeling. Daily frustration of goal pursuits was significantly related to both same day and next day headache occurrence. Coping efficacy beliefs were significantly related to lower next day headache occurrence (no same day relationship was found). None of the cognitive coping strategies used in response to daily frustration were related to headache occurrence on the same or next day. Daily frustration to goal pursuit is suggested to be an important stressor contributing to concurrent and prospective headache occurrence. Furthermore, the extent to which adolescents believe in their ability to cope also appears to influence experience of subsequent headache. Further prospective studies are necessary to confirm these findings and to further unravel the possibly reciprocal relations between these factors. These findings offer useful insights into the dynamic interplay between daily stressful experiences and headache in youths.
Journal of Adolescence, Aug 1, 2007
This study aimed to assess the prevalence of war experiences and the use of specific cognitive em... more This study aimed to assess the prevalence of war experiences and the use of specific cognitive emotion regulation strategies in response to these experiences among 294 formerly abducted adolescents at three rehabilitation centres in Uganda. Cognitive strategies were measured by Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). Symptoms of psychopathology were measured by the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) and the Youth Self-Report (YSR). Relationships were studied by means of descriptive statistics, correlations and Multiple Regression Analyses. Strong relationships were found between specific cognitive emotion regulation strategies and posttraumatic stress (PTS), Internalizing and Externalizing symptoms. The results may have implications for intervention strategies.
Trials, 2016
Background: Many people living with HIV suffer from depressive symptoms. In a previous pilot stud... more Background: Many people living with HIV suffer from depressive symptoms. In a previous pilot study, self-help cognitive behavioral therapy (in booklet format) was found to be effective in treating depressive symptoms in people with HIV. We developed an online self-help program in Dutch and English (based on the booklet) for people with HIV and depressive symptoms. Besides the main question regarding the effectiveness of the program aimed at lowering depressive symptoms, sub-questions will focus on the moderators of treatment success (for which patients is the program especially beneficial?) and the mechanisms of change underlying the treatment outcome (which mediators affect the outcome of treatment?). In this paper, the protocol of the study will be described. Methods/design: The effectiveness of the program will be investigated by comparing the intervention group with a waiting list-control group in a randomized controlled design, by including a pretest and three post-tests. The self-help program contains four main components: activation, relaxation, changing maladaptive cognitions, and goal attainment. Participants with mild to moderate depressive symptoms will work on the program for 6 to 10 weeks, during which a coach will provide motivational support by telephone once a week. Participants in the control condition will receive weekly minimal support from a coach for 8 weeks, and after the second post-test, they can gain access to the self-help program. Depressive symptoms and possible mediators (e.g., activation, cognitive coping, self-efficacy, and goal adjustment) will be assessed by self-report three times during the intervention/waiting period and at the pretest and first post-test. Discussion: The proposed study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of an online self-help intervention for people with HIV and depressive symptoms. If the intervention is shown to be effective, the program will be implemented. Consequently, many patients with HIV could be reached, and their psychological care may be improved. Trial registration: Netherlands Trial Register: NTR5407
Cognitive coping and anxiety symptoms among people who seek help for fear of flying
Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine, Apr 1, 2003
Fear of flying among potential passengers is rather common. In order to treat fear of flying most... more Fear of flying among potential passengers is rather common. In order to treat fear of flying most efficiently, it is important to find out which aspects are related to flight anxiety. The objective of the present study was to examine the extent to which various cognitive coping strategies in response to a flight were used by airline passengers and their relationship with anxiety symptoms. A total of 261 persons who were all seeking treatment for fear of flying filled in the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, the anxiety subscales of the Symptom Check List (SCL-90), the Flight Anxiety Situations questionnaire, and the Flight Anxiety Modality questionnaire. Respondents reported using refocus on planning, rumination, putting into perspective to the highest extent and catastrophizing and other-blame to the lowest extent. Furthermore, respondents who reported using self-blame, acceptance, rumination, and/or catastrophizing to a higher extent also reported significantly higher levels of anxiety. As the present study suggests that several cognitive coping strategies are related to anxiety, intervention programs should pay attention to these aspects. The present study gives important clues about which cognitive coping strategies should be challenged in treatment of flight anxiety.
The Facilitation of Important Personal Goals Through Exercise
Perceptual and Motor Skills, Nov 1, 2007
In a sample of 1,287 adolescents, it appeared that weekly exercise facilitates a variety of goals... more In a sample of 1,287 adolescents, it appeared that weekly exercise facilitates a variety of goals: particularly those related to being or remaining healthy, feeling relaxed, not being bored, feeling physically good, not being stressed, and attaining high achievements were endorsed. Sedentary and active adolescents reported a similar order of 10 specific goals with respect to the likelihood of being positively influenced by exercise. The frequency of reported facilitation for each of the goals, however, was higher among the active adolescents. This suggests that the more exercise is incorporated in daily life, the more it can be regarded as an integral part of the personal goal structure.
The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire
European Journal of Psychological Assessment, Mar 6, 2015
. The psychometric properties of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) as well as... more . The psychometric properties of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) as well as its prospective relationships with symptoms of depression and anxiety were studied in an adult general population sample. The results showed that the CERQ had good factorial validity and high reliabilities, with Cronbach's αs ranging between .75 and .87. In addition, the cognitive emotion regulation strategies accounted for considerable amounts of variance in emotional problems and strong relationships were found between the cognitive strategies self-blame, rumination, catastrophizing and positive reappraisal (inversely) and symptoms of depression and anxiety, both at first measurement and at follow-up. The CERQ might therefore be considered a valuable and reliable tool in the study of individual risk and protective factors associated with emotional problems, while providing us with important targets for intervention.
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Papers by Nadia Garnefski