Papers by Sara Mahdizadeh
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
Many mycoplasmas are pathogenic and cause disease in human and animals. M. gallisepticum causes c... more Many mycoplasmas are pathogenic and cause disease in human and animals. M. gallisepticum causes chronic respiratory disease in chickens and infectious sinusitis in turkeys, resulting in economic losses in poultry industries throughout the world. Expanding our knowledge about the pathogenesis of mycoplasma infections requires better understanding of the specific gene functions of these bacteria.
A modified flux-wave formula for the solution of second-order macroscopic traffic flow models
Nonlinear Dynamics , 2021
In this paper, a second-order Godunov-type finite volume technique based upon the wave propagatio... more In this paper, a second-order Godunov-type finite volume technique based upon the wave propagation algorithm has been defined which mainly addresses second-order, one-dimensional, macroscopic traffic flow models. Four widely used models that have fundamental differences in terms of the equations form were chosen to evaluate this formula. These models use Riemann’s solution propagating different jump discontinuity from each finite-volume cell interface. The proposed modified flux-wave formula is well-balanced and includes the related source term within the flux-differencing from each cell interface. Therefore, no additional numerical treatment is required with respect to the source terms. The numerical results obtained herein have been compared with high-order relaxations schemes including fifth-order WENO and second-order MUSCL (for three models in a straight homogeneous road) and Roe decomposition technique (for two models in a ring road). The results show that the defined approach is capable to provide stable and realistic response for the macroscopic traffic models without numerical diffusion. Additionally, a very good agreement achieved with the reference solution and also higher order schemes. It is also inferred that the plausibility and positivity conserving conditions have been maintained for the modified flux wave approach for all of the examined models.
Royal Gardens in Republican Iran: a case study of the Golestan Palace Garden, Tehran
Landscape History , 2022
In 1925, the rise of Reza Shah Pahlavi’s regime led to the deliberate destruction of Qajar garden... more In 1925, the rise of Reza Shah Pahlavi’s regime led to the deliberate destruction of Qajar gardens (1785 to 1925), most of which were converted into military bases. A limited number, such as the Golestan Palace Garden, were partly preserved. However, there had been mass destruction of ‘unsolicited’ and ‘outdated’ buildings by the Qajars and the denigration of religious rituals. Following the fall of the monarchy and establishment of the Islamic Republic in 1979, the Golestan Palace Garden’s meaning and function changed, and all traditions associated with the monarchy were abandoned to enforce the ideologies of post-revolutionary garden management. Through an in-depth case study, this paper narrates the transformations which have occurred in the physical and material fabric along with symbolic and social dimensions of royal gardens. Although the garden exists its rich symbolism has been rendered impotent to respond to different needs of various states. The renovation of the Golestan Palace Garden has not been appropriately completed even after it was registered as a World Heritage Site in 2013. Hence, this paper intends to question the museum-like conservation approach, which negates the social facts and meanings and is limited to the restoration of materials. The paper concludes that the revival of intangible heritage is fundamental to invigorate the garden in question.
JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM
With rapid changes in urban living today, peoples’ behavioural patterns and spatial practices und... more With rapid changes in urban living today, peoples’ behavioural patterns and spatial practices undergo a constant process of adaptation and negotiation. Using “house” as a laboratory and everyday life and spatial relations of residents as a framework of analysis, the paper examines the spatial planning concepts in traditional and contemporary Iranian architecture and the associated socio-cultural practices. Discussions are drawn upon from a pilot study conducted in the city of Kerman, to investigate ways in which contemporary housing solutions can better cater to the continually changing socio-cultural lifestyles of residents. Data collection for the study involved a series of participatory workshops and employed creative visual research methods, participant observation and semi structured interviews to examine the interlacing of everyday socio-spatial relations and changing perception of identity, belonging, socio-cultural and religious values and conflict. The inferences from the s...
Private Shiraz’s gardens of architectural merit in transition to public space
Royal gardens in the Islamic Republic of Iran
Impacts of Urbanization on the Historical Village: A case study of Khoosf, Iran
Shiraz’s heritage gardens during the political turmoil in Twentieth-century Iran
International Journal of Heritage Studies, 2021
ABSTRACT This paper aims to study the impacts of complex political changes on the material and so... more ABSTRACT This paper aims to study the impacts of complex political changes on the material and socio-cultural dimensions of the heritage gardens, which initially belonged to the nobilities of Shiraz. The paper scrutinises the factors that have altered the gardens’ lives during the Festival of Arts in the 1960s, followed by the Islamic Revolution of 1979. Through employing interpretive-historical research methods and examining primary sources including memoirs, memos, documents, and interviews conducted with managers involved in heritage affairs, the paper details how political, social, and economic parameters affected the Shiraz gardens. While the political states interpreted the heritage differently, possible factors responsible for changing the life of gardens are put forward.
Book review: Asian Heritage Management: Contexts, Concerns, and Prospects
Urban Studies, 2016
such as the reduction of operating subsidy, the saving of travel time for users and improved safe... more such as the reduction of operating subsidy, the saving of travel time for users and improved safety, and a set of case studies to help illustrate the points being made. For example, the goals and objectives for the Öresund Link, running between Denmark and Sweden, are examined – with multi-criteria analysis (MCA) matrices developed. The case study reports on research from Denmark, adding risk analysis into the cost-benefit assessment (CBA), and considering this within the MCA framework. This is well chosen and offers an insight on progressive practice – beyond that used in the UK, for example. The book continues in a similar vein – offering commentary on transit planning and evaluation, illustrated with selected case studies, and a list of references for further reading by chapter. Some interesting approaches and case studies are explored. Chapter 5 considers the Karlsruhe tramtrain, an example of integrated network planning – with the same tram-train vehicles using the regional rail network and city tram network, avoiding the need for interchange. The increase in ridership was dramatic following the development of these integrated services – a fourfold increase on numbers using the previous regional network. Chapter 6 considers definitions of development density, methods for estimating land consumption from transport and approaches to capturing development value uplift. Chapter 7 covers modelling approaches for transit systems, including methods for forecasting, ridership elasticities and more complex four-step and logit modelling, covering trip generation, trip distribution, mode split and assignment. The analysis on these topics is very clear, helpful for non-modellers as well as those with more specialised knowledge. There is also some useful commentary on the problems with sequential models, potential sources of error and misleading results. Chapter 8 discusses approaches to evaluate the financial value of transit projects, including calculation of costs, benefits, net present value and benefit-cost-ratios. There is some interesting commentary on sustainable development and discounting of costs and benefits, but perhaps there could be more here on the problems with cost-benefit analysis. The final chapter examines simultaneous evaluation of multiple factors – including multi-criteria approaches such as the Analytical Hierarchy Process, which allows weighting and impact scoring against different criteria. This will be an important book for many readers, offering a comprehensive manual on the transit planning process. My main query is that the book offers little critical reflection on the approaches being used in transit planning; instead it gives a primer on the current approaches being used. Perhaps this reflects practice – there is too little critical debate on whether the approaches we use in transit and wider transport infrastructure planning are useful, and whether they lead to better transit projects and greater sustainability in travel. Perhaps the third edition can give us more on this – what other alternative planning and appraisal methodologies are emerging, with views on which we might consider in practice and which of the current approaches we might overlook.
Royal and religious rituals of town squares in Republican Iran: A case study of the Royal Citadel-Arg square, Tehran’
‘An ideal place for spiritual and socio-cultural encounters in 21st Century Iran: A case study of Qadamgah tomb-garden
Persian Gardens and Pavilions: Reflections in History, Poetry and the Arts
Landscape Research, 2015
Asian heritage management: contexts, concerns, and prospects
Journal of Heritage Tourism, 2014
From the 1990s onwards, Western, ‘Eurocentric’ approaches within the notion of minimal interventi... more From the 1990s onwards, Western, ‘Eurocentric’ approaches within the notion of minimal intervention for preserving material ‘authenticity’ have been challenged by international charters as well as a number of researchers (Byrne, 2004; Howe and Logan, 2002; Taylor, 2004). Stemming from such a fresh conservation thinking, the edited volume, Asian Heritage Management: Contexts, Concerns, and Prospects, delves into deep understanding of complex issues facing cultural heritage management in Asia. This well-integrated book is the result of the combined work of scholars and practitioners who generally are from Asia. Structured in three main parts (Part I, Contexts; Part II, Concerns; and Part III, Prospects), the book contains the Introduction and 17 main body chapters and ends with an Epilogue.
Hierarchical access to the edible landscape: the Akbarieh Garden in Iran
Landscape Research, 2021
] 5 Shi'a Muslims have faith in twelve Imams as the best protectors and converters of Muhammad Su... more ] 5 Shi'a Muslims have faith in twelve Imams as the best protectors and converters of Muhammad Sunnah, who have the best knowledge regarding Qur'an and Islam.
(Re)framing Spatiality as a Socio-cultural Paradigm: Examining the Iranian Housing Culture and Processes
Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 2021
With rapid changes in urban living today, peoples’ behavioural patterns and spatial practices und... more With rapid changes in urban living today, peoples’ behavioural patterns and spatial practices undergo a constant process of adaptation and negotiation. Using “house” as a laboratory and everyday life and spatial relations of residents as a framework of analysis, the paper examines the spatial planning concepts in traditional and contemporary Iranian architecture and the associated socio-cultural practices. Discussions are drawn upon from a pilot study conducted in the city of Kerman, to investigate ways in which contemporary housing solutions can better cater to the continually changing socio-cultural lifestyles of residents. Data collection for the study involved a series of participatory workshops and employed creative visual research methods, participant observation and semi structured interviews to examine the interlacing of everyday socio-spatial relations and changing perception of identity, belonging, socio-cultural and religious values and conflict. The inferences from the s...
A renewed approach to conservation policy of historical gardens in Iran
Landscape Research
In Iran, due to political and economic challenges, historical gardens are not celebrated as an im... more In Iran, due to political and economic challenges, historical gardens are not celebrated as an important part of the country’s heritage. The issue of garden conservation is widely neglected, and up to now, there has been no record of its own history. This paper retrospectively re-examines the changes in the perception of cultural heritage through the lens of historical gardens in twentieth-century Iran. The data have been collected from unexamined and much-overlooked primary resources such as memos and letters that are rarely interpreted in the context of garden history. Through a critical review of the stories of the historical gardens in each political era in chronological order, this paper offers new insights and understandings of garden treatment in Iran, to better inform policy-makers regarding their conservation in contemporary times.
The involvement of Western Orientalists in cultural heritage affairs during the Pahlavi Era, Iran (1925–1979)
Journal of Architectural Conservation
Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 2020
In recent decades, there has been considerable attention to the landscape and its relationship wi... more In recent decades, there has been considerable attention to the landscape and its relationship with the users’ perception in the educational and academic environments. Given the impact of the environmental design on the education quality, the current study investigates the visual qualities of the educational spaces based on the users’ recommendations in the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, as the educational center in the eastern part of the country. Therefore, theoretical and practical methods were used to achieve the research purpose. In the theoretical aspect, using the qualitative-quantitative method and case study, the current research analyzed the findings. In this regard, the books and papers were also used. Then, the indicators and criteria of the visual quality based on the theorists’ opinions were extracted in the theoretical part. In the practical part, the questionnaire and field study was applied. Out of 1775, 200 users were selected randomly among the students, professors, and the university staff in three zones of the university site. The Q-sort method was used to analyze the questionnaire and investigate the preferences of the user’s quantitative (scores) and qualitatively (the reasons for scores). Then, the degree of conformity or non-conformity of the components affecting the visual qualities of space users with the views of theorists was measured. The research results show that the initial principal criteria in determining the visual qualities of the educational spaces based on the preference and opinion of the users in the studied site are as follows: proper vegetation and greenness of the space, using the proper color, proper space furniture, and their optimal location, using the natural elements and the use of the prominent and suitable element. Also, the factors such as the lack of using suitable and green vegetation, the lack of appropriate furniture and inappropriate location, unclean space, lack of discipline and calm in the space layout are the main components of the lack of desirability (lack of visual quality) based on the users of the university.
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Papers by Sara Mahdizadeh