{"id":259,"date":"2018-11-04T12:42:40","date_gmt":"2018-11-04T12:42:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learnscripting.org\/?p=259"},"modified":"2018-11-04T12:42:40","modified_gmt":"2018-11-04T12:42:40","slug":"creating-virtual-environment-in-python-using-command-line-arguments","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/learnscripting.org\/creating-virtual-environment-in-python-using-command-line-arguments\/","title":{"rendered":"Creating Virtual Environment in Python using Command Line Arguments"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\n
\n
\n

Installing packages using pip In virtualenv<\/h1>\n

This guide discusses how to install packages using pip<\/span><\/a> and virtualenv<\/span><\/a>. These are the lowest-level tools for managing Python packages and are recommended if higher-level tools do not suit your needs.<\/p>\n

\n

Note<\/p>\n

This doc uses the term package<\/strong> to refer to a Distribution Package<\/span><\/a> which is different from a Import Package<\/span><\/a> that which is used to import modules in your Python source code.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Installing pip<\/h2>\n

pip<\/span><\/a> is the reference Python package manager. It\u2019s used to install and update packages. You\u2019ll need to make sure you have the latest version of pip installed.<\/p>\n

\n

Windows<\/h3>\n

The Python installers for Windows include pip. You should be able to access pip using:<\/p>\n

\n
\n
py -m pip --version\npip 9<\/span>.0.1 from c:\\p<\/span>ython36\\l<\/span>ib\\s<\/span>ite-packages (<\/span>Python 3<\/span>.6.1)<\/span>\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
You can make sure that pip is up-to-date by running:<\/p>\n
\n
\n
py -m pip install --upgrade pip\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Linux and macOS<\/h3>\n
Debian and most other distributions include a python-pip<\/a> package, if you want to use the Linux distribution-provided versions of pip see Installing pip\/setuptools\/wheel with Linux Package Managers<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n
You can also install pip yourself to ensure you have the latest version. It\u2019s recommended to use the system pip to bootstrap a user installation of pip:<\/p>\n
\n
\n
python3 -m pip install --user --upgrade pip\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
Afterwards, you should have the newest pip installed in your user site:<\/p>\n
\n
\n
python3 -m pip --version\npip 9<\/span>.0.1 from $HOME<\/span>\/.local\/lib\/python3.6\/site-packages (<\/span>python 3<\/span>.6)<\/span>\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Installing virtualenv<\/h2>\n
virtualenv<\/span><\/a> is used to manage Python packages for different projects. Using virtualenv allows you to avoid installing Python packages globally which could break system tools or other projects. You can install virtualenv using pip.<\/p>\n
On macOS and Linux:<\/p>\n
\n
\n
python3 -m pip install --user virtualenv\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
On Windows:<\/p>\n
\n
\n
py -m pip install --user virtualenv\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Note<\/p>\n
If you are using Python 3.3 or newer the venv<\/span><\/code><\/a> module is included in the Python standard library. This can also create and manage virtual environments, however, it only supports Python 3.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Creating a virtualenv<\/h2>\n
virtualenv<\/span><\/a> allows you to manage separate package installations for different projects. It essentially allows you to create a \u201cvirtual\u201d isolated Python installation and install packages into that virtual installation. When you switch projects, you can simply create a new virtual environment and not have to worry about breaking the packages installed in the other environments. It is always recommended to use a virtualenv while developing Python applications.<\/p>\n
To create a virtual environment, go to your project\u2019s directory and run virtualenv.<\/p>\n
On macOS and Linux:<\/p>\n
\n
\n
python3 -m virtualenv env\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
On Windows:<\/p>\n
\n
\n
py -m virtualenv env\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
The second argument is the location to create the virtualenv. Generally, you can just create this in your project and call it env<\/span><\/code>.<\/p>\n
virtualenv will create a virtual Python installation in the env<\/span><\/code> folder.<\/p>\n
\n
Note<\/p>\n
You should exclude your virtualenv directory from your version control system using .gitignore<\/span><\/code> or similar.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Activating a virtualenv<\/h2>\n
Before you can start installing or using packages in your virtualenv you\u2019ll need to activate<\/em> it. Activating a virtualenv will put the virtualenv-specific python<\/span><\/code> and pip<\/span><\/code> executables into your shell\u2019s PATH<\/span><\/code>.<\/p>\n
On macOS and Linux:<\/p>\n
\n
\n
source<\/span> env\/bin\/activate\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
On Windows:<\/p>\n
\n
\n
.<\/span>\\env<\/span>\\Scripts<\/span>\\activate<\/span>\n<\/strong><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
You can confirm you\u2019re in the virtualenv by checking the location of your Python interpreter, it should point to the env<\/span><\/code> directory.<\/p>\n
On macOS and Linux:<\/p>\n
\n
\n
which python\n...\/env\/bin\/python\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
On Windows:<\/p>\n
\n
\n
where python\n...\/env\/bin\/python.exe\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
As long as your virtualenv is activated pip will install packages into that specific environment and you\u2019ll be able to import and use packages in your Python application.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Leaving the virtualenv<\/h2>\n
If you want to switch projects or otherwise leave your virtualenv, simply run:<\/p>\n
\n
\n
deactivate\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
If you want to re-enter the virtualenv just follow the same instructions above about activating a virtualenv. There\u2019s no need to re-create the virtualenv.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Installing packages<\/h2>\n
Now that you\u2019re in your virtualenv you can install packages. Let\u2019s install the excellent Requests<\/a> library from the Python Package Index (PyPI)<\/span><\/a>:<\/p>\n
\n
\n
pip install requests\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
pip should download requests and all of its dependencies and install them:<\/p>\n
\n
\n
Collecting requests\n  Using cached requests-2.18.4-py2.py3-none-any.whl\nCollecting chardet<3.1.0,>=3.0.2 (from requests)\n  Using cached chardet-3.0.4-py2.py3-none-any.whl\nCollecting urllib3<1.23,>=1.21.1 (from requests)\n  Using cached urllib3-1.22-py2.py3-none-any.whl\nCollecting certifi>=2017.4.17 (from requests)\n  Using cached certifi-2017.7.27.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl\nCollecting idna<2.7,>=2.5 (from requests)\n  Using cached idna-2.6-py2.py3-none-any.whl\nInstalling collected packages: chardet, urllib3, certifi, idna, requests\nSuccessfully installed certifi-2017.7.27.1 chardet-3.0.4 idna-2.6 requests-2.18.4 urllib3-1.22\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Installing specific versions<\/h2>\n
pip allows you to specify which version of a package to install using version specifiers<\/span><\/a>. For example, to install a specific version of requests<\/span><\/code>:<\/p>\n
\n
\n
pip install requests<\/span>==<\/span>2<\/span>.18.4\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
To install the latest 2.x<\/span><\/code> release of requests:<\/p>\n
\n
\n
pip install requests>=<\/span>2<\/span>.0.0,<3<\/span>.0.0\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
To install pre-release versions of packages, use the --pre<\/span><\/code> flag:<\/p>\n
\n
\n
pip install --pre requests\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Installing extras<\/h2>\n
Some packages have optional extras<\/a>. You can tell pip to install these by specifying the extra in brackets:<\/p>\n
\n
\n
pip install requests[<\/span>security]<\/span>\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Installing from source<\/h2>\n
pip can install a package directly from source, for example:<\/p>\n
\n
\n
cd<\/span> google-auth\npip install .\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
Additionally, pip can install packages from source in development mode<\/a>, meaning that changes to the source directory will immediately affect the installed package without needing to re-install:<\/p>\n
\n
\n
pip install --editable .\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Installing from version control systems<\/h2>\n
pip can install packages directly from their version control system. For example, you can install directly from a git repository:<\/p>\n
\n
\n
git+https:\/\/github.com\/GoogleCloudPlatform\/google-auth-library-python.git#egg=<\/span>google-auth\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
For more information on supported version control systems and syntax, see pip\u2019s documentation on VCS Support<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Installing from local archives<\/h2>\n
If you have a local copy of a Distribution Package<\/span><\/a>\u2019s archive (a zip, wheel, or tar file) you can install it directly with pip:<\/p>\n
\n
\n
pip install requests-2.18.4.tar.gz\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
If you have a directory containing archives of multiple packages, you can tell pip to look for packages there and not to use the Python Package Index (PyPI)<\/span><\/a> at all:<\/p>\n
\n
\n
pip install --no-index --find-links=<\/span>\/local\/dir\/ requests\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
This is useful if you are installing packages on a system with limited connectivity or if you want to strictly control the origin of distribution packages.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Using other package indexes<\/h2>\n
If you want to download packages from a different index than the Python Package Index (PyPI)<\/span><\/a>, you can use the --index-url<\/span><\/code> flag:<\/p>\n
\n
\n
pip install --index-url http:\/\/index.example.com\/simple\/ SomeProject\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
If you want to allow packages from both the Python Package Index (PyPI)<\/span><\/a> and a separate index, you can use the --extra-index-url<\/span><\/code> flag instead:<\/p>\n
\n
\n
pip install --extra-index-url http:\/\/index.example.com\/simple\/ SomeProject\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Upgrading packages<\/h2>\n
pip can upgrade packages in-place using the --upgrade<\/span><\/code> flag. For example, to install the latest version of requests<\/span><\/code> and all of its dependencies:<\/p>\n
\n
\n
pip install --upgrade requests\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Using requirements files<\/h2>\n
Instead of installing packages individually, pip allows you to declare all dependencies in a Requirements File<\/span><\/a>. For example you could create a requirements.txt<\/span><\/code> file containing:<\/p>\n
\n
\n
requests==2.18.4\ngoogle-auth==1.1.0\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
And tell pip to install all of the packages in this file using the -r<\/span><\/code> flag:<\/p>\n
\n
\n
pip install -r requirements.txt\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Freezing dependencies<\/h2>\n
Pip can export a list of all installed packages and their versions using the freeze<\/span><\/code> command:<\/p>\n
\n
\n
pip freeze\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
Which will output a list of package specifiers such as:<\/p>\n
\n
\n
cachetools==2.0.1\ncertifi==2017.7.27.1\nchardet==3.0.4\ngoogle-auth==1.1.1\nidna==2.6\npyasn1==0.3.6\npyasn1-modules==0.1.4\nrequests==2.18.4\nrsa==3.4.2\nsix==1.11.0\nurllib3==1.22\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
This is useful for creating Requirements Files<\/a> that can re-create the exact versions of all packages installed in an environment.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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